Automatic jack system run on solar power with increased efficiency of solar panel was devised to lift light vehicles in order to reduce human effort.

1. Project Report
On
“SOLAR POWERED AUTOMATIC HYDRAULIC JACK SYSTEM”
Submitted to,
Amity University, Uttar Pradesh
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of,
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Mechanical and Automation Engineering)
Submitted by,
ARUN JINDAL - A2305414164
PULKIT GOYAL - A2305414157
ABHISHEK RAI - A2305414118
Under Guidance of,
Mrs. Sheelam Misra
(Assistant Professor)
Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Amity University
Noida (U.P.)
May 2018

2. [i]
Contents
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................i
CERTIFICATE...................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................. iii
CONSENT FORM.............................................................................................................................iv
DECLARATION FORM (HEALTH, SAFETY & PLAGIARISM)..........................................v
FEEDBACK FORM..........................................................................................................................vi
1 CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES..................................................................................1
1.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES...........................................................................................2
1.3 HYDRAULIC JACK......................................................................................................................3
1.4 FEATURES..................................................................................................................................4
1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF JACK .........................................................................................................5
1.5.1 Mechanical Jack ..............................................................................................................5
1.5.2 Hydraulic Jack.................................................................................................................6
1.5.3 Pneumatic jack.................................................................................................................6
1.6 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC JACK..........................................................................................7
1.7 BI- CONVEX LENS .....................................................................................................................8
2 CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................................9
2.1 MOTIVATION .............................................................................................................................9
2.2 OBJECTIVE.................................................................................................................................9
3 CHAPTER 3..............................................................................................................................10
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................10
4 PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION..............................................................17

3. [ii]
4.1 METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................................17
4.1.1 Experimentation and Calculation of energy storage in the battery:..........................17
4.1.2 Theoretical Calculation.................................................................................................17
4.1.3 Practical Calculation:...................................................................................................17
4.1.4 Calculation if efficiency: ...............................................................................................17
4.2 CAD MODEL............................................................................................................................17
5 APPROACH TO DESIGN......................................................................................................19
5.1 FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR HYDRAULIC JACK: ......................................................................20
6 WORKING OF THE MODEL:.............................................................................................22
7 EXPERIMENTATION:..........................................................................................................24
7.1 TESTING OF SOLAR PANEL EFFICIENCY SETUP .......................................................................24
7.1.1 Calculations:..................................................................................................................25
7.2 TESTING OF JACK SYSTEM ......................................................................................................25
8 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.................................................................................................29
8.1 FORCE REQUIRED TO LIFT THE WHEEL:.................................................................................29
8.2 ADVANTAGES OF THIS SYSTEM ..............................................................................................29
8.3 DISADVANTAGES OF THIS SYSTEM .........................................................................................30
9 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................31
10 FUTURE PROSPECTS ..........................................................................................................33
REFRENCES ....................................................................................................................................34
PLAGIARISM REPORT ................................................................................................................36

4. [iii]
List of Figures
FIGURE 1: MECHANICAL JACK ..............................................................................................................5
FIGURE 2: HOUSE JACK .........................................................................................................................7
FIGURE 3: SIDE VIEW ..........................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 4: ISOMETRIC VIEW ................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 5: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING OF AUTOMATIC HYDRAULIC JACK SYSTEM ...................23
FIGURE 6: EXPERIMENTAL SETUP WITHOUT BI-CONVEX LENS..........................................................24
FIGURE 7: EXPERIMENTAL SETUP WITH BI-CONVEX LENS.................................................................25
FIGURE 8: FRAME OF CAR MODEL .......................................................................................................26
FIGURE 9: HYDRAULIC PISTON CYLINDERS .......................................................................................27
FIGURE 10: VALVES AND JACKS SETUP ON CAR FRAME ....................................................................27
FIGURE 11: FINAL CAR MODEL WITH SOLAR PANEL AND BI-CONVEX LENS....................................28
List of Tables
TABLE 1: SOLAR PANEL SETUP WITHOUT BI-CONVEX LENS..............................................................25
TABLE 2: SOLAR PANEL SETUP WITH BI-CONVEX LENS ....................................................................25

