This ppt is all about the hypothesis that is one of the parts that includes in Writing Thesis.

1. Research
Hypothesis
Reporter:
Reavilla A. Egot

2. Importance of Hypothesis
• It gives focus and direction to the study and prevents Random Empirical
Warning i.e. blind research and gathering irrelevant data.
• It sensitizes the investigator to the major aspects to be considered i.e. Goals,
Tools, Sample, Design etc.
• It helps to understand the problem batter and hence helps us to correct the
different entries of the study
• In Research work, a hypothesis is needed to clarify the issues at stake and to
crystallize the problem for investigation.
• A Hypothesis serves as a powerful bacon that lights the way for the Research
Worker.

3. Characteristics of Hypothesis
1. Hypothesis means less than or less certain than a thesis
2. Presumptive statement of a proposition.
3. It is a tentative or working proposition
4. Hypothesis considered as a powerful tool to achieve
dependable knowledge.
5. Hypothesis helps the researcher to relate theory to
observation and observation to theory

4. Characteristics of Hypothesis
6. Hypothesis enables to locate and identify variables
involved and suggest Methodological Procedures.
7. It is recognizes more in studies which aim to make
prediction about some outcome.
8. It provides direction to the research
9. It provides rational statement
10.It facilitates the extension of knowledge in the
Research Area

5. Formulation of Hypothesis
• Hypotheses are guesses or tentative generalization, but these
guesses are not merely accidents. Collection of factual
information alone does not lead to successful formulation of
hypotheses.
• There are no precise rules for formulating hypotheses and
deductive consequences from them that can be Empirically
verified.
• There are certain necessary conditions that are conducive of
their formulation. Some of them are:

6. 1. Richness of background knowledge
– A researcher may deduce hypotheses inductively after
making observation of behavior, noticing trends or probable
relationships.
For Example - Background knowledge is essential for perceiving
relationships among the variables. Relevant to a particular
problem, various researchers may have different hypotheses, but
the soundness of the hypotheses will depend upon the quantum
of knowledge that one possesses of the area of investigation.
Hypotheses may be formulated correctly by person who has
rich experiences and academic background, but they can never be
formulated by those who have poor background knowledge.

7. 2. Versatility of intellect
Hypotheses are also derived through deductive reasoning
from a theory. Such hypotheses are called “deductive
hypotheses”. A researcher may study by selecting one of
the theories in his own area of interest, after selecting the
particular theory, the researcher proceeds to deduce a hypothesis
from this theory through symbolic logic or mathematics. This is
possible only when the researcher has a versatile intellect and can
make use of it for restructuring his experiences. The essential
criteria for formulating hypothesis are creative imagination,
sound attitude and agile intellect.

8. 3. Analogy and other practices
Analogies also lead the researcher to clues that he
may find useful in the formulation of hypotheses and for
findings solutions to problems. The researcher should use
analogies with caution as they are not fool proof tools for
findings solutions to problems.

9. Forms of Hypothesis
1. Directional Hypothesis
The hypotheses which stipulate the direction of the
expected differences or relationships are termed as “Directional
Hypotheses”.
For example, “there will be a positive relationship between
individual’s attitude towards high caste Hindus and his socio-
economic status”.
“Adolescent boys with high IQ will exhibit low anxiety than
adolescent boys with low IQ”

10. 2. Non-Directional Hypotheses
A research hypothesis which does not specify the direction
of expected differences or relationship is a “Non-directional
Hypothesis”.
For example:
“There will be difference in the adaptability of fathers and
mothers towards rearing of their children”
“There is a difference in the anxiety level of adolescent girls
of high IQ and low IQ”

11. 3. Declarative hypothesis
When the researcher makes a “positive statement” about
the outcomes of the study, the hypothesis takes the Declarative
form.
For example, the hypothesis:
“The academic achievement of extroverts is
significantly higher than that of the Introverts”

12. 4. Null Hypothesis
In the Null form, the researcher makes a statement that no
relationship exists.
Example of Null Hypothesis:
“There is no significant difference between the academic
achievement of high school athletes and that of non athletes”
Since Null hypothesis can be tested statistically, they are
often termed as Statistical Hypotheses.

13. 5. Question Hypothesis
In the question form hypothesis, a question is asked as to
what the outcome will be, instead of stating what outcome is
expected.
Suppose a researcher is interested in knowing whether
programmed instruction has any relationship to test anxiety of
children.
“Will teaching children through programmed instruction
decrease their test anxiety?”

14. Types Of Hypothesis
• Simple Hypothesis
• Complex Hypothesis
• Working or Research Hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Alternative hypothesis
• Logical Hypothesis
• Statistical hypothesis

15. (1) Simple Hypothesis
A simple Hypothesis is a Hypothesis that reflects or show
a Relationship between Two Variables - Independent and
Dependent Variable.
For example:
Higher the unemployment, higher would be the rate of
crime in society.

16. (2) Complex Hypothesis
A Complex Hypothesis is a Hypothesis that reflects
relationship…more than Two Variables
For example:
Higher the Poverty, higher the illiteracy in a
society, higher will be rate of crime( Three Variables-
Two Independent and One Dependent)

17. Working or Research Hypothesis
(3) Working or Research Hypothesis
• A Hypothesis, that is accepted to put to rest and work on in
a research, is called a “Working or Research Hypothesis”.
• It is a Hypothesis that assumed to be suitable to explain
certain facts and relationship of phenomena. It is hoped
that this Hypothesis would generate a productive theory
and is accepted to put to test for investigation.
• It can be any Hypothesis that is processed for work during
the research.

18. (4) Alternative Hypothesis
•If the Working Hypothesis is proved wrong or Rejected,
another Hypothesis (to replace the Working Hypothesis)
is formulated to be tested to generate the desired result-
this is known as “Alternative hypothesis”.
•As the name mentions, it is an alternate assumption (a
relationship or an explanation)which is adopted after the
Working Hypothesis fails to generate required theory.
Alternative Hypothesis is denoted by H1.

19. (5) Statistical Hypothesis
• A Hypothesis, that can be verified statistically, is
known as a Statistical Hypothesis.
• It can be any Hypothesis that has the quality of being
verified statistically. It means using quantitative
techniques, to generate statistical data, can easily
verified it. It can also be said that the variable in a
Statistical hypothesis can be transformed into
quantifiable sub-variable to test it statistically.

20. (6)Logical Hypothesis
• A Hypothesis, that can be verified logically, is known
as a “Logical Hypothesis”.
• It is a Hypothesis expressing a relationship whose
inter-links can be joined on the basis of logical
explanation. It can be verified by logical evidence.
Being verified logically does not necessarily mean that
it cannot be verified statistically. It may or may not be
verified statistically but it can be verified Logically.