16. Type I (insulin-dependent)
• Auto immune disorder
• Antibodies destroy β cells
• Prevalence – 10 to 20 %
• Manifests before 40 years (usually between 12-
15 years)
• Juvenile onset diabetes
• Patients- usually lean
• Acute complication – ketoacidosis
• Symptoms- polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia
• High mortality
17. Type II (insulin independent)
• Resistance of target tissues to insulin
• 80 to 90 % of diabetic population
• Onset after 40 years
• Adult onset diabetis
• Occur due to decrease in insulin receptor on
target cells
• Patients- usually obese
• Acute complication – hyperosmolar coma
• Low mortality
22. Lispro insulin
• First insulin analogue
• Fast acting
• Engineered through rDNA technology
• Lys, Pro residue on C terminal end of B chain
–reversed
• Trade name- Humalog
23. Insulin aspart
• Created by rDNA technology
• Proline (B 28) substituted with Asp
• Marketed by Novo Nordisk.
• Onset of action- 15 mins after injection
• Action peak – 45 to 90 mins
24. Insulin glargine
• +vely charged Arg added to C terminus of B
chain
• Isoelectric point shift from 5.4 to 6.7
• Marketed by Sanofi aventis.
• Trade name - Lantus
26. Discovery
• Kimball and Murlin
• Found glucagon in 1920
• described glucagon in 1923.
• amino acid sequence of glucagon- described
in the late-1950s.
• complete understanding of its role in
physiology and disease -established in the
1970s- by radio immuno assay.
32. Insulin – glucagon ratio
• Under basal conditions- molar ratio= 2.0
• Under fasting conditions = ˃ 0.5
• After a pure carbohydrate meal - ˂10
33. Regulation of secretion
• By Blood glucose level
• Plasma amino acids
• Free fatty acids and keto acids
34. Glucogonoma
• rare tumour of the alpha cells of the pancreas
• overproduction of glucagon
• enhances blood glucose levels through the
activation of anabolic (gluconeogenesis)
and catabolic processes (lipolysis).
• Treatment - administration of octreotide, a
somatostatin analog, which inhibits the
release of glucagon