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1 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Non-Renewable Energy Resources
Currently we are using Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas as our resources and these are
present in a limited amount on earth and over the time these resources are likely to be
consumed with in 150-250 years. We are using and wasting our resources over for profits
and to run our daily life, we are addicted to these which is also harming the nature which
is directly harming us. Current resources are known to us since ancient times earlier
whale oil was used. Also at some places oil naturally seeped through the surface and
people used it and refined it into kerosene for multiple uses.
Coal is the first known fuel to human and is also present in the most abundant amount on
earth. It was discovered in BC but its major use was started in modern times with steam
engines. It is still the most abundant resource on earth but is depleting rapidly for making
other resources like in refining of petroleum. All living plants store solar energy through
a process known as photosynthesis. When plants die, this energy is usually released as the
plants decay. Under conditions favourable to coal formation, the decaying process is
interrupted, preventing the release of the stored solar energy. The energy is locked into
the coal. Coal is found in ample amount in nature and used as fuel. This fuel was a
revolutionary change in the industries and still major fossil fuel and continued to grow in
use in China and many countries which already is the most populated and polluted cities.
Coal still is the fastest rising fuel and its huge reserves would make the most used energy
to meet the world’s energy demands globally minimizing its effect on nature and
increasing global warming problems and other gases. According to IEA the known coal
reserve are approx. 910 billion tones and could last to up to 155 years and if the growth
rate increases at 5% annually than it would last up to 45 years.
Petroleum is a vestige gas. It is named a vestige gas because it was made from the ruins
of small marine floras and faunas that deceased many of years ago. When the floras and

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faunas expired, they descended to the end of the oceans. They were suppressed by
thousands of feet of grit and sludge.
Over time, this carbon-based combination was exposed to huge weight and temperature
as the coatings increased. The combination changed chemically, breaking down into
mixtures made of hydrogen and carbon atoms hydrocarbons. As a final point, an oil-
saturated rock much like a wet household sponge was formed. All carbon-based
substantial does not turn into oil. Geological conditions plays important role in the oil-
rich rocks. Primarily, there must be a setup of non-porous rock that stops the oil from
leaking out, and a stopper (such as salt or clay) that preserves the oil from expanding to
the exterior. Even under such situations, only about two per cent of the carbon-based
substantial is converted into oil. A typical gas reservoir is typically sandstone or
limestone in which oil is imprisoned. The oil in it may be as tinny as gasoline or as dense
as tar. It may be almost pure or dark.
Petroleum is called a non-renewable liveliness source since it takes billions of ages to
form. We cannot make more petroleum in a short time.
Natural gas is also a fossil fuel which is widely used and is available 850000 km3
and
more and can be recovered depending upon the methods of extraction. In recent times
improvement in technology has led to wide use of natural gas and as present usage can
last up to 100-150 years.
1.2 Renewable Energy Resources
Solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal and wave energy, Geothermal, Biomass and
Hydropower these are all form of fuels available.
As we know solar energy is present in the abundant amount and is a renewable source of
energy and is available in every part of world. It is the most abundant among other
alternative sources of energy. The sun is assumed as never ending source of energy but
despite that harvesting it is the main challenge because the efficiency of solar cell is
limited. To increase the efficiency of the solar cell we need to find new methods to
harvest more energy from sun.

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Solar energy is beaming light and given temperature(heat) from the Sun that is harnessed
by modern methods such as photovoltaic, solar heating , solar architecture ,solar thermal
energy, artificial photosynthesis and molten salt power plants.
It is an essential source of renewable power and its methods are largely classified as
active solar or passive solar dependent on how they seizure and allocate astral liveliness
or translate it into astral energy. Active astral methods contain the usage of photovoltaic
systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to bind the liveliness. Passive
astral methods contain positioning a structure to the Sun, choosing supplies with
positive thermal mass or light-dispersing assets, and crafty spaces that naturally circulate
air.
Now the problem we are facing is that the non-renewable source of energy is depleting
and solar energy is present in abundance but harnessing the solar power involves many
problems regarding its efficiency. Also the solar cells are not that efficient because 30%
of solar rays are reflected back by the ozone layer and rest is absorbed by the water, land
and mass. Photovoltaic method is also not that efficient as we need it to be so by simply
combining one or two methods we can improve the efficiency of solar panels and can
harness solar energy at a great level and use it to replace the coal and petroleum.
Solar panels, Photovoltaic cell and other present methods are not producing as much
energy as required that’s why more and more amount of coal is burning and causing
global warming if we increase the efficiency of solar harnessed energy than we can
eliminate the use of coal and petroleum and also save our earth from global warming.
1.3 Hydraulic Jack
A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift heavy loads. The device itself is light, compact
and portable, but is capable of exerting great force. The device pushes liquid against a
piston; pressure is built in the jack's container. The jack is based on Pascal's law that the
pressure of a liquid in a container is the same at all points.
A hydraulic jack is a jack that uses a liquid to push against a piston. This is based on
Pascal’s Principle. The principle states that pressure in a closed container is the same at
all points. If there are two cylinders connected, applying force to the smaller cylinder will

