Latin America is one of the world regions with highest urbanization rates. This presentation analyzes some of its relevant features and its challenges for sustainable development, and calls attention on some policy interventions that can contribute significantly in this regard particularly with support from international organizations, development banks and international cooperation.

1. HOW CAN URBAN POPULATIONS IN
LATIN AMERICA BE ASSISTED TO ATTAIN
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
ROBERTO VILLARREAL
1/17/2013

2. CONTENTS
1. A MOST PERTINENT SUBJECT
2. EXTRAORDINARY COMPLEXITY
3. INTERVENTION FEATURES
4. SOME VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS
5. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013 2

3. MOST PERTINENT SUBJECT MORE
INFO
• Huge stakes about sustainable
development
– Environmental, social, economic The living
• Population size and demographic trends conditions of
• Production and income generation many millions
of people risk
• Finance and innovation serious
• Public services deterioration
over time, for
– Many irreversible phenomena involved present and
• Need to act early enough future
generations
– Extraordinarily large investments needed
• By public, private and social actors
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4. PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION IN 2000 AND INCREASE MORE
COMPARED TO 1990, IN COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA INFO
Change in percentage of urban population from 1990 to 2000 (percent points)
14
I. LOW URBANIZATION II. HIGH URBANIZATION
FAST INCREASE Costa Rica FAST INCREASE
12 Panama
Guatemala
10
Paraguay Mexico
Surinam
8
El Salvador
6 Haiti Ecuador
Bolivia
4
Colombia Chile Argentina
Guyana Peru
Domincan Rep Brazil Venezuela
2
Nicaragua Cuba
Jamaica Uruguay
Belize French Guiana
0
30 40 50 60 70 Urban population in 2000 (% 90 total population)
80 of 100
-2 Honduras
IV. LOW URBANIZATION III. HIGH URBANIZATION
SLOW INCREASE SLOW INCREASE
-4
SOURCE: Prepared with data from the DEPUALCdatabase.. For some countries the period used for calculations may be
different as indicated in the previous table.
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5. URBAN PROFILES OF SELECTED LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2000
(Cumulative percentage of total population in localities by size)
80
70
60 Mexico
50 Brazil
Argentina
40
Colombia
30 Peru
Chile
20
Bolivia
10 Uruguay
0
50-500 thousand inhabitants 500 thousand to one million One million or more
inhabitants inhabitants
SOURCE:Author´s calculations with data from CELADE CEPAL.
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6. POPULATION IN SELECTED CITIES AND METROPOLITAN ZONES OF
LATIN AMERICA
Country, city, date Population Country, city, date Population
(millions) (millions)
Argentina: Buenos Aires (1991) 2.96 Ecuador: Guayaquil (2003) 2.09
Córdoba (1991) 1.16 Quito (2003) 1.48
Pop.
Bolivia: Santa Cruz (2005) 1.34 Guatemala: Guatemala (2001) 1.02
growth
Pop. % of
La Paz (2005) 0.83 Haiti: Port au Prince (2007) 0.99 City size No. 1990-
(106) pop.
2000
Brazl: Belo Horizonte (2005) 2.40 Mexico: Acapulco (2003) 0.82
(%)
Brasilia (2005) 2.38 Guadalajara (2003) 3.94
50,000 –
602 87.7 18.7 2.5
Salvador (2005) 2.71 Mexico City (2003) 19.49 500,000
Rio de Janeiro (2005) 6.14 Monterrey (2003) 3.52 500,000
– 43 31.5 6.3 3.4
Sao Paulo 11.02 Panama: Panama City (2000) 0.48 1million
Chile: Santiago (2004) 4.98 Paraguay: Asunción (2002) 0.51 More
Colombia: Bogotá 7.19 Perú: Lima (2003) 7.08 than 1 49 159.1 32.7 2.7
million
Cali (2005) 2.42 Uruguay: Montevideo (2005) 1.35
Sum 694 278.3 57.7 2.6
Cartagena (2005) 1.03 Venezuela: Caracas (1998) 1.98
Medellín (2005) 2.09 Maracaibo (1998) 1.71
Costa Rica: San José (2003) 0.33 Valencia (1998) 1.23
Source: Prepared with data from e United Nations Statistics Division, Demographic Yearbook 2005, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2005.htm
LARGE DIVERSITY ALSO IN DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS, CULTURE,
SPATIAL FEATURES, SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS, ETC.
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7. MEXICO: POPULATION UNDER DIFFERENT POVERTY
LINES BY SIZE OF LOCALITIES, 2000-2002
Extreme poverty Intermediate poverty Moderate poverty
7.4
9.1
14
16.5
2.9
3.5
4.6
2.9
16.2 13.2 7.5 7.2
Localities with less than 15 thousand inhabitants Localities with more than 15 thousand inhabitants
2000 2002 2000 2002
SOURCE: Author’s calculations with data from SEDESOL.
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8. URBAN POPULATION PROSPECTS UP TO 2050 FOR SELECTED
LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES
250
Brazil
200
35.37
150
Mexico
100 26.90
Colombia
50
11.31
Argentina
Chile
4.21
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World
Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009
Revision, http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/.
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9. MOREOVER…
• Predominant role of cities for development of countries
and subnational regions
• Global and international effects
– Internationaly agreed goals and commitments
• Numerous and diverse actors and stakeholders
– Levels of government
– Private sector in different industries
