MULTIPLE CHOICE : CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS PLEASE HELP ME 15. Which of the following is an advantage of using molecular characters over others when studying phylogenetic relationships? a. There are four character states of DNA. b. DNA base substitutions may evolve independently in different species. c. Some DNA sequences are strongly conserved by natural selection. d. Even if there are few morphological differences, molecular characters can still be used. e. Different molecules have the same rate of evolutionary change. 16. Uniformitarianism means that a. geological processes are very slow and gradual. b. biological processes are uniform. c. geological processes that took place in the past continue to occur in the present, and at the same rate. d. evolution proceeds at a uniform speed. e. natural selection is uniform across different groups. 17. You removed a Pax-6 gene from a mosquito larva and replaced it with a spider Pax-6 gene. Most likely the mosquito larva will a. not develop any eyes. b. develop spider eyes. c. develop eyes with some intermediate characters between those of spiders and those of mosquitoes. d. develop typical mosquito eyes. e. develop eyes in unusual body parts. 18. Members of the cactus family resemble some Euphorbiaceae in many regards, both morphologically and physiologically. The reason for this similarity is a. that the two families are closely related. b. that they possess identical Hox genes. c. that they both live in a very similar environment. d. that they both grow in Australia. e. a coevolution of these two families. 19. The first person to suggest a comprehensive theory of evolution was a. Darwin. b. Wallace. c. Lyell. d. Lamarck. e. Linnaeus. 20. Relatively old fossils will have a. a high amount of 12C. b. a low amount of 12C. c. a low amount of both 12C and 14C. d. a high amount of 14C compared to living organisms. e. a low amount of 14C compared to living organisms. 21. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria cope with antibiotics? a. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria may prevent antibiotics from entering the cell. b. Antibiotics are stored away in a vacuole. c. A bacterial enzyme may break down the antibiotic. d. A pump mechanism moves antibiotics out of the cell. e. Bacteria produce molecules that bind to the antibiotic. 22. Which of the following terms would you associate with quorum sensing? a. phototrophs b. endotoxins c. antibiotic resistance d. nitrogen fixation e. biofilms 23. Nitrification is the process by which a. elementary nitrogen is converted to nitrates. b. nitrates are converted to ammonium. c. nitrites are converted to ammonium. d. nitrites are converted to nitrates. e. nitrates are converted to elementary nitrogen. 24. Bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen are called a. aerobes. b. facultative anaerobes. c. obligate anaerobes. d. chemotrophs. e. none of the above. 25. Which of the following groups have no peptidoglycan in their cell .

1. MULTIPLE CHOICE : CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS
PLEASE HELP ME
15. Which of the following is an advantage of using molecular characters over others when
studying phylogenetic relationships?
a. There are four character states of DNA.
b. DNA base substitutions may evolve independently in different species.
c. Some DNA sequences are strongly conserved by natural selection.
d. Even if there are few morphological differences, molecular characters can still be used.
e. Different molecules have the same rate of evolutionary change.
16. Uniformitarianism means that
a. geological processes are very slow and gradual.
b. biological processes are uniform.
c. geological processes that took place in the past continue to occur in the present, and at the
same rate.
d. evolution proceeds at a uniform speed.
e. natural selection is uniform across different groups.
17. You removed a Pax-6 gene from a mosquito larva and replaced it with a spider Pax-6 gene.
Most likely the mosquito larva will
a. not develop any eyes.
b. develop spider eyes.
c. develop eyes with some intermediate characters between those of spiders and those of
mosquitoes.
d. develop typical mosquito eyes.
e. develop eyes in unusual body parts.
18. Members of the cactus family resemble some Euphorbiaceae in many regards, both
morphologically and physiologically. The reason for this similarity is
a. that the two families are closely related.
b. that they possess identical Hox genes.
c. that they both live in a very similar environment.
d. that they both grow in Australia.
e. a coevolution of these two families.
19. The first person to suggest a comprehensive theory of evolution was
a. Darwin.
b. Wallace.
c. Lyell.

