PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

1. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND IT’S
CORRESPONDING RESPONSIBILITIES
HUMAN FREEDOM AND CONSEQUENCES

2. PHILIPPINE
POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
POWER: Nature, Dimensions,
Types and Consequences
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3. Defining power
• According to Andrew Heywood, power, in its broadest
sense, is the ability to achieve a desired outcome,
sometimes seen as the ‘power to’ do something. In the
context of politics and governance, power is usually
thought of as a relationship:
• The ability to influence the behavior of others or having
‘power over’ people.
• Power is also associated with the ability to punish or
reward.

4. Dimensions or Faces of Power

5. Power as Decision-
Making
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• power is that the most powerful
actors in society are those whose
opinion are considered and upheld
in the decision making.
• The powerful can get what they
want and make others behave the
way they wanted them to.
Decisions can be influenced in a
variety of ways.
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6. Power as Agenda Setting
• The second face of power is the ability to prevent decisions being made: that is, in effect,
‘non-decision-making’. This involves the ability to set or control the political agenda,
thereby preventing issues or proposals from being aired in the first place.

7. Power as
Thought Control
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• The third face of
power is the
ability to influence
another by
shaping what he
or she thinks,
wants, or needs.
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8. Types of Power

9. Reward power
• The target person complies in order to obtain rewards he or she believes are controlled by
the agent.

10. Coercive power
• The target person complies in order to avoid punishments he or she believes are
controlled by the agent.

11. Legitimate power
• The target person complies because he or she believes the agent has the right to make the
request and the target person has the obligation to comply.

12. Expert power
• The target person complies because he or she believes that the agent has special
knowledge about the best way to do something.

13. Referent power
• The target person complies because he or she admires or identifies with the agent and
wants to gain the agent’s approval.

14. Consequences of Power
• Compliance refers to the readiness or act of agreeing to do something.
• The two types of power most likely to cause compliance are legitimate or position power
and reward power.
1. Compliance with the order may occur if it is perceived to be within the leader’s
scope of authority.
1. Compliance is most likely to happen if the reward is something valued by the target
person.

15. Consequences of Power
• Commitment is an even more desirable outcome because of the trust and emotional pledge
that it causes. It is perceived as loyalty or a sense of dedication or devotion. Commitment
is most likely to be the consequence when the powers used are referent and expert.
•  The common way to exercise referent power is merely to ask someone with whom one
has a friendship to do something.
•  Expert power may result to commitment if the leader presents logical arguments and
supporting evidence for a particular proposal, order or policy. It will depend on the
leader’s credibility and persuasive communication skills in addition to technical
knowledge and logical or analytical ability.
•  Commitment is a very unlikely consequence if coercive power is employed.

16. Consequences of Power
• Resistance means to refuse or to oppose. It is the most likely outcome when coercive
power is used in a hostile or manipulative way. It is best to use coercion power in
preventing behavior that is harmful to the society and well-being of the people such as
illegal and violent activities. (Heywood 2007)

17. Political ideologies

18. Tatsulok
by Bamboo
Political and Social Issues:

19. Meaning of Ideology
• Ideology refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function, behave, and
operate. From a social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a coherent set of ideas that
provides a basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify
or overthrow the existing system of power relationships.

20. Functions of Political Ideology
• (1) It offers an account of the existing order by examining what works and what does not
work, as well as other various issues and problems that the state and the broader society
are confronted with.
• (2) It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of the Good Society.
• (3) It outlines how political change or the desired social order can be achieved.

21. Major Political Ideologies
Liberalism
Liberalism pertains to set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties. Its
key ideas are the following:
Key Ideas of Liberalism
• 1. Individualism: It is the core principle of liberal ideology. Individualism is further
• explained as:
•  belief in the supreme importance of the human
•  human beings are seen with equal moral worth; they possess separate and unique
identities
•  the liberal goal is to construct a society within which individuals can flourish and
develop

22. 2. Freedom: Individual freedom or liberty is the core value of liberalism. Under freedom are the
following features:
•  desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or chooses
•  advocate ‘freedom under the law’, as they recognize that one person’s liberty may be a
threat to the liberty of others
3. Reason: Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure, and that this can be uncovered
through the exercise of human reason and by critical enquiry. Furthermore, the key idea of reason
favors the following:
•  faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments;
•  individuals as the best judges of their own interests;
•  belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to resolve their differences through
debate and argument, rather than bloodshed and war.