– Diverse population groups
• Considerable lags and long-term consequences
IMPLICATION: AN EVEN GREATER AND MORE DIFFICULT PROBLEM
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10. AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST:
• Incomplete knowledge and information
– Limited undestanding hinders adequate actions and
complicates coordination
– Uncertainty and credibility challenges
EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND LEARNING-AS-WE-GO
ARE NECESSARY
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11. EXTRAORDINARY COMPLEXITY MORE
INFO
• Sustainable development is needed in three dimensions:
– Economic, social and environmental
• Very large number of issues
– Inter-relationships
– Systemic problems
• Combined natural, technical, social, behavioral, financial
and governance phenomena
– Inter-disciplinary matters
• Difficult to visualize, understand for individuals and
single organizations
– Policy making and implementation challenges
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12. WHICH IMPLIES…
• A multistakeholder endeavor
– Private sector, society, public sector, academic and research
institutions
• Open government
• Social learning
• No one-size-fits-all
– Remarkable diversity of national and local conditions
• Policy coherence and coordination
– Across sectors
• Whole of government
– Across levels of government
• Multilevel governance
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13. INTERVENTION FEATURES
• Policy packages
– Relevant, effective, efficient, participatory, equitable
• Trust, partnerships and ownership building
• Fundamentally anchored in local challenges
– Selectivity, with an integral systems perspective
• High impact
• Cost effective
– Locally and nationally
– Engaging all types of stakeholders in decision and policy
making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
• National and sub-national governments
• Private sector and society
• Research and academic institutions
– Legal and regulatory, policy and programs, infrastructure and private
investment, capacity building, awareness raising
– Regional or territorial development approach, and comparative
actions
– Graduality, with a long-term plan
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14. SOME VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Leadership and mobilization of actors and stakeholders
– Awareness raising, advocacy, prioritization
2. Technical assistance to strategy-making
– Participatory planning
3. Production of toolkits
– Databases, indicators
– Knowledge repositories, good practices
– Model legislation
– Planning and budgeting
– Training to government and non-government actors
4. Policy advice
– Multilevel governance, open government, whole-of goverment
– Sustainable production and consumption
• Water, energy, emmissions and residuals, transport, housing, ICT
• Management of natural resources
– Public finance
• Budgeting for goals, regional infrastructure, local taxation, transfers
– Public-Private-People-Partnerships
– Innovation
5. Financial resources
– Modernization of the State and public administration
– Public and private infrastructure
– Private sector development
– Social development
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15. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Multiple entry points
• Flagship initiatives
• Attention to all dimensions of sustainable
development
• Local, national and global priority goals
• Engagement of non-State actors
• Utmost importance of open government priority
• Anticorruption
END OF PRESENTATION
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16. ANNEXES
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17. AMÉRICA LATINA: TASA DE CRECIMIENTO DE LA POBLACION TOTAL, URBANA Y RURAL
LATIN AMERICA: POPULATION GROWTH RATE, TOTAL, URBAN AND RURAL
1950-2000
Tasa de crecimiento anual (por cien)/
Diferencial de crecimiento
Annual growth rates (percent) Tasa de urbanización /
Urbano-Rural / Urban-Rural
Urbanization rate
Growth differential
Total / Total Urbano / Urban Rural / Rural
Argentina 1.5 2.2 -1.0 0.7 3.2
Belice / Belize 2.5 2.2 2.8 -0.3 -0.6
Bolivia 2.0 3.2 0.9 1.2 2.3
Brasil / Brazil 2.4 4.0 -0.1 1.6 4.0
Colombia 2.2 3.2 0.7 1.0 2.6
Costa Rica 3.1 4.2 2.1 1.1 2.1
Cuba 1.7 2.1 -0.1 0.4 2.3
Chile 1.9 2.6 -0.3 0.7 2.9
Ecuador 2.6 4.1 1.4 1.5 2.7
El Salvador 2.4 3.3 1.8 0.8 1.4
Guatemala 2.6 3.8 2.0 1.2 1.8
Guyana / Guiana 1.5 1.7 0.9 0.2 0.7
Guayana Francesa /
French Guiana 4.7 4.3 2.5 -0.4 1.9
Haití / Haiti 2.0 3.9 1.2 2.0 2.8
Honduras 3.0 3.8 2.6 0.8 1.2
Jamaica 1.2 2.8 0.3 1.5 2.5
México / Mexico 2.7 3.8 1.0 1.1 2.8
Nicaragua 3.2 4.1 2.4 0.9 1.8
Panamá / Panama 2.4 3.7 1.2 1.2 2.5
Paraguay 2.6 3.6 1.7 1.0 1.9
Perú / Peru 2.4 3.7 0.9 1.3 2.7
Surinam 1.7 2.3 -0.1 0.6 2.3
Uruguay 0.6 1.0 -1.6 0.4 2.6
República Dominicana /
Dominican Republic 2.6 4.5 1.2 1.9 3.3
República Bolivariana de Venezuela /
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 3.0 4.2 0.3 1.2 4.0
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013 17
Fuente: Base de datos DEPUALC, 2000. Boletín demográfico Nos 56 y 63. UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision.
Source: DEPUALC 2004 data base, CELADE/ECLAC. Demographic Bulletin No 56 y 63. UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision.

