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Biological Treatment of Organic Waste, Tomato Waste Water
Treatment, Agro-Industrial Wastes, Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick,
Liquid Manure into a Solid, Cotton Processing Waste, Fish Waste,
Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to
Ethanol, Pig Waste, Oxytetracycline, Methane from Cattle Waste,
Agricultural Waste Treatment, Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Beef-
Cattle Manure Slurry, Meat Meal and Algae for Calves, Wastes
from Large Piggeries
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Introduction
Biological treatment is an important and integral part of any
wastewater treatment plant that treats wastewater from either
municipality or industry having soluble organic impurities or a
mix of the two types of wastewater sources. The obvious
economic advantage, both in terms of capital investment and
operating costs, of biological treatment over other treatment
processes like chemical oxidation; thermal oxidation etc. has
cemented its place in any integrated wastewater treatment
plant.
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Biological treatment using aerobic activated sludge process has
been in practice for well over a century. Increasing pressure to
meet more stringent discharge standards or not being allowed to
discharge treated effluent has led to implementation of a variety
of advanced biological treatment processes in recent years.
Biological treatment is the recycling of humus, nutrients and/or
energy from biological waste by means of aerobic (composting)
or anaerobic (digesting) processing. In practise, this includes a
number of specialist areas such as source collection of food
waste, choice of suitable substrate, pre-treatment of the
substrate, the biological process, emissions as well as utilisation
of the products produced (biofertilizer, sludge, compost, biogas).
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Biological wastewater treatment confines high concentrations
of naturally occuring bacteria in treatment tanks. These
bacteria, along with protozoa and other microbes, form
activated sludge. When the activated sludge bacteria "eat" small
organic carbon molecules, the wastewater is cleansed. Biological
treatment is widely used because it is more cost effective than
other types of treatment processes, such as chemical oxidation
or thermal oxidation.
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Biological wastewater treatment processes are economical and
environmentally sustainable for the removal of organic
pollutants from wastewater. The biological wastewater
treatment processes are basically biochemical oxidation
processes in which under controlled environmental conditions
in the presence or absence of oxygen, micro-organisms utilise
the organic matter for the production of energy by cellular
respiration and for the synthesis of protein and other cellular
components for the production of new cells. The process
occurring in the presence of oxygen is termed as “Aerobic”
process.
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The biological treatment of wastewater is based on the ability of
a set of microorganisms that are capable of degrading the
organic matter present in the wastewater for its own growth.
Apart from organic matter, microorganisms need water
containing nutrients, basically nitrogen and phosphorus, to
grow. Subsequently, the separation of these microorganisms
from water is simple and economical. Thus, microorganisms are
responsible for removing the organic matter present in water,
both particulate and soluble.
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Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from
either a plant or animal. Organic waste is usually broken down by
other organisms over time and may also be referred to as wet
waste. Most of the time, it’s made up of vegetable and fruit
debris, paper, bones and human waste which quickly
disintegrate. Organic waste, or green waste, is organic material
such as food, garden and lawn clippings. It can also include
animal and plant based material and degradable carbon such as
paper, cardboard and timber.
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25% of this waste originated from green (or garden) waste with
other main contributors to this waste stream being manures and
sludges (20%), food wastes (18%) and paper and cardboard waste
(15%). Land clearing, timber processing and wood combine to form
another 18% of the organic waste. In addition to being a valuable
resource for nutrient poor soils, this material generates the most
significant levels of pollution when disposed of in landfills. Some
forms of organic wastes can cause public health problems, such as
disease, odours and pests.
Oxalic acid, an important organic chemical, has been obtained in
fairly good yield from jute stick, an agrowaste of India, by alkali
fusion and nitric acid oxidation processes. The latter process
yielded oxalic acid with the highest degree of purity.
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Agro-Industrial Wastes
Agricultural residues are rich in bioactive compounds. These
residues can be used as an alternate source for the production
of different products like biogas, biofuel, mushroom, and
tempeh as the raw material in various researches and
industries. The use of agro-industrial wastes as raw materials
can help to reduce the production cost and also reduce the
pollution load from the environment. Agro-industrial wastes are
used for manufacturing of biofuels, enzymes, vitamins,
antioxidants, animal feed, antibiotics, and other chemicals
through solid state fermentation (SSF).
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A variety of microorganisms are used for the production of
these valuable products through SSF processes. Therefore, SSF
and their effect on the formation of value-added products are
reviewed and discussed.
Large amount of wastes is generated every year from the
industrial processing of agricultural raw materials. Most of
these wastes are used as animal feed or burned as alternative
for elimination. However, such wastes usually have a
composition rich in sugars, minerals and proteins, and
therefore, they should not be considered “wastes” but raw
materials for other industrial processes.
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The presence of carbon sources, nutrients and moisture in these
wastes provides conditions suitable for the development of
microorganisms, and this open up great possibilities for their
reuse in solid-state fermentation (SSF) processes, for example.
Agro-industrial wastes can be used as solid support, carbon
and/or nutrient source in SSF processes for the production of a
variety of value-added compounds.
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Agricultural Waste Treatment
The global agricultural wastewater treatment market was valued
at USD 1,997.24 million in 2017, and is expected to register a
CAGR of 5.35%, during the forecast period 2018-2023.
The global market primarily includes manure management
nutrient capture, renewable electricity and anaerobic digestion.
More than 3,000 upcoming projects are expected to take place
in the next 5 years, majorly located on dairy, swine or livestock
farms, as manure is a consistent and reliable supply of
wastewater. Wastewater is used extensively in the agricultural
sector owing to it providing necessary nutrients and the desired
moisture to the crops.
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One of the major factors driving the growth of the market is
the rapidly diminishing fresh water resources and the rising
demand for water in agriculture. The agriculture sector
accounts for about 70% of the total fresh water use. The trend
of reusing wastewater for irrigation has been gaining traction
and demand, leading to the growth of the market. Biological
solutions was estimated to be the fastest growing segment
through 2023.
