Bushra's ppt on how to grade materials after selection for teaching.

1. LINEAR VS CYCLIC GRADATION
-BUSHRA AHMAD
MA ELT (II SEMESTER)
16ETM05

2. WHAT IS GRADATION
◦ The next step after selection
◦ Organising/arranging course content
◦ In the order to be taught
◦ To achieve objectives efficiently
◦ Rationale – strong foundation, clear chain of connection
◦ Orderly progress through successive stages

3. GRADATION
LINEAR CYCLIC

4. ◦ Successive gradation
◦ More popular in the past
◦ With research in FLT – replaced
◦ Moves strictly in one direction
◦ Items presented one by one
◦ Discussed in detail
◦ Practised extensively
◦ Aim – achieve mastery
LINEAR GRADATION

5. …LINEAR GRADATION
B CA … Z

6. ◦ Difficult to retain learning
◦ Since each item presented only once
◦ Only encountered briefly in revision units in the same
context
◦ Progress slow in the beginning
◦ Considerable time before real life communication
◦ Demotivating
OBJECTIONS

7. CYCLIC GRADATION
◦ Concentric/spiral gradation
◦ Bosco and Di Pietro (1970) - …”presentation of a point in
a way:
◦ Leading to gradual familiarisation
◦ By returning to it at different intervals in the course of
instruction
◦ …mastery is achieved by successive approximation to
a given standard.”

8. ◦ First exposure – limited to certain essential aspects
◦ Item keeps recurring
◦ Work with the same topic more than once
◦ Each time in a new context/increased complexity
◦ Integrated with previous learning
◦ E.g. Corder (1973) – simple present
◦ 1. Present State, 8. Habitual action, 104. Timeless truths,
118. Verbs of perception
CYCLIC GRADATION

9. A
B + a
C + b
G + a

10. LINEAR GRADATION CYCLIC GRADATION
TARGET
PROFICIENCY

11. ADVANTAGES
◦ Corder (1973) – closer to the way language is structured
◦ Howatt (1974) – resembles the natural process of
language learning
◦ Constant revision
◦ Gradual familiarisation  coherent system of language
for communication

12. THANK YOU