18. AMÉRICA LATINA: PORCENTAJE DE POBLACIÓN URBANA, POR PAÍSES
LATIN AMERICA: PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION, BY COUNTRIES
1950-2000
Porcentaje urbano (por cien) / Urban porcentage (per cent)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Argentina 62.5 73.8 79.0 83.0 87.3 90.5
Belice / Belize 56.5 53.8 51.2 49.3 47.6 47.9
Bolivia 33.9 39.3 41.7 50.5 57.5 62.4
Brasil / Brazil 36.5 43.0 55.9 67.6 78.4 81.2
Colombia 42.7 52.1 59.1 67.2 71.0 74.9
Costa Rica 33.5 34.5 40.6 44.5 46.8 59.0
Cuba 55.1 54.9 60.7 69.0 73.6 75.2
Chile 60.7 68.2 75.1 82.2 83.5 86.6
Ecuador 28.5 35.3 41.4 49.0 55.1 61.4
El Salvador 36.5 38.5 39.5 41.6 50.4 58.4
Guatemala 25.0 33.6 36.4 32.7 35.0 46.1
Guyana / Guiana 28.1 29.0 29.5 30.6 33.2 36.2
Guayana Francesa /
French Guiana 52.0 63.6 67.3 70.6 74.4 75.0
Haití / Haiti 12.2 15.6 20.2 24.5 29.5 35.6
Honduras 31.0 30.4 37.2 38.7 47.5 45.5
Jamaica 26.7 33.8 41.5 46.8 51.5 52.1
México / Mexico 36.2 43.7 51.4 58.4 65.6 74.7
Nicaragua 34.9 40.9 47.7 50.3 54.4 56.1
Panamá / Panama 36.0 41.5 47.6 50.4 53.7 65.6
Paraguay 34.6 35.8 37.1 42.8 50.3 58.7
Perú / Peru 35.3 47.4 59.5 65.2 70.1 72.8
Surinam 47.0 47.2 46.0 54.9 65.4 74.1
Uruguay 78.0 81.0 83.3 87.3 90.8 91.9
República Dominicana /
Dominican Republic 23.9 30.5 39.7 52.0 56.1 58.2
República Bolivariana de Venezuela /
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 53.7 67.4 77.2 84.0 84.4 86.9
Fuente: Base deVILLARREAL
ROBERTO datos DEPUALC, 2000. Boletín demográfico Nos 56 y 63. UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision.
1/17/2013 18
Source: DEPUALC 2004 data base, CELADE/ECLAC. Demographic Bulletin No 56 y 63. UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision.