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Handbook on Organic Waste for Biological Treatment, Liquid Manure into a
Solid, Tomato Waste Water Treatment, Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick, Cotton
Processing Waste, Fish Waste, Agro-Industrial Wastes, Bioconversion of
Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol, Agricultural Waste
Treatment, Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Beef-Cattle Manure Slurry, Meat Meal
and Algae for Calves, Wastes from Large Piggeries, Pig Waste, Oxytetracycline,
Methane from Cattle Waste
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About the Book
Publisher: NIIR Project Consultancy Services
ISBN: 978-93-81039-88-5
Author: Dr. Himadri Panda
Book Code: ENI310
Pages: 504
Indian Price: 1675
US$: 150
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Biological Treatment is the recycling of humus, nutrients and/or
energy from biological waste by means of aerobic (composting)
or anaerobic (digesting) processing. Biological treatment is an
important and integral part of any wastewater treatment plant
that treats wastewater from either municipality or industry
having soluble organic impurities or a mix of the two types of
wastewater sources. Biological wastewater treatment is an
important and integral step of wastewater treatment system and
it treats wastewater coming from either residential buildings or
industries etc. It is often called as Secondary Treatment process
which is used to remove any contaminants that left over after
primary treatment.
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Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from
either a plant or animal. Organic waste is usually broken down
by other organisms over time and may also be referred to as wet
waste. Most of the time, it's made up of vegetable and fruit
debris, paper, bones and human waste which quickly
disintegrate. Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert
wastewater, which is water no longer needed or suitable for its
most recent use, into an effluent that can be either returned to
the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused.
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Expenditure on water and wastewater infrastructure in India is
set to increase by 83% over the next five years, hitting an
annual run rate of $16 billion by 2020. The utility market is set
to top $14 billion within five years, while annual spending in
the industrial sector will approach $2 billion. Spending on water
supply will grow from $5.56 billion to $9.4 billion over the next
five years.
It will be a standard reference book for professionals,
entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important
area.
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Table of Contents
1. Organic Waste for Biological Treatment
Introduction, Physiological basis for Hazardous Organic Compound Degradation,
Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Transformations, Examples of Hazardous Waste Amenable to
Biological Treatment, Petroleum Components, Beta Oxidation, Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
Halogenated Compounds, Halogenated Alkanes and Alkanoic Acids, Halogenated
Aromatic and Polycydic Aromatic Compounds, Biodegradation by Mixed Populations,
Conclusions
2. Organic Waste Forms and Treatment Strategies
Overview Of Biological Remediation And Waste Treatment Processes, In Situ Treatment,
Bioreactor Designs, Examples of Biological Treatment Processes, Treatment of Liquid
Wastes, In Situ Treatment for the Remediation of Surface and Groundwater, Bioreactor
Treatment of Contaminated Water, Treatment off Solids, In Situ Treatment for the
Remediation of Contaminated Soils, Soil Composting and Land Treatment, Bioreactors
for the Treatment of Solids, Treatment of Gases, A Summary
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3. Transformation of Liquid Manure into a Solid
Possible Processes for Manufacturing Solids from Wet Manure, Methodology of the
Selected Process and Design of Plant, Tests of the Plant, Producing the mixture for
composting, Producing the pellers, Composting, Drying, Qualities of the Product,
Mechanical stability, Odour, Pathogen destruction, Fertiliser, Evaluation of the Process
4. Tomato Waste Water Treatment
Materials and Methods, Experimental cycle, Experimental apparatus, Results,
Discussion, Cost Analysis, Conclusions
5. Oxalic Acid From Jute Stick
Methods , Alkali fusion, Nitric acid oxidation, Results and Discussion , Alkali fusion
process, Nitric acid oxidation process, Effect of reaction time, Effect of temperature,
Effect of catalyst concentration, Effect of nitric acid concentration, Nitric acid
oxidation, Conclusions
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6. Digestion of Cotton Processing Waste
Methods , Substrate, Analytical methods, Batch fermentation, Bench-scale studies,
Experimental plant studies, Gas analysis, Results and Discussion
7. Properties of Sorghum Stalk
Nomenclature, Methods , Selection of materials, Harvesting schedule, Sample
preparation, Measurement of physical properties, Strength characteristics of sorghum
stalk, Compression strength, Tensile strength, Shear strength, Results and Discussion,
Overall and internodal lengths, Moisture distribution, Solid density of stalk,
Compressive strength, Tensile strength, Shear strength
8. Fermentation of Fish Waste
Methods, Fish, Sample preparation, Inoculum, Analytical methods, Microbiological
examination, Statistical analysis, Experiment 1 , Experiment 2, Experiment 3,
Experiment 4, Experiment 5, Results and Discussion
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9. Agro-Industrial Wastes
Methods, Results and Discussion
10. Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol
Methods, Substrates, Enzyme, Substrate hydrolysis, Analytical methods, Ethanol
assay, Ethanol production, Results and Discussion, Pretreatment of wheat straw,
Pretreatment of sunflower stalks, Yeast fermentation
11. Modelling of Agricultural Waste Treatments
Chemical Reactor Theory, Microbial Kinetics, Model Implementation, Extension of
the Previous Model to Digestion
12. Utilization of Waste of Dehydrated Onion
Methods, Isolation of Yeasts, Maintenance of strains, Preparation of onion juice
from waste products of the dehydrated onion industry , Fermentation media, Tests
of C and N sources, etc., Onion juice media, Analytical methods, Results and
Discussion, Production of fodder yeast in a laboratory medium, Production of
fodder yeast in an onion juice medium