23. 4. Equality: This refers to the belief that individuals are ‘born equal’, at least in terms of
moral worth. Liberalism has strong commitment to equal rights namely:
•  legal equality (‘equality before the law’);
•  political equality (‘one person, one vote; one vote, one value’).

24. • 5. Toleration: It means willingness to allow others to think, speak and act in ways which
they disapprove. This promotes debate and intellectual progress.
• 6. Consent: It will advocate that authority and social relationships should always be
based on consent or willing agreement. Under this idea, the government must therefore be
based on the ‘consent of the governed’. Authority is always grounded in legitimacy.

25. Conservatism
• Conservatism refers to set of political beliefs based on preservation of customs and
traditions that define the character of a society. Here are the key ideas of conservatism:

26. Key Ideas of Conservatism
• 1. Tradition: It is the central theme of
• conservative thought or ‘the desire to conserve’. It respects established customs and
institutions that have endured through time. Tradition reflects the accumulated wisdom of the
past, and institutions and practices that have been ‘tested by time’, and it should be preserved
for the benefit of the living and for generations yet to come.
• 2. Pragmatism: It is the belief that action should be shaped by practical circumstances and
practical goals, that is, by ‘what works’.
• 3. Human imperfection: In this view, human beings are limited, dependent, and security-
seeking creatures, drawn to the familiar and the tried and tested. Human beings are needing to
live in stable and orderly communities. The maintenance of order requires a strong state, the
• enforcement of strict laws, and stiff penalties.

27. • 4. Authority: Conservatives hold that, to some degree, authority is always exercised ‘from
above’, providing leadership, guidance and support for those who lack the knowledge,
experience or education to act wisely in their own interests. Authority and leadership are
seen as resulting from experience and training.
• 5. Property: Conservatives see property ownership as being vital because it gives people
security and a measure of independence from government, and it encourages them to
respect the law and the property of others.

28. Socialism
• Socialism is defined as set of political beliefs emphasizing community and social equality
that adheres to the following ideas:
• Key Ideas of Socialism
• 1. Community: The core of socialism is the vision of human beings as social creatures
linked by the existence of a common humanity. It highlights the importance of
community, and the degree to which individual identity is fashioned by social
• interaction and membership of social groups and collective bodies. Socialists are inclined
to emphasize nurture over nature, and to explain individual behavior mainly in terms of
social factors, rather than innate qualities.

29. • 2. Fraternity: It is sharing a common humanity. Humans are bound together by a sense
of comradeship or fraternity (literally meaning ‘brotherhood’, but broadened in this
context to embrace all humans). Socialism prefers cooperation over competition and
favors collectivism over individualism. Cooperation enables people to harness their
collective
• energies/strengthens the bonds of community.
• 3. Social equality is the central value of socialism: It emphasizes equality of outcome
as opposed to equality of opportunity. The measure of social equality is looked upon as
guarantee of social stability and cohesion.

30. • 4. Need is of primary importance in Socialism: It is the belief that material benefits
should be distributed on the basis of need, rather than simply on the basis of merit or
work: ‘From each according to his ability, to each according to his need’. The satisfaction
of basic needs (hunger, thirst, shelter, health, personal security and so on) is a
prerequisite for a worthwhile human existence and participation in social life.
• 5. Social class: Socialism has traditionally been associated with the interests of an
oppressed and exploited working class - regarded the working class as an agent of social
change. The socialist goal is the eradication of economic and social inequalities, or their
substantial reduction.
• 6. Common ownership: The socialist case for common ownership is that it is a means of
harnessing material resources to the common good, with private property being seen to
promote selfishness, acquisitiveness and social division.

31. Different Ideologies and their Perspectives on the State

32. Decentralization and Local Governance
• The Constitution of the Philippines acknowledges the importance of local governments. It
provides as a policy that “the State shall guarantee and promote the autonomy of the
local government units-especially the barangays- to ensure their fullest development as
self-reliant communities.