19. AMÉRICA LATINA: CIUDADES DE 1 MILLÓN Y MÁS HABITANTES, SEGÚN CANTIDAD DE CIUDADES Y POBLACIÓN
LATIN AMERICA: CITIES WITH ONE MILLION AND MORE INHABITANTS, BY NUMBER OF CITIES AND POPULATION
1950-2000
Población que reside en ciudades de 1 millón y más habitantes (en
Número de ciudades de 1 millón y más habitantes /
miles) /
Population living in cities of one million and more inhabitants (in
Number of cities with one million and more inhabitants
thousands)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Argentina 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 747 6 807 8 462 10 986 13 574 14 575
Bolivia 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 119 2 534
Brasil / Brazil 2 3 6 9 13 16 5 360 9 611 20 181 33 408 45 845 61 111
Colombia 0 1 3 4 4 4 1 683 5 371 8 576 10 502 11 685
Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cuba 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 224 1 147 1 787 1 929 2 111 2 187
Chile 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 437 2 072 2 792 3 920 4 729 5 392
Ecuador 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 249 2 692 3 559
El Salvador 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 043 1 959
Guatemala 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 014 1 203 1 632 2 149
Haití / Haiti 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 134 1 767
Honduras 0 0 0 0 0 0
México / Mexico 1 1 3 3 4 7 3 354 5 466 11 732 18 284 21 805 29 365
Nicaragua 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 009
Panamá / Panama 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 069
Paraguay 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 177 1 613
Perú / Peru 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 846 3 303 4 608 6 321 7 454
República Dominicana /
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 313 1 610 2 148
Dominican Republic
Uruguay 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 140 1 310 1 402 1 511 1 591 …
República Bolivariana de Venezuela /
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 0 1 1 1 3 4 1 372 2 184 2 640 5 155 7 962
… Información no disponible en el CELADE. This information is not available in CELADE.
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013
Fuente: Base de datos DEPUALC, 2004. UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision. 19
Source: DEPUALC 2004 data base, CELADE/ECLAC. UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision.