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13. Palm Oil Mill Effluent Disposal on Land
Methods and Results, Infiltration tests, Small-scale trials of the general effects of
application of sludge (POMS) to land Trial1, Application to give Specfic Benefits to
Land, Mulching effect (Trial 3), Restoring rintailings (Trial 4), Commercially Practical
Methods and Optimum Input Rates for Application to Oil Palms, Preliminary trials,
Long-term experiments
(Trial 7), Discussion
14. Studies on Beef-Cattle Manure Slurry
Model Development, Materials, Methods , Measurement of rheological properties,
Apparatus and procedure, Results and Discussion, Temperature and total solids effect
on limiting viscosity, 0, Temperature and TS effect on K", Summary and Conclusions
15. Meat Meal and Algae for Calves
Methods , Results and Discussion, Performance of calves, Nutritive value of the ration
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16. Manures and Sewage Sludges for Algal Growth
Materials and Methods, Collection and treatment of samples of sludge and manure,
Analysis of the wastes, Preparation of media for cultivation of algae, Analysis of
properties of waste extracts, Cultivation of algae in various media, Analysis of
properties of waste-grown algae, Results, Properties of the wastes, Properties of the
waste extracts, Growth rates of algae in various waste extracts, Oven-dried weight of
harvested algae, Chlorophyll content of harvested algae, Heavy metal content of
harvested algae, Discussion
17. Management and Treatment of Wastes from Large Piggeries
Typical Production Plant Layout and Sewerage, Wastewater Characteristics,
Agricultural Applicability of Wastewaters, Wastewater Treatment for Stream Disposal,
Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment, Primary treatment, Secondary treatment, Tertiary
treatment, Economics of Treatment and Conclusions
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18. Tower Digestion of Pig Waste
Methods, Equipment, Seed sludge, Pig manure, Tower operation, Analytical methods,
Flocculant testing, Experimental design, Results and Discussion , Tower design
changes, Flocculant testing, Tower performance, Flocculant effectiveness in the
tower, Prospects for scale-up
19. Nutritive Value of Poultry Waste
Methods, Results and Discussion
20. Digestion of Rabbit and Pig Waste
Methods, Experimental design, Digesters, Substrates, Experimental procedure,
Analytical methods, Results and Discussion , Energy production, Rabbit wastes, Mixed
substrates: Pig manure and rabbit wastes, Pollution Control, Rabbit wastes,
Discussion
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21. Chemical Composition of Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Methods, Sampling, Fractionation procedure, Assays, Results and Discussion , Pome,
Clarification sludge, Conclusions
22. Humic Substances from Composed Barks
Methods, Organic fertilizers, Chemical analysis, Extraction of humic matter, Sephadex
gel filtration, Results and Discussion, Organic carbon content, Extracting efficiencies
of reagents, Influence of extracting solutions, Time of extraction and sample-to-
solvent ratio, Number of extractions, Sample particle size
23. Humic Substances From Decomposing Bark
Methods, Raw materials, Chemical analysis, Humic materials, Results and Discussion,
Spruce bark, Spruce bark plus hen manure (20%)
24. Particle Size and Tomato Waste Digestion
Experimental Procedures, Results and Discussion
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25. Humic Acids on Hydrolysis of Potato Protein
Methods , Materials, Analysis, Experimental procedures, Results, Discussion
26. Effects of Composts on Wheat Yields
Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Composition of composts, Experiment
1. Evaluation of composts on an equal nitrogen basis, Experiment 2. Evaluation of
composts when added at a flat rate of 5 t/ha in addition to NPK fertilizers
27. Production of Oxytetracycline
Methods, Maintenance of Streptomyces rimosus 12907, Vegetative medium,
Fermentation medium, Production oj oxytetracycline in afermenter (1200 litre),
Determination oj amino acids present in fermented mash, Anti-microbial spectrum of
oxytetracycline present in the dry mash, Results and Discussion
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28. Use of Manure in Fish Farming
Keeping Livestock in the Vicinity of Fish Ponds, Applying Manures to Fish Ponds,
Adding Manures to Feeds, Economic Comparison of Feeding and Manuring, Modes of
Action of Manure, Direct Consumption of Manure, Manure as a Fertiliser for
Autotrophic Production
29. Bacteria in Swine Waste
Materials and Methods, Analytical techniques, Results , Identification, Effect of waste
concentration, Effect of pH, Effect of sulfide concentration, Protein production and
nutrient uptake, Discussion , Growth characterization, Protein production and
treatment capacity, Integration with algal systems
30. Poultry Waste Water as Broiler Feeds
Results and Discussion
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31. Utilization of Indian Wastes in Livestock Feeds
Prominence of Salseed Meal, Similarity of Oak Kernels and, Salseed Meal, Oak Kernels
in Poultry Mashes, Oak Kernels in Cattle Rations, Importance of a Negative Control in
Experimental Designs, Rationing of Animals on the Minimum Adequate Requirement
32. Methane from Cattle Waste
Methods , Herd characteristics, Fermenter substrate, Fermenters, Experimental,
Results, Discussion , Methane yield, Temperature effect
33. Treatment of Milking Parlour Wastewater
Methods, Pilot-scale reactor system description, Time allocation and operation of
each phase of reactor, Analyses, Results and Discussion
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34. Indicators of Pig Slurry Odours
Materials and Methods, Chemical analysis, Odour offensiveness test, Raw slurries of
excreta, Treated slurries, Results and Discussion, Non-specific characteristics, Specific
odourants, Prediction of odour offensiveness from chemical and biochemical
characteristics, Conclusions
35. Pig Liquid Manure
Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion
36. UASB Treatment of Wastes
Introduction, Materials and Methods , Sampling and analysis, Seed sludge,
Wastewater characteristics, The 30 m3 semi-technical experimental, pilot plant,
RESULTS, Start up and operation, Loading rates and treatment efficiency, Sludge
wash out, COD balance and sludge increment, Sludge retention and total
methanogenic activity, Discussion, The performance of the reactor at an intermittent