2. d. Lamarck.
e. Linnaeus.
20. Relatively old fossils will have
a. a high amount of 12C.
b. a low amount of 12C.
c. a low amount of both 12C and 14C.
d. a high amount of 14C compared to living organisms.
e. a low amount of 14C compared to living organisms.
21. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria cope with antibiotics?
a. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria may prevent antibiotics from entering the cell.
b. Antibiotics are stored away in a vacuole.
c. A bacterial enzyme may break down the antibiotic.
d. A pump mechanism moves antibiotics out of the cell.
e. Bacteria produce molecules that bind to the antibiotic.
22. Which of the following terms would you associate with quorum sensing?
a. phototrophs
b. endotoxins
c. antibiotic resistance
d. nitrogen fixation
e. biofilms
23. Nitrification is the process by which
a. elementary nitrogen is converted to nitrates.
b. nitrates are converted to ammonium.
c. nitrites are converted to ammonium.
d. nitrites are converted to nitrates.
e. nitrates are converted to elementary nitrogen.
24. Bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen are called
a. aerobes.
b. facultative anaerobes.
c. obligate anaerobes.
d. chemotrophs.
e. none of the above.
25. Which of the following groups have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
a. Gram-positive bacteria
b. cyanobacteria
c. proteobacteria

3. d. green bacteria
e. methanogens
26. Which of the following “services” do host cells provide to viruses?
a. amino acids
b. ATP
c. nucleotides
d. ribosomes
e. all of the above
27. Which of the following is CORRECT about the prophage?
a. It is often a part of the lytic cycle.
b. It refers to a virus immediately before it attacks its host cell.
c. It is viral DNA as part of the host cell DNA.
d. It may occasionally result in generalized transduction.
e. It is part of a virulent bacteriophage.
28. How do viroids differ from viruses?
a. Viroids have no nucleic acids, but are protein based.
b. Viroids do not infect plants.
c. Viroids use reverse transcriptase.
d. Viroids have very small pieces of single-stranded DNA.
e. Viroids lack capsids.
29. Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by prions?
a. kuru
b. bovine spongiform encephalopathy
c. mad cow disease
d. rabies
e. Creutzfeld-Jacob disease
30. What is the main difference between prions and viruses?
a. Prion diseases are always fatal, whereas viral diseases are not.
b. Prions are smaller than viruses.
c. Prions have no nucleic acids.
d. No vaccines have been developed against prions.
e. Prions are transmitted through direct body contact.
Solution
15. C

4. Some DNA sequences are highly conserved or remain unchanged in the phylogenetic tree. search
similar sequences help in finding out the relationship between diverse species and give Useful
information about their evolutionary history.
16 C
17. C
The pax6 gene is mainly responsible for the formation of ice in imitation industry in causes eye
defects or vision defects so it when it was tested in the drosophila of fruit fly the flies without
this gene found to be blind. But here in this case as the pax6 is replaced with spider gene in that
maybe intermediate characters
18.E
The both families coevoluted and they get separated during the continental drifts and and later
they got adapted to different environment
19. D
Lamarck was the first person to suggest the comprehensive theory of evolution
20. E
Most of the carbon 14 in fossils will get decayedil so carbon isotopes cannot be used to date
older fossils as the half life of carbon isotopes is less compared to others.
21. B
All the other options are said to be mechanism by which bacteria cope with antibiotics.
22. E
In bacteria there is a communication called quorum sensing in which they share information an
expressed their genes accordingly.
23.D
Indus process oxidation of ammonia takes place followed by the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate
24.C
Some bacteria made the presence of oxygen where as some bacteria are poisoned by the presence
of oxygen such bacteria are called obligate anaerobes
25.E
In methanogens peptidoglycan is absent in the cell walls
26. E
Host cells provide all the services to the viruses
27.C
It is the viral DNA as a part of the host cell DNA the DNA is integrated into the circular bacterial
DNA chromosome and plasmid
28. D,E
Viroids are smallest infectious pathogens which have single stranded RNA without protein coat.

5. 29. D
Rabies disease is caused by rabies virus but not prions.
30. C
Freon is only a protein it doesn't contain any gene which is the major difference between virus
and prion.