20. AMÉRICA LATINA: NUMERO DE CIUDADES, Y DE HABITANTES, PORCENTAJE DE LA POBLACIÓN TOTAL Y CRECIMIENTO ANUAL, POR TAMAÑO DE LAS CIUDADES, 2000
RETURN
Ciudades de 50mil a 500 mil
Población Total habitantes Ciudades de 500 mil a 1 millón habitantes Ciudades de 1 Millón o más habitantes
% Pob
NH TMCA NC NH Tot TMCA NC NH %Pob Tot TMCA NC NH(miles) %Pob Tot TMCA
Argentina 36260130 1.0 52 7498538 20.7 2.2 3 2810704 7.8 0.9 3 14575 40.2 0.7
Belice … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bolivia 8273344 2.7 10 1631398 19.2 4.2 1 517026 6.2 -3.2 2 2534 30.6 12.6
Brasil 169799170 1.5 201 32655979 19.2 1.9 8 5907246 3.4 -0.9 16 61111 36.0 3.3
Colombia 41468384 1.9 52 7299186 17.5 2.7 4 2956435 7.1 3.9 4 11685 28.1 1.1
Costa Rica 3809879 2.8 6 577751 15.1 14.1 1 900835 23.6 2.5 0 0 0.0 0.0
Cuba* 9723605 1.1 15 1955809 20.1 2.5 0 0 0.0 0.0 1 2187 22.5 0.4
Chile 15116435 1.2 27 3555100 23.5 2.7 2 1482090 9.8 0.9 1 5392 35.7 1.4
Ecuador 12070115 2.0 17 2217219 18.4 3.6 0 0 0.0 0.0 2 3559 29.5
El Salvador* 5118599 1.8 4 481026 9.4 5.3 0 0 0.0 0.0 1 1959 38.3 8.7
Guatemala 11237196 3.5 5 408964 3.6 17.5 1 735530 6.5** … 1 2149 19.1 3.1
Guyana … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Guayana Francesa … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Haití 5053791 1.4 1 64406 1.3 -18.6 1 724002 14.3 … 1 1767 35.0 5.5
Honduras 6535344 3.0 9 1101890 16.8 6.9 1 819867 12.5 3.2 0 0 0.0 0.0
Jamaica … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
México 97483412 1.8 105 15567843 16.0 0.2 13 9151290 9.4 5.6 7 29365 30.1 3.4
Nicaragua … … … … … … … … … … 1 1009 … …
Panamá 2688405 1.4 3 242357 9.0 2.5 1 844532 31.4** 3.2 1 1069 39.8
Paraguay 5183101 2.2 3 355599 6.8 3.8 0 0 0.0 0.0 1 1613 31.1 3.7
Perú 22048356 2.2 26 3603736 16.3 1.2 2 1118974 5.0 … 1 7454 33.8 1.8
República
Dominicana 8500173 1.7 14 1416180 16.7 0.3 1 507418 6.0 … 1 2148 25.3 3.3
Surinam … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Uruguay 3241003 0.3 6 428173 13.2 2.3 0 0 0.0 0.0 1 1591 49.1 0.5
República
Bolivariana de
Venezuela 23054210 2.2 46 6282109 27.2 1.6 4 3065593 13.3 6.4 4 7962 34.5 5.4
TOTAL 486664652 2.6 602 87343263 18.7 2.5 43 31541542 6.3 3.4 49 159130 32.7 2.7
NOTA 1. NH: Número de habitantes, año 2000; NC: número de ciudades, año 2000; TMCA: Tasa media de crecimiento anual, por cien, 1990-2000; TMCA: Tasa media de crecimiento
anual, por cien, 1990-2000; % Pob Tot: porcentaje de la población total, por cien, año 2000. Los años mencionados varían para algunos países, como se indica en la Nota 2.
NOTA 2. Los datos de población se refien al último año del período que se indica enseguida para cada país, y las tasa medias de crecimiento se calcularon para el promedio del período:
Argentina,1991-2001; Bolivia,1992-2001; Brasil, 1991-2000; Colombia,1993-2005; Costa Rica, 1984-2000; Cuba, 1970-1981; Chile:1992-2002; Ecuador, 1991-2001; El salvador, 1971-
1992; Guatemala, 1994-2002; Haití, 1971-1982; Honduras, 1988-2001; Paraguay, 1992-2002; Panamá, 1990-2000; Perú, 1981-1992; República Dominicana, 1993-2002; Uruguay, 1996-
2004; Venezuela, 1991-2002.
* Los datos de estos países exhiben una obsolecencia notable: Cuba, 1981 (excepto el dato para la ciudad de más de 1 millón de habitantes que corresponde a 2000); El Salvador, 1992;
Haití, 1982.
** En Guatemala hay 1 ciudad de más de 500 mil habitantes, pero el último dato de población de la misma se refiere a 1964. asimismo, en Panamá, los datos se refieren a 1990 (dada la
alta tasa de urbanización registrada entonces es improbable que la población de la ciudad haya decrecido subsecuentemente, como erróneamente indican los datos disponibles para 2000).
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013 20
Lo mismo ocurre en Uruguay, donde el último dato disponible es para 1991.
Fuente: Cálculos propios, con información de CEPAL, Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Demografía (CELADE).

21. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION IN
MORE INO
LATIN AMERICA, 1950-2000
(%) RETURN
3
RURAL
Belize Honduras French Guyana
2.5
Nicaragua
Guatemala Costa Rica
2
El Salvador
1.5
Paraguay Ecuador
Panama Dominican Rep
Haiti
1 Mexico
Guyana Bolivia Peru
Colombia
0.5
Jamaica Venezuela
0 URBAN
Cuba Surinam Brazil
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-0.5 Chile
-1
Argentina
-1.5
Uruguay
-2
SOURCE: Prepared with data from the DEPUALCdatabase.. For some countries the period used for calculations may be
different as indicated in the previous table.
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013 21

22. URBAN POPULATION IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 1950-2000MORE INO
(% OF TOTAL) RETURN
1950 1980 2000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SOURCE: Prepared with data from the DEPUALCdatabase.. For some countries the period used for calculations may be
different as indicated in the previous table.
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013 22

23. POPULATION IN CITIES LARGER THAN ONE MILLION
INHABITANTS IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 1990-2000
RETURN
(Millions)
1990 2000
30 45.8 61.1
25
20
15
10
5
0
SOURCE: Prepared with data from the DEPUALCdatabase.. For some countries the period used for calculations may be
different as indicated in the previous table.
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013 23