feeding, Performance at process temperatures of 20 °C and 30 °C, Sludge retention
and sludge wash out, The rate of hydrolysis in the reactor
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37. Digestion of Poultry Litter
Methods, Digester feedstock, Digester construction, Digester operation, Analytical
methods, Data handling, Solids digestion, Results, Daily fed digesters, Batch
digestion, Discussion, Daily fed digesters, Litter composition, Ammonium-N levels,
Gas composition and biogas yields, Kinetic model, Batch digestion
38. Beef-Cattle Manure Slurries
Material, Methods, Apparatus, Computational procedure, Modified Reynolds
Number, Results, Comparing capillary and rotational viscometer results, The f=NRe
correlation for cattle manure slurries, Summary and Conclusions
Tags
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Biological Treatment, Organic-Waste Treatment, Biological Treatment of Organic Waste,
Biological Wastewater Treatment, Biological Treatment Plant or Organic Waste, Organic
Solid Waste Biological Treatment, Biological Treatment Plant, Microorganisms in Organic
Waste Disposal, Biological Treatment of Waste, Process for Biological Treatment of Organic
Waste, Biological Treatment Process, Organic Waste Treatment, Organic Waste Recycling,
Organic Waste Forms and Treatment Strategies, Biological Waste Treatment and Utilization,
Transformation of Liquid Manure into Solid, Tomato Waste Water Treatment, Treatment of
Wastewater from Peeled Tomato, Tomato Cleaning and Water Recycle, Preparation of Oxalic
Acid from Jute Stick, Oxalic Acid Manufacture, Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick, Digestion of
Cotton Processing Waste, Properties of Sorghum Stalk, Physical and Mechanical Properties
of Sorghum Stalk, Biological Fermentation of Fish Waste, Fermentation of Fish Waste,
Fermented Fish Waste, Fish Waste in Fermentation, Agro-industrial Wastes, Agro-industrial
wastes utilization, Recycling of Agro-Industrial Wastes, Modelling of Agricultural Waste
Treatments, Utilization of Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Utilization of Waste Products of
Dehydrated Onion Industry, Palm Oil Mill Effluent Disposal on Land, Palm Oil Mill Effluent
(POME), Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment,
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Waste Management in Palm Oil Mill, Management and Treatment of Wastes from
Large Piggeries, treatment of wastes from piggeries, Treatment of Piggery Wastes,
Management of Wastes from Pig, Piggery Waste Management, Tower Digestion of Pig
Waste, Nutritive Value of Poultry Waste, Digestion of Rabbit and Pig Waste, Chemical
Composition of Palm Oil Mill Effluent, Humic Substances from Composed Barks,
Humic Substances from Decomposing Bark, Particle Size and Tomato Waste
Digestion, Humic Acids on Hydrolysis of Potato Protein, Effects of Composts on Wheat
Yields, Production of Oxytetracycline, Oxytetracycline Production, Production of
oxytetracycline from agricultural wastes, Use of Manure in Fish Farming, Bacteria in
Swine Waste, Poultry Waste Water as Broiler Feeds, Utilization of Indian Wastes in
Livestock Feeds, Methane from Cattle Waste, Methane Production from Cattle Waste,
Treatment of Milking Parlour Wastewater, Pig Liquid Manure, UASB Treatment of
Wastes, Digestion of Poultry Litter, Beef-Cattle Manure Slurries, New small scale
ideas for Biological Treatment, Business Ideas for Biological Treatment,
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How to start a Biological Treatment Plant, Start Your Own Biological Treatment
Business, Biological Treatment Business Plan, Business plan for Organic Waste for
Biological Treatment, Small Scale Industries in India, Organic Waste for Biological
Treatment Based Small Business Ideas in India, Small Scale Industry You Can Start
on Your Own, Business plan for small scale industries, Profitable Small Scale
Manufacturing, How to Start a Small Business in India, Free Manufacturing Business
Plans, Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing, Profitable Small Business Industries
Ideas, Business ideas for Startup, Detailed Project Report on Biological Treatment,
Project Report on Biological Treatment, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on
Oxytetracycline Production, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Oxytetracycline
Production, Feasibility report on Piggery Waste Management, Free Project Profile on
Piggery Waste Management, Project profile on Organic Waste for Biological Treatment,
Download free project profile on Oxytetracycline Production
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Biological Treatment of Organic Waste, Tomato Waste Water Treatment, Agro-Industrial Wastes,..............

  • 1. www.entrepreneurindia.co Biological Treatment of Organic Waste, Tomato Waste Water Treatment, Agro-Industrial Wastes, Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick, Liquid Manure into a Solid, Cotton Processing Waste, Fish Waste, Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol, Pig Waste, Oxytetracycline, Methane from Cattle Waste, Agricultural Waste Treatment, Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Beef- Cattle Manure Slurry, Meat Meal and Algae for Calves, Wastes from Large Piggeries
  • 3. www.entrepreneurindia.co Introduction Biological treatment is an important and integral part of any wastewater treatment plant that treats wastewater from either municipality or industry having soluble organic impurities or a mix of the two types of wastewater sources. The obvious economic advantage, both in terms of capital investment and operating costs, of biological treatment over other treatment processes like chemical oxidation; thermal oxidation etc. has cemented its place in any integrated wastewater treatment plant.
  • 4. www.entrepreneurindia.co Biological treatment using aerobic activated sludge process has been in practice for well over a century. Increasing pressure to meet more stringent discharge standards or not being allowed to discharge treated effluent has led to implementation of a variety of advanced biological treatment processes in recent years. Biological treatment is the recycling of humus, nutrients and/or energy from biological waste by means of aerobic (composting) or anaerobic (digesting) processing. In practise, this includes a number of specialist areas such as source collection of food waste, choice of suitable substrate, pre-treatment of the substrate, the biological process, emissions as well as utilisation of the products produced (biofertilizer, sludge, compost, biogas).
