The document discusses several theories related to international norms and legislation in public administration:
1) Weberianism emphasizes bureaucracy with a clear hierarchy and division of labor as well as impersonal and rule-based operations.
2) Rationalization refers to applying knowledge to achieve desired outcomes efficiently. Weber saw it as leading to increased rationalization in society.
3) Meritocracy believes that equal opportunities allow for upward social mobility based on individual merit rather than status.
4) The scientific method uses empirical methods and aims to acquire knowledge through investigation and methodology.
The theories influence international laws and norms as well as local policies and administration through establishing procedures, ethics codes, and emphasizing merit, efficiency and flexibility. While providing structure
2. What is that societal
practice, belief,
norm, legislation that
annoys you?
(Be it local or international)
3. Sati (also known as "suttee"), burning
a woman alive with her husband's
dead body, is the most influential and
controversial sacrament. A woman
dies alongside her husband (willingly
or forcefully because the society
believes it is her duty.) Though
abolished 102 years ago, this practice
still exists secretly in modern India.
4. International norms make
clear what behavior is
considered appropriate and
when a line has been
crossed. They provide the
legitimacy for actions to
hold those who violate such
norms accountable. The
international community
has clarified norms of
shared interest around
issues ranging from
biological and chemical
weapons, to human rights,
international trade, and
cyberspace.
Examples of norm change in
international law/legislation are
eradication of slavery and the
emergence of human rights.
Rosa Parks took her famous 1955 stand against racial discrimination on a Montgomery,
Ala., bus. She did not know she made a history of equalizing Blacks with Whites. The
murder of George Floyd, suffocated by a police officer in the United States in May 2020,
has made the serious problem of racism and violence visible again.
5. I loved school. But everything changed when the Taliban took
control of our town in Swat Valley. The extremists banned many
things — like owning a television and playing music — and
enforced harsh punishments for those who defied their orders.
And they said girls could no longer go to school but I spoke out
publicly on behalf of girls and our right to learn. And this made
me a target.
In October 2012, on my way home from school, a masked
gunman boarded my school bus and asked, “Who is Malala?”
He shot me on the left side of my head.
8. - Max Weber (1864-1920), a German
political economist, philosopher and a
social scientist considered to be one of
the three founding pillars of Sociology,
insisted on Bureaucracy with Authority
and viewed bureaucracy as power elite
consisting of superiors and technical
experts having knowledge and
experience.
9. - In Weber's model, the different
levels of rule are hierarchically
arranged in a system of super-
ordination and subordination.
Administrative procedures are
based on written rules, an
impersonal order, and a clear
division of labor.
10. - It consists of organizational
features in administrative order,
hierarchically structured,
professional, rule-bound and
disciplined body of public servants
which possesses a specific set of
competences and operates outside
the sphere of politics.
11. Examples: a. Bureaucracy functions
through proper division of work,
authority flowing from top to down.
An employee in the organization,
obeys the authority.The rules,
regulations are practiced and obeyed
by the bureaucrats.The procedure of
work is followed by employees.
12. Examples: b. Authority brings
corresponding responsibility.Thus,
a Bureaucrat must be responsible
and accountable for the use of
authority. A Bureaucrat should not
misuse authority.The authority
cannot be beyond the official work
of the organization.
13. Examples: c. An employee should
be legal and faithful in the
performance of duties. Approach
must be impersonal. Official business
and private affairs should not be
intermixed.
14. Examples: d. A Bureaucrat is not
committed to a person but to the
work stipulated in his/her
contract. No to “utang na loob”.
16. a. Law – For both public and private
structures, laws regulate issues such as
hiring and safety standards. Compliance-
based codes of ethics not only set
guidelines for conduct but also determine
penalties for violations.There are
administrative and disciplinary sanctions
to discourage disobedience or
misconduct of subordinates.
17. b. Code of Ethics – Minor gifts and
conventional gifts are accepted as
rejection would mean “belittling” in
some culture. Most often, constituents
love to share their farm products as a
way to express their appreciation and
warmth to visiting field officers and
for their harvests to be blessed more.
19. I agree with Weber’s advocacy for,
‘impersonal approach’.The Filipino Ethics on
“Serbisyo lang, walang personalan” is valid
and relevant today. Regardless of other’s
reaction, service must be objective and
detached (no string attached). Beneficiaries
of government programs and projects must
not be related to the third degree with the
staff-in-charge/coordinators/implementers.
20. I further agree to him making a clear-
cut distinction between officials
working in their official capacity and
officials in their private affairs.The
Bureaucrats should perform defined
duties and should not misuse power
both when in duty and off duty.
21. I disagree with his too much emphasis
on bureaucracy that he forgot about the
socio-political and cultural contexts
where the bureaucracy operates. In
some Indigenous communities where
customary practices and unwritten
norms/laws/ are abundant, some aspect
of bureaucratic policies must be
reviewed or revisited.
23. Rationalization is the act of a person trying to
explain the reason for an action, attitude, or
behaviour using reasons considered logical.
•Weber’s Rationalization of Society is growing and is
concerned with concepts like efficiency and
coordination. He considered rationalization as the
application of knowledge to achieve a desired outcome.
The rise of scientific study, development of capitalism
and introduction of bureaucracy were some of the results
of rationalization.
24. Examples: 1. An employee overheard a
supervisor throwing hate and curse words in
public to a novice employee who is bursting
into tears. She was about to approach and
pacify the angry manager, but after seeing all
other fellow employees turning their backs
and signalling to her to just mind her own
business, decided not to be involved. She
told herself it is not her job to mind other’s
business even though someone is being hurt.