24. DIVERSE ISSUES RELATED TO THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MORE
INFO
ECONOMIC SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DIMENSION DIMENSION DIMENSION
Income growth Poverty eradication Decreasing rents from natural resources
Income distribution Equity and social cohesion Private property rights
Competitiveness Acceptance of diversity Adaptation to climate change, energy efficiency
Risks management Safety and social protection Prevention of natural disasters, resilience
Population size and skills Labor force participation and training Green production and consumption
Investment and finance Savings Conservation
Knowledge and innovation Education Environmental education and research
Space Land planning and use Clean, safe and permanent natl. environ.
Markets private goods & services Basic needs Treated water, pollution control
Labor markets Decent employment Green jobs
Public government services Citizenship Environmental ombudsman
Public infrastructure services Inclusion Environmental services
Public social services Empowerement Public property rights
Public regulation and enforcement Compliance with rule of law Environmental protection
Public accountability Democratization Social oversight
Public finance Anticorruption Environmental taxes and subsidies
Public governance Participation Intertemporal intergenerational links
Public information Media Public georeferenced ICT systems
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25. SYSTEMS APPROACH MORE INO
+ +
Social & RETURN
economic Law
enforcement
equity
Economic
+ and
efficiency
gains
- (water & sanitation,
education, health,
anticorruption
Social gender,
and - etc.)
Solidarity
Safety
- economic
inequality Institutional
+ Effective
freedoms, protection of of people
Human Social and rights and
adaptive
development economic capacity property
(income,health,
education;
- - exclusion Social and political
+ Crime
leadership & Social
adjusted for Decent prevention
inequality) employment + participation cohesion
+
(all social + Public
+
ROR + groups)
Poverty
- governance
Rule
+ + Social
Tax and public
expenditure
human
capital
Social
- of
Law +
and
economic
policies
protection + capital
Productivity,
and family +
and business
features
Energy Alternatives + Political +
-labor
efficiency to support stability
regulations Policies livelihoods of
on cost of the poor Preparedness for
+ + +
living Primary
sources - Energy use
- + natural disasters
(quantity)
- Products &
processes choice + Global +
+ Clean energy
technology
+ climate Sustainable
change and safe
Economy
natural
Degradation Pollution + environment
+ - and mgt. of (air, waters
ecosystems
- and soils -
Population, l
abor force + + Recycling and + + +
reutilization Natural Biodiversity
stocks
(renewable
+
and non-
Savings and
investment, public and
Production
costs, investment
renewable
resources)
+
private debt allocation
Food, public health
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26. MORE INO
RETURN
Energy
efficiency
Primary
+ sources - Energy use
(quantity)
Products &
processes + + Global
-
choice Clean energy
+ technology climate Sustainable
and safe
change
+ Economy
natural
Degradation Pollution + environment
(air, waters
Population, l
- and mgt. of
ecosystems
+
abor force
- and soils
-
+
Recycling
and
+ +
reutilization
Natural Biodiversity
stocks
(renewable +
Savings and and non-
renewable
investment,
resources)
public and
private debt Production
costs, investment
allocation
Food, publi
c health
GREEN ECONOMY
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013 26

27. INCLUSSIVE AND EQUITABLE MORE INO
+
SOCIETY Social &
economic RETURN
equity
Economic (water & sanitation,
efficiency
gains
- education, health,
gender,
Social
and - etc.)
- economic
inequality
Human Social and
development economic
(income, health,
education;
- - exclusion
adjusted for Decent
inequality) employment +
(all social
groups)
Tax and public ROR + Poverty
expenditure
policies
human
capital Social
-
protection
Productivity, and family
and features
business -
labor
regulations
Policies
+ + on cost
of living
-
Economy
+
Population, l
abor force
+
Savings and
ROBERTO VILLARREAL investment, public and 1/17/2013 27
private debt

28. INSTITUTIONS FOR
RESILIENCE AND
RETURN
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
Social &
economic
+ Law
equity enforcement
(water & sanitation, + and
anticorruption
education, health,
gender,
etc.) Solidarity
Effective
Safety
Institutional
adaptive
+ freedoms, protection of
rights
of people
and
capacity property
Social and political
leadership & + Social Crime
participation prevention
cohesion
+
+ Public
+
governance + + Social
Rule
of and
Law economic
capital
+
Political +
stability
Preparedness for
natural disasters
+
+
Sustainable
and safe
natural
environment
ROBERTO VILLARREAL 1/17/2013 28