  • 5. www.entrepreneurindia.co Biological wastewater treatment confines high concentrations of naturally occuring bacteria in treatment tanks. These bacteria, along with protozoa and other microbes, form activated sludge. When the activated sludge bacteria "eat" small organic carbon molecules, the wastewater is cleansed. Biological treatment is widely used because it is more cost effective than other types of treatment processes, such as chemical oxidation or thermal oxidation.
  • 6. www.entrepreneurindia.co Biological wastewater treatment processes are economical and environmentally sustainable for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. The biological wastewater treatment processes are basically biochemical oxidation processes in which under controlled environmental conditions in the presence or absence of oxygen, micro-organisms utilise the organic matter for the production of energy by cellular respiration and for the synthesis of protein and other cellular components for the production of new cells. The process occurring in the presence of oxygen is termed as “Aerobic” process.
  • 7. www.entrepreneurindia.co The biological treatment of wastewater is based on the ability of a set of microorganisms that are capable of degrading the organic matter present in the wastewater for its own growth. Apart from organic matter, microorganisms need water containing nutrients, basically nitrogen and phosphorus, to grow. Subsequently, the separation of these microorganisms from water is simple and economical. Thus, microorganisms are responsible for removing the organic matter present in water, both particulate and soluble.
  • 8. www.entrepreneurindia.co Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal. Organic waste is usually broken down by other organisms over time and may also be referred to as wet waste. Most of the time, it’s made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper, bones and human waste which quickly disintegrate. Organic waste, or green waste, is organic material such as food, garden and lawn clippings. It can also include animal and plant based material and degradable carbon such as paper, cardboard and timber.
  • 9. www.entrepreneurindia.co 25% of this waste originated from green (or garden) waste with other main contributors to this waste stream being manures and sludges (20%), food wastes (18%) and paper and cardboard waste (15%). Land clearing, timber processing and wood combine to form another 18% of the organic waste. In addition to being a valuable resource for nutrient poor soils, this material generates the most significant levels of pollution when disposed of in landfills. Some forms of organic wastes can cause public health problems, such as disease, odours and pests. Oxalic acid, an important organic chemical, has been obtained in fairly good yield from jute stick, an agrowaste of India, by alkali fusion and nitric acid oxidation processes. The latter process yielded oxalic acid with the highest degree of purity.
  • 10. www.entrepreneurindia.co Agro-Industrial Wastes Agricultural residues are rich in bioactive compounds. These residues can be used as an alternate source for the production of different products like biogas, biofuel, mushroom, and tempeh as the raw material in various researches and industries. The use of agro-industrial wastes as raw materials can help to reduce the production cost and also reduce the pollution load from the environment. Agro-industrial wastes are used for manufacturing of biofuels, enzymes, vitamins, antioxidants, animal feed, antibiotics, and other chemicals through solid state fermentation (SSF).
  • 11. www.entrepreneurindia.co A variety of microorganisms are used for the production of these valuable products through SSF processes. Therefore, SSF and their effect on the formation of value-added products are reviewed and discussed. Large amount of wastes is generated every year from the industrial processing of agricultural raw materials. Most of these wastes are used as animal feed or burned as alternative for elimination. However, such wastes usually have a composition rich in sugars, minerals and proteins, and therefore, they should not be considered “wastes” but raw materials for other industrial processes.
  • 12. www.entrepreneurindia.co The presence of carbon sources, nutrients and moisture in these wastes provides conditions suitable for the development of microorganisms, and this open up great possibilities for their reuse in solid-state fermentation (SSF) processes, for example. Agro-industrial wastes can be used as solid support, carbon and/or nutrient source in SSF processes for the production of a variety of value-added compounds.
  • 13. www.entrepreneurindia.co Agricultural Waste Treatment The global agricultural wastewater treatment market was valued at USD 1,997.24 million in 2017, and is expected to register a CAGR of 5.35%, during the forecast period 2018-2023. The global market primarily includes manure management nutrient capture, renewable electricity and anaerobic digestion. More than 3,000 upcoming projects are expected to take place in the next 5 years, majorly located on dairy, swine or livestock farms, as manure is a consistent and reliable supply of wastewater. Wastewater is used extensively in the agricultural sector owing to it providing necessary nutrients and the desired moisture to the crops.
  • 14. www.entrepreneurindia.co One of the major factors driving the growth of the market is the rapidly diminishing fresh water resources and the rising demand for water in agriculture. The agriculture sector accounts for about 70% of the total fresh water use. The trend of reusing wastewater for irrigation has been gaining traction and demand, leading to the growth of the market. Biological solutions was estimated to be the fastest growing segment through 2023.
  • 15. www.entrepreneurindia.co Handbook on Organic Waste for Biological Treatment, Liquid Manure into a Solid, Tomato Waste Water Treatment, Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick, Cotton Processing Waste, Fish Waste, Agro-Industrial Wastes, Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol, Agricultural Waste Treatment, Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Beef-Cattle Manure Slurry, Meat Meal and Algae for Calves, Wastes from Large Piggeries, Pig Waste, Oxytetracycline, Methane from Cattle Waste
  • 16. www.entrepreneurindia.co About the Book Publisher: NIIR Project Consultancy Services ISBN: 978-93-81039-88-5 Author: Dr. Himadri Panda Book Code: ENI310 Pages: 504 Indian Price: 1675 US$: 150
  • 17. www.entrepreneurindia.co Biological Treatment is the recycling of humus, nutrients and/or energy from biological waste by means of aerobic (composting) or anaerobic (digesting) processing. Biological treatment is an important and integral part of any wastewater treatment plant that treats wastewater from either municipality or industry having soluble organic impurities or a mix of the two types of wastewater sources. Biological wastewater treatment is an important and integral step of wastewater treatment system and it treats wastewater coming from either residential buildings or industries etc. It is often called as Secondary Treatment process which is used to remove any contaminants that left over after primary treatment.