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result in the same amount of pressure in the larger cylinder. However, since the larger
cylinder has more area, the resulting force will be greater. In other words, an increase in
area leads to an increase in force. The greater the difference in size between the two
cylinders, the greater the increase in the force will be. A hydraulic jack operates based on
this two cylinder system.
In the recent past there has been a significant increase in the use of hydraulics in our
industries. The use of oil hydraulic systems as a means of power transmission in modern
machines evolved a few decades earlier in the western world. But its applications in
Indian industries are of comparatively recent choice and hence, there is great deal of
urgency and importance to master the art of its applications and maintenance. Hydraulic
systems are not extensively use in machine tools, material handling devices, transport and
other mobile equipment, in aviation systems, etc.. At the moment there exists a big gap
between the availability and requirement of skilled man power in this vital field of the
modern engineering in India. To bridge the gap, it is essential that our design and
application engineers and maintenance personnel from the lowest to the highest level are
given extensive on job training so that operational efficiency and effectiveness of
machineries using a hydraulic system as the prime source of power transmission can be
maintained at an optimum level. Apart from the fluid power system designer, a good
maintenance and millwright mechanic should also have first hand theoretical knowledge
to enable him to tackle practical problems encountered during installation, operation and
maintenance of the hydraulic equipment. A jack is a mechanical device used to lift heavy
loads or apply great forces. Jacks employ a screw thread or hydraulic cylinder to apply
very high linear forces. A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The
most common form is a carjack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that
maintenance can be performed. More powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide
more lift over greater distances. Mechanical jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting
capacity (for example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons).
1.4 Features
The jack uses compressible fluid, which is forced into a cylinder by a plunger. Oil is
usually used for the liquid because it is self-lubricating and has stability compared with

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other liquids. When the plunger comes up, it pulls the liquid through a check valve
suction pump. When the plunger is lowered again, it sends liquid through another valve
into a cylinder. A ball used for suction in the cylinder shuts the cylinder and pressure
builds up in the cylinder. The suction valve present in the jack opens at each draw of the
plunger. The discharge valve, which is outside the jack, opens when oil is pushed into the
cylinder. The pressure of the liquid enables the device to lift heavy loads.
1.5 Classification of Jack
1.5.1 Mechanical Jack
A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The most common form is a
car jack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be
performed.
Figure 1: Mechanical Jack
Car jacks usually use Mechanical advantage to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual
force alone. More powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide more lift over greater
distances. Mechanical jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for
example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons). The jack shown at the right is made for a modern vehicle
and the notch fits into a hard point on a unibody. Earlier versions have a platform to lift
on the vehicles' frame or axle.

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1.5.2 Hydraulic Jack
Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an emergency jack to be
carried with the vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific vehicle requires more
than the usual care in selecting ground conditions, the jacking point on the vehicle, and to
ensure stability when the jack is extended. Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators
in low and medium rise buildings.
A hydraulic jack uses a fluid, which is incompressible, that is forced into a cylinder by a
pump plunger. Oil is used since it is self-lubricating and stable. When the plunger pulls
back, it draws oil out of the reservoir through a suction check valve into the pump
chamber. When the plunger moves forward, it pushes the oil through a discharge check
valve into the cylinder. The suction valve ball is within the chamber and opens with each
draw of the plunger. The discharge valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the
oil is pushed into the cylinder. At this point the suction ball within the chamber is forced
shut and oil pressure builds in the cylinder.
In a bottle jack the piston is vertical and directly supports a bearing pad that contacts the
object being lifted. With a single action piston the lift is somewhat less than twice the
collapsed height of the jack, making it suitable only for vehicles with a relatively high
clearance. For lifting structures such as houses the hydraulic interconnection of multiple
vertical jacks through valves enables the even distribution of forces while enabling close
control of the lift.
1.5.3 Pneumatic jack
A pneumatic jack is a hydraulic jack that is actuated by compressed air - for example, air
from a compressor instead of human work. This eliminates the need for the user to
actuate the hydraulic mechanism, saving effort and potentially increasing speed.
Sometimes, such jacks are also able to be operated by the normal hydraulic actuation
method, thereby retaining functionality, even if a source of compressed air is not
available.

