2. PRINCIPLES OF VERBAL MESSAGES
MESSAGES ARE DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE
MESSAGES VARY IN ABSTRACTION
MESSAGES VARY IN DIRECTNESS
MESSAGES ARE CULTURALLY INFLUENCED
MESSAGES VARY IN POLITENESS
MESSAGE MEANINGS ARE IN PEOPLE
3. MESSAGES ARE DENOTATIVE & CONNOTATIVE
Denotation : Objective meaning
Connotation : Subjective meaning
Example : the word 'DEATH'
Snarl words (highly negative)
Purr words (highly positive)
Example :
He's a pig!
She's a real sweetheart.
Hayakawa & Hayakawa (1989) :
4. MESSAGES vary in abstraction
ENTERTAINMENT
FILM
CLASSIC AMERICAN FILM
AMERICAN FILM
CASABLANCA
ABSTRACTION - GENERAL CONCEPT
gets more specific
At times general terms may suit your needs best, at other
times, a more specific term may serve better
5. express a desire without insulting/offending someone
ask for compliments in a socially acceptable manner
manipulative
ambiguous
ADVANTAGES OF INDIRECT SPEECH
DISADVANTAGES OF INDIRECT SPEECH
MESSAGES vary in DIRECTNESS
I'm so bored. I have nothing to do tonight.
I'd like to go to the movies. Would you like to come?
6. MESSAGES ARE CULTURALLY INFLUENECD
The Maxim of Quality : say what you know/assume is true
The Maxim of Relation : relevant to the conversation
The Maxim of Manner : clear, no ambiguity , brief
The Maxim of Quantity : informative as necessary
THE PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATION : the assumption that in any
communication interaction, both parties will make an effort to help each
other understand
7. The Maxim of Peaceful Relations :keep peace in relationship
communication, even to the point of agreeing with someone
when you really disagree (Midooka, 1990)
The Maxim of Face-Saving : Never embarrass anyone,
especially in public, allow people to save face
The Maxim of Self-Denigration : Avoid taking credit for
accomplishments and minimize your abilities or talents (Gu,
1997)
CULTURAL CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS :
MESSAGES ARE CULTURALLY INFLUENECD
8. I say 'please' when asking someone to do something
I make an effort to make sure that other people are
not embarrassed.
I ask people I call if it's a good time to talk.
I will raise my voice to take charge of conversation.
I give the speaker cues to show that I'm listening and
interested/
I interrupt the speaker when I think I have something
important to say.
HOW POLITE ARE YOUR MESSAGES ?
MESSAGES VARY IN POLITENESS
Relationships
Culture
Gender
9. MESSAge meanings are in people
To discover the meaning people try to communicate,
it's necessary to look into the people in addition to the
words.
I LOVE YOU
10. DISCONFIRMATION VS CONFIRMATION
The terms refer to the extent to which you acknowledge another
person
Stop screaming!
What are you so angry about?
You have a right to be angry.
Other Terms
Sexism
Heterosexism
Racism
Ageism
11. tutorial task : group presentation
definition of non verbal communication
functions of non verbal messages
channels of non verbal messages (with
examples)
how to use non verbal messages
effectively in the classroom?