  • 18. www.entrepreneurindia.co Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal. Organic waste is usually broken down by other organisms over time and may also be referred to as wet waste. Most of the time, it's made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper, bones and human waste which quickly disintegrate. Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater, which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use, into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused.
  • 19. www.entrepreneurindia.co Expenditure on water and wastewater infrastructure in India is set to increase by 83% over the next five years, hitting an annual run rate of $16 billion by 2020. The utility market is set to top $14 billion within five years, while annual spending in the industrial sector will approach $2 billion. Spending on water supply will grow from $5.56 billion to $9.4 billion over the next five years. It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area.
  • 20. www.entrepreneurindia.co Table of Contents 1. Organic Waste for Biological Treatment Introduction, Physiological basis for Hazardous Organic Compound Degradation, Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Transformations, Examples of Hazardous Waste Amenable to Biological Treatment, Petroleum Components, Beta Oxidation, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Compounds, Halogenated Alkanes and Alkanoic Acids, Halogenated Aromatic and Polycydic Aromatic Compounds, Biodegradation by Mixed Populations, Conclusions 2. Organic Waste Forms and Treatment Strategies Overview Of Biological Remediation And Waste Treatment Processes, In Situ Treatment, Bioreactor Designs, Examples of Biological Treatment Processes, Treatment of Liquid Wastes, In Situ Treatment for the Remediation of Surface and Groundwater, Bioreactor Treatment of Contaminated Water, Treatment off Solids, In Situ Treatment for the Remediation of Contaminated Soils, Soil Composting and Land Treatment, Bioreactors for the Treatment of Solids, Treatment of Gases, A Summary
  • 21. www.entrepreneurindia.co 3. Transformation of Liquid Manure into a Solid Possible Processes for Manufacturing Solids from Wet Manure, Methodology of the Selected Process and Design of Plant, Tests of the Plant, Producing the mixture for composting, Producing the pellers, Composting, Drying, Qualities of the Product, Mechanical stability, Odour, Pathogen destruction, Fertiliser, Evaluation of the Process 4. Tomato Waste Water Treatment Materials and Methods, Experimental cycle, Experimental apparatus, Results, Discussion, Cost Analysis, Conclusions 5. Oxalic Acid From Jute Stick Methods , Alkali fusion, Nitric acid oxidation, Results and Discussion , Alkali fusion process, Nitric acid oxidation process, Effect of reaction time, Effect of temperature, Effect of catalyst concentration, Effect of nitric acid concentration, Nitric acid oxidation, Conclusions
  • 22. www.entrepreneurindia.co 6. Digestion of Cotton Processing Waste Methods , Substrate, Analytical methods, Batch fermentation, Bench-scale studies, Experimental plant studies, Gas analysis, Results and Discussion 7. Properties of Sorghum Stalk Nomenclature, Methods , Selection of materials, Harvesting schedule, Sample preparation, Measurement of physical properties, Strength characteristics of sorghum stalk, Compression strength, Tensile strength, Shear strength, Results and Discussion, Overall and internodal lengths, Moisture distribution, Solid density of stalk, Compressive strength, Tensile strength, Shear strength 8. Fermentation of Fish Waste Methods, Fish, Sample preparation, Inoculum, Analytical methods, Microbiological examination, Statistical analysis, Experiment 1 , Experiment 2, Experiment 3, Experiment 4, Experiment 5, Results and Discussion
  • 23. www.entrepreneurindia.co 9. Agro-Industrial Wastes Methods, Results and Discussion 10. Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol Methods, Substrates, Enzyme, Substrate hydrolysis, Analytical methods, Ethanol assay, Ethanol production, Results and Discussion, Pretreatment of wheat straw, Pretreatment of sunflower stalks, Yeast fermentation 11. Modelling of Agricultural Waste Treatments Chemical Reactor Theory, Microbial Kinetics, Model Implementation, Extension of the Previous Model to Digestion 12. Utilization of Waste of Dehydrated Onion Methods, Isolation of Yeasts, Maintenance of strains, Preparation of onion juice from waste products of the dehydrated onion industry , Fermentation media, Tests of C and N sources, etc., Onion juice media, Analytical methods, Results and Discussion, Production of fodder yeast in a laboratory medium, Production of fodder yeast in an onion juice medium
  • 24. www.entrepreneurindia.co 13. Palm Oil Mill Effluent Disposal on Land Methods and Results, Infiltration tests, Small-scale trials of the general effects of application of sludge (POMS) to land Trial1, Application to give Specfic Benefits to Land, Mulching effect (Trial 3), Restoring rintailings (Trial 4), Commercially Practical Methods and Optimum Input Rates for Application to Oil Palms, Preliminary trials, Long-term experiments (Trial 7), Discussion 14. Studies on Beef-Cattle Manure Slurry Model Development, Materials, Methods , Measurement of rheological properties, Apparatus and procedure, Results and Discussion, Temperature and total solids effect on limiting viscosity, 0, Temperature and TS effect on K", Summary and Conclusions 15. Meat Meal and Algae for Calves Methods , Results and Discussion, Performance of calves, Nutritive value of the ration
  • 25. www.entrepreneurindia.co 16. Manures and Sewage Sludges for Algal Growth Materials and Methods, Collection and treatment of samples of sludge and manure, Analysis of the wastes, Preparation of media for cultivation of algae, Analysis of properties of waste extracts, Cultivation of algae in various media, Analysis of properties of waste-grown algae, Results, Properties of the wastes, Properties of the waste extracts, Growth rates of algae in various waste extracts, Oven-dried weight of harvested algae, Chlorophyll content of harvested algae, Heavy metal content of harvested algae, Discussion 17. Management and Treatment of Wastes from Large Piggeries Typical Production Plant Layout and Sewerage, Wastewater Characteristics, Agricultural Applicability of Wastewaters, Wastewater Treatment for Stream Disposal, Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment, Primary treatment, Secondary treatment, Tertiary treatment, Economics of Treatment and Conclusions