33. Roles and Functions of the Philippine Local
Government Units
• There are four units of local government in the Philippines as stated in Article X, section 1
of the 1987 Constitution: the barangay, city, municipality and province.
• a. Barangay. The barangay is the basic unit of government. It is made up of at least two
thousand (2000) inhabitants certified by Philippine Statistics Authority.
• Officials of the Barangay Government. There shall be in each barangay, a Punong
Barangay, Seven (7) Sangguniang Barangay members, the Sangguniang Kabataang
Chairman, a Barangay Secretary and a Barangay Treasurer. There shall also be in every
Barangay a Lupong Tagapamayapa. (The Local Government Code of the Philippines
Section 387).

34. Role of the Barangay
• Role of the Barangay. As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary
planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects and
activities in the community and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may
be expressed, crystallized and considered and when disputes may be amicably settled
(The Local Government Code of the Philippines section 384).

35. Basic Functions of Barangay
• 1. Ensure the delivery of basic services.
• 2. Enforce laws and regulation relating to the protection of the environment.
• 3. Adopt measures to prevent and eradicate drug abuse, child abuse and juvenile
delinquency.
• 4. Serves a forum where people’s interests and opinions on local and national issues are
articulated.
• 5. Serves as a place for settling neighborhood disputes or conflicts.

36. Municipality.
• A municipality may be created if it has an average annual income, as certified by the
provincial treasurer, of at least two million five hundred thousand pesos (P2,500,000.00)
for the last two (2) consecutive years based on the 1991
• constant prices; a population of at least twenty-five thousand (25,000) inhabitants as
certified by the National Statistics Office; and a contiguous territory of at least fifty (50)
square kilometers as certified by the Lands Management Bureau: (The Local Government
Code of the Philippines Section 441).

37. Roles of Municipality
• The municipality, consisting of a group of Barangays, serves primarily as a general
purpose government for the coordination and delivery of basic, regular and direct services
and effective governance of the inhabitants within its territorial jurisdiction.

38. City
• A municipality or a cluster of Barangays may be converted into a component city if it
has an average annual income, as certified by the Department of Finance, of at least
Twenty million pesos (Php20,000,000.00) for the last two (2) consecutive years based on
1991 constant prices, and if it has either of the following requisites: (i) a contiguous
• territory of at least one hundred (100) square kilometers, as certified by the Lands
Management Bureau; or, (ii) a population of not less than one hundred fifty
thousand(150,000 (The Local Government Code of the Philippines section

39. Role of the City
• The city, consisting of more urbanized and developed Barangays, serves as a general-
purpose government for the coordination and delivery of basic, regular, and direct
services and effective governance of the inhabitants 8 within its territorial jurisdiction.
(The Local Government Code of the Philippines section 448).

40. Basic Functions of Cities and Municipalities
• 1. Ensure the delivery of basic services.
• 2. Enact policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdiction.
• 3. Exercise regulatory powers within their jurisdictional areas to ensure that private
enterprise does not impede the good and welfare of the public.
• 4. Issue permits and licenses and to revoke or taking back the same if necessary for local
business, land use and construction, both for industrial and private purposes.

41. Province
• A province may be created if it has an average annual income, as certified by the
Department of Finance, of not less than Twenty million pesos(Php20,000,000.00) based
on 1991 constant prices and either of the following requisites: (i) a contiguous territory of
at least two thousand (2,000) square kilometers, as certified by the Lands Management
Bureau; or, (ii) a population of not less than two hundred fifty thousand(250,000)
inhabitants as certified by the National Statistics Office (The Local Government Code of
the Philippines section
• 461).

42. Role of the Province.
• The province, composed of a cluster of municipalities, or municipalities and component
cities, and as a political and corporate unit of government, serves as a dynamic
mechanism for developmental processes and effective governance of local government
units within its territorial jurisdiction (The Local Government Code of the Philippines
section 459).

43. Basic Functions of Province
• 1. Supervision - Every provincial government is tasked with supervising the municipal
governments in the planning, budgeting, and service delivery process.
• 2. Developmental - This function has to do with facilitating economic development of
municipalities within the jurisdiction of a provincial government by paving the way for
transfer of technology and the granting of agricultural assistance to farmers.
• 3. Environmental - This is associated with the enforcement of laws and ordinances
relating to the preservation of the environment.
• 4. Health - Provincial governments provide tertiary health services in addition to what are
provided by each municipality