25. •2. A choice made by an adult couple
(in their 40s) working in an IP school
to refrain from sexual intercourse
until marriage in respect to the tribe’s
values or belief system cherishing
abstinence or purity before marriage.
27. Application in Public Administration:
Local and International
1. Law – Rationalization Program (EO-366 – DBM)
• 2. Code of Ethics – The following are the most common rationalizations:
• a. It’s for your own good (white lies) i. The end justifies the means
• b. Everybody does it (we’ve always done it this way) j. I’m only human (I’m not perfect)
• c. Who am I to judge k. It’s a stupid rule
• d. You’re a bigger one l. Ethics is a luxury I cannot afford
right now
• e. It’s not my job
• f. Nobody is hurt
• g. It’s too important; it’s necessary
• h. It’s not important
29. I agree with Rationalization providing for a proper procedure
to be followed in the recruitment, selection, placement and
training of personnel. This provides ample opportunities for
skilled and efficient workers for increasing their efficiency.
Rationalization also lays down promotion policies for efficient
and hardworking personnel.
However, I also beg to disagree that rationalization’s definition
of “how we act and behave but not making judgement”. There
is this research by Welsh et al. (2015) suggesting that “moral
rationalizations do contribute to the escalation of unethical
behavior” which is alarming to me. If some employees are used
to concealing moral compromise, to fabricating false
justifications, to inventing pretentions or invalid reasons, and to
making up stories to cover insufficiencies (ex: COA findings)
31. In a psychological sense, meritocracy beliefs constitute a
worldview, or ideology that broadly embraces the idea
that “equal opportunities exist”, allowing upward social
mobility (Feldman, 1983 and Hochschild, 1996).
This concept originates with Chinese Philosopher Confucius
who advocated that “who govern should do so because of
merit, not of inherited status.
Also, Plato and Aristotle advocated meritocracy. Plato in his
The Republic, argued that “the wisest should rule, therefore;
the rulers should be philosopher kings”.
The Government and People of China published in 1847
saying, “the long duration of the Chinese Empire is solely and
altogether owing to the good government which consists in
the advancement of men of talent and merit only”.
32. Examples: a. Licensure exams and Civil
Service Exams (Prof and Sub-prof) as
equalizers and/or justifiers
b.A job applicant must be selected given
his/her merits, technical expertise and
competence; and promotion by merit, not
by kapit.
c.A bureaucrat should be paid adequate
salary according to his/her work
performance, ranking and promotion.
34. 1. Law – The system and procedure for recruitment/
hiring, retention, promotion, and retirement of public
officials and other non-elected officials should be
based on principles if efficiency, effectiveness, merit,
equity, and aptitude (standards of UNCAC, et.al)
2. Code of Ethics – Public officers (specially member
of the screening committee) should not accept, gifts,
favors, hospitalities, and other indirect advantages or
improper benefits from applicants for job or
promotion in the expectation that it will influence the
rating and/ranking of the giver.
36. I agree with this model as it encourages “more votes to the
more educated candidates”. I further agree that individual
merit, ability and hard work, rather than social status, power,
and privileged social relationships are the basis for success
and promotion”.
The only thing I disagree is when it denies the realities of
economic inequalities and discrimination because of its
strong belief that any individual can improve their social
status as anybody can be talented, motivated, and abled to
work hard.
38. •The scientific method is an empirical method for
acquiring knowledge that has characterized the
development of science since at least the 17th
century.The methods of a science purpose are the
cognition of law.
It looks at how methodology (as a Science) is used
in investigative processes in public administration,
as a sign of its scientific development and
academic maturity.
•According to F.W.Taylor and fellow theorists,
“administration is a science and it should be dealt
in scientific methods”.
39.
40. Examples: a. A system of scientific selection,
training, promotion and wage payments for
workers.The Bureaucrats should be properly
and scientifically selected, be given periodic
promotion on the basis of their technical
competence and proven tests.This enables
efficiency of Bureaucracy.
b.Following a scientific method or procedure,
the DOH must formulate an anti-dote or
permanent cure to Covid-19 virus.
42. a.Law – policies on emerging trends —
including big data, open science, and
citizen science — provide research
opportunities while introducing new
ethical risks.
b.Code of Ethics – Ethics are dynamic –
created and recreated, changing, and
evolving as cultural values and
behavioral norms change or evolve over
time.
44. I agree that because of the field of Scientific method,
the structures and roles of public administration have
become flexible; the democratic administration has
found its way into public institutions and organizations,
the inclusion of people and their voices (opinions and
ideas) are some of the new developments.
I disagree that the scientific method is encompassing.
It cannot alone fully cover all the different nuances in
international norms. A more comprehensive approach
including both positivism and post positivism views
would better address all the intricacies of research in
International Norms/Legislations.
45. BOTTOMLINE: EMBRACE SYSTEM CHANGE
• The societies of today respond to emerging changes with
updates to codes of conduct, education and training for
researchers, and governance structures for researchers,
sponsors, and research subjects.
• Ethics are created, change, and evolve due to the following
factors:
• 1. significant historic events that create a reckoning;
• 2. ethical lapses/gaps that lead researchers to create new
safeguards; and
• 3. scientific advancements that lead to new fields of research
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50. Thank you for listening!
REPORTER
Rhe-Ann N. Wandalen
MPA 1