  • 26. www.entrepreneurindia.co 18. Tower Digestion of Pig Waste Methods, Equipment, Seed sludge, Pig manure, Tower operation, Analytical methods, Flocculant testing, Experimental design, Results and Discussion , Tower design changes, Flocculant testing, Tower performance, Flocculant effectiveness in the tower, Prospects for scale-up 19. Nutritive Value of Poultry Waste Methods, Results and Discussion 20. Digestion of Rabbit and Pig Waste Methods, Experimental design, Digesters, Substrates, Experimental procedure, Analytical methods, Results and Discussion , Energy production, Rabbit wastes, Mixed substrates: Pig manure and rabbit wastes, Pollution Control, Rabbit wastes, Discussion
  • 27. www.entrepreneurindia.co 21. Chemical Composition of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Methods, Sampling, Fractionation procedure, Assays, Results and Discussion , Pome, Clarification sludge, Conclusions 22. Humic Substances from Composed Barks Methods, Organic fertilizers, Chemical analysis, Extraction of humic matter, Sephadex gel filtration, Results and Discussion, Organic carbon content, Extracting efficiencies of reagents, Influence of extracting solutions, Time of extraction and sample-to- solvent ratio, Number of extractions, Sample particle size 23. Humic Substances From Decomposing Bark Methods, Raw materials, Chemical analysis, Humic materials, Results and Discussion, Spruce bark, Spruce bark plus hen manure (20%) 24. Particle Size and Tomato Waste Digestion Experimental Procedures, Results and Discussion
  • 28. www.entrepreneurindia.co 25. Humic Acids on Hydrolysis of Potato Protein Methods , Materials, Analysis, Experimental procedures, Results, Discussion 26. Effects of Composts on Wheat Yields Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Composition of composts, Experiment 1. Evaluation of composts on an equal nitrogen basis, Experiment 2. Evaluation of composts when added at a flat rate of 5 t/ha in addition to NPK fertilizers 27. Production of Oxytetracycline Methods, Maintenance of Streptomyces rimosus 12907, Vegetative medium, Fermentation medium, Production oj oxytetracycline in afermenter (1200 litre), Determination oj amino acids present in fermented mash, Anti-microbial spectrum of oxytetracycline present in the dry mash, Results and Discussion
  • 29. www.entrepreneurindia.co 28. Use of Manure in Fish Farming Keeping Livestock in the Vicinity of Fish Ponds, Applying Manures to Fish Ponds, Adding Manures to Feeds, Economic Comparison of Feeding and Manuring, Modes of Action of Manure, Direct Consumption of Manure, Manure as a Fertiliser for Autotrophic Production 29. Bacteria in Swine Waste Materials and Methods, Analytical techniques, Results , Identification, Effect of waste concentration, Effect of pH, Effect of sulfide concentration, Protein production and nutrient uptake, Discussion , Growth characterization, Protein production and treatment capacity, Integration with algal systems 30. Poultry Waste Water as Broiler Feeds Results and Discussion
  • 30. www.entrepreneurindia.co 31. Utilization of Indian Wastes in Livestock Feeds Prominence of Salseed Meal, Similarity of Oak Kernels and, Salseed Meal, Oak Kernels in Poultry Mashes, Oak Kernels in Cattle Rations, Importance of a Negative Control in Experimental Designs, Rationing of Animals on the Minimum Adequate Requirement 32. Methane from Cattle Waste Methods , Herd characteristics, Fermenter substrate, Fermenters, Experimental, Results, Discussion , Methane yield, Temperature effect 33. Treatment of Milking Parlour Wastewater Methods, Pilot-scale reactor system description, Time allocation and operation of each phase of reactor, Analyses, Results and Discussion
  • 31. www.entrepreneurindia.co 34. Indicators of Pig Slurry Odours Materials and Methods, Chemical analysis, Odour offensiveness test, Raw slurries of excreta, Treated slurries, Results and Discussion, Non-specific characteristics, Specific odourants, Prediction of odour offensiveness from chemical and biochemical characteristics, Conclusions 35. Pig Liquid Manure Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion 36. UASB Treatment of Wastes Introduction, Materials and Methods , Sampling and analysis, Seed sludge, Wastewater characteristics, The 30 m3 semi-technical experimental, pilot plant, RESULTS, Start up and operation, Loading rates and treatment efficiency, Sludge wash out, COD balance and sludge increment, Sludge retention and total methanogenic activity, Discussion, The performance of the reactor at an intermittent feeding, Performance at process temperatures of 20 °C and 30 °C, Sludge retention and sludge wash out, The rate of hydrolysis in the reactor
  • 32. www.entrepreneurindia.co 37. Digestion of Poultry Litter Methods, Digester feedstock, Digester construction, Digester operation, Analytical methods, Data handling, Solids digestion, Results, Daily fed digesters, Batch digestion, Discussion, Daily fed digesters, Litter composition, Ammonium-N levels, Gas composition and biogas yields, Kinetic model, Batch digestion 38. Beef-Cattle Manure Slurries Material, Methods, Apparatus, Computational procedure, Modified Reynolds Number, Results, Comparing capillary and rotational viscometer results, The f=NRe correlation for cattle manure slurries, Summary and Conclusions
  • 33. Tags www.entrepreneurindia.co Biological Treatment, Organic-Waste Treatment, Biological Treatment of Organic Waste, Biological Wastewater Treatment, Biological Treatment Plant or Organic Waste, Organic Solid Waste Biological Treatment, Biological Treatment Plant, Microorganisms in Organic Waste Disposal, Biological Treatment of Waste, Process for Biological Treatment of Organic Waste, Biological Treatment Process, Organic Waste Treatment, Organic Waste Recycling, Organic Waste Forms and Treatment Strategies, Biological Waste Treatment and Utilization, Transformation of Liquid Manure into Solid, Tomato Waste Water Treatment, Treatment of Wastewater from Peeled Tomato, Tomato Cleaning and Water Recycle, Preparation of Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick, Oxalic Acid Manufacture, Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick, Digestion of Cotton Processing Waste, Properties of Sorghum Stalk, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sorghum Stalk, Biological Fermentation of Fish Waste, Fermentation of Fish Waste, Fermented Fish Waste, Fish Waste in Fermentation, Agro-industrial Wastes, Agro-industrial wastes utilization, Recycling of Agro-Industrial Wastes, Modelling of Agricultural Waste Treatments, Utilization of Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Utilization of Waste Products of Dehydrated Onion Industry, Palm Oil Mill Effluent Disposal on Land, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment,
  • 34. www.entrepreneurindia.co Waste Management in Palm Oil Mill, Management and Treatment of Wastes from Large Piggeries, treatment of wastes from piggeries, Treatment of Piggery Wastes, Management of Wastes from Pig, Piggery Waste Management, Tower Digestion of Pig Waste, Nutritive Value of Poultry Waste, Digestion of Rabbit and Pig Waste, Chemical Composition of Palm Oil Mill Effluent, Humic Substances from Composed Barks, Humic Substances from Decomposing Bark, Particle Size and Tomato Waste Digestion, Humic Acids on Hydrolysis of Potato Protein, Effects of Composts on Wheat Yields, Production of Oxytetracycline, Oxytetracycline Production, Production of oxytetracycline from agricultural wastes, Use of Manure in Fish Farming, Bacteria in Swine Waste, Poultry Waste Water as Broiler Feeds, Utilization of Indian Wastes in Livestock Feeds, Methane from Cattle Waste, Methane Production from Cattle Waste, Treatment of Milking Parlour Wastewater, Pig Liquid Manure, UASB Treatment of Wastes, Digestion of Poultry Litter, Beef-Cattle Manure Slurries, New small scale ideas for Biological Treatment, Business Ideas for Biological Treatment,
  • 35. www.entrepreneurindia.co How to start a Biological Treatment Plant, Start Your Own Biological Treatment Business, Biological Treatment Business Plan, Business plan for Organic Waste for Biological Treatment, Small Scale Industries in India, Organic Waste for Biological Treatment Based Small Business Ideas in India, Small Scale Industry You Can Start on Your Own, Business plan for small scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Manufacturing, How to Start a Small Business in India, Free Manufacturing Business Plans, Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing, Profitable Small Business Industries Ideas, Business ideas for Startup, Detailed Project Report on Biological Treatment, Project Report on Biological Treatment, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Oxytetracycline Production, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Oxytetracycline Production, Feasibility report on Piggery Waste Management, Free Project Profile on Piggery Waste Management, Project profile on Organic Waste for Biological Treatment, Download free project profile on Oxytetracycline Production
  • 38. Take a look at Niir Project Consultancy Services on #Street View https://goo.gl/VstWkd www.entrepreneurindia.co Locate us on Google Maps https://goo.gl/maps/BKkUtq9gevT2
  • 39. www.entrepreneurindia.co Our inexhaustible Client list includes public-sector companies, Corporate Houses, Government undertaking, individual entrepreneurs, NRI, Foreign investors, non-profit organizations and educational institutions from all parts of the World. The list is just a glimpse of our esteemed & satisfied Clients. Click here to take a look https://goo.gl/G3ICjV OUR CLIENTS
  • 40. www.entrepreneurindia.co Free Instant Online Project Identification and Selection Service Our Team has simplified the process for you by providing a "Free Instant Online Project Identification & Selection" search facility to identify projects based on multiple search parameters related to project costs namely: Plant & Machinery Cost, Total Capital Investment, Cost of the project, Rate of Return% (ROR) and Break Even Point % (BEP). You can sort the projects on the basis of mentioned pointers and identify a suitable project matching your investment requisites……Read more
  • 41. www.entrepreneurindia.co Download Complete List of Project Reports:  Detailed Project Reports NPCS is manned by engineers, planners, specialists, financial experts, economic analysts and design specialists with extensive experience in the related industries. Our Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report provides an insight of market in India. The report assesses the market sizing and growth of the Industry. While expanding a current business or while venturing into new business, entrepreneurs are often faced with the dilemma of zeroing in on a suitable product/line.
  • 42. And before diversifying/venturing into any product, they wish to study the following aspects of the identified product:  Good Present/Future Demand  Export-Import Market Potential  Raw Material & Manpower Availability  Project Costs and Payback Period The detailed project report covers all aspect of business, from analyzing the market, confirming availability of various necessities such as Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 43. www.entrepreneurindia.co Working Capital Requirement, uses and applications, Plant Layout, Project Financials, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis. The DPR (Detailed Project Report) is formulated by highly accomplished and experienced consultants and the market research and analysis are supported by a panel of experts and digitalized data bank. We at NPCS, through our reliable expertise in the project consultancy and market research field, have demystified the situation by putting forward the emerging business opportunity in India along with its business prospects……Read more
  • 44. Contact us NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES 106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall, New Delhi-110007, India. Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955 Mobile: +91-9811043595 Fax: +91-11-23845886 Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView https://goo.gl/VstWkd www.entrepreneurindia.co
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  • 52. Contact us NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES 106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall, New Delhi-110007, India. Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955 Mobile: +91-9811043595 Fax: +91-11-23845886 Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView https://goo.gl/VstWkd www.entrepreneurindia.co
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