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Figure 2: House Jack
A house jack, also called a screw jack is a mechanical device primarily used to lift houses
from their foundation. A series of jacks are used and then wood cribbing temporarily
supports the structure. This process is repeated until the desired height is reached. The
house jack can be used for jacking carrying beams that have settled or for installing new
structural beams. On the top of the jack is a cast iron circular pad that the 4" × 4" post is
resting on. This pad moves independently of the house jack so that it does not turn as the
acme-threaded rod is turned up of plumb
1.6 Advantages of hydraulic jack
 Safety First - Hydraulic jacking System is one of the safest mode to lift heavy
loads, complete work is executed on ground level preventing risks of accidents.
For decades, there has been not a single report that proves its credibility in being
the safest and most likely method for the lifting load construction. The hydraulic
jack systems have now gained a lot of popularity.
 Easier In use - Hydraulic jacks have the advantage of working quickly to raise or
lower items.
 Less limitations - The maximum mechanical advantage possible for a hydraulic
jack is not limited by the limitations on screw jacks and can be far greater.

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 Faster Erection - The shell plates are erected at ground level in place of being
installed at the height of about 30 feet or more, in order to save construction time
required for the alignment of plates. The time and manpower needed for lifting
the plates to the height is amputated. Construction work remains unaffected by
snow or rain.
 Self-Locking - An advantage of jackscrews over some other types of jack is that
they are self-locking, which means when the rotational force on the screw is
removed, it will remain motionless where it was left and will not rotate
backwards, regardless of Load.
1.7 Bi- Convex Lens
There are various types of lenses available in the market and can be used for various
purposes. These lenses are made of glass and used to magnify the object at distance by
their converging and diverging traits. Among these Bi-Convex lens is present which
converses the light at a point and by converging the light it can intensified the rays for
betterment.
Our project is all about harnessing more energy from the sun, and in low-light regions.
Presently Solar Panels are being used to store energy from sun but there are various
problems which decreases the efficiency of power stored. So to increase the efficiency of
storage of solar energy, we have planned to develop a system which can generate more
energy from sun and hence more power can be stored with minimum losses.

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2 Chapter 2
2.1 Motivation
The major motivation for this project is for us to provide a more efficient, cheap and
simple way of harnessing the solar energy through Solar Panels which can be used easily
in our day to day life.
It requires great effort to lift the car with a screw jack which usually comes with the car.
We have devised a way for reducing the immense human effort required in changing a
flat tyre of a car.
Our project is all about making the life of common people easy.
2.2 Objective
The objective is to use solar energy to run the hydraulic jack system to lift the vehicle
from the side where tire puncture occurs.
In this we have increase the efficiency of solar panels by placing a Bi-convex lens which
converses the sun rays and focuses it on the panel which will charge the battery much
faster than usual.
However it is hybrid vehicle which integrate both solar energy and hydraulic energy .This
shall be achieved by sophisticated mechanical system and electric circuitry.

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3 Chapter 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
The virtues of using a screw as a machine, essentially an inclined plane wound round a
cylinder, was first demonstrated by Archimedes in 200BC with his device used for
pumping water.
The Greek who made the most lasting contribution to hydraulics was the Sicilian
mathematician Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), who reasoned that a floating or immersed
body must be acted upon an upward force equal to the weight of the liquid that it
displaces. This is the basis of hydrostatics and also of the apocryphal story that
Archimedes made this discovery in his bath and forthwith ran UN clothed through the
streets crying "Eureka!" Nevertheless, even though Archimedes' writings, like those of
his fellow Greeks, were faithfully transmitted to the West by Arabian scientists, further
progress in hydrostatics was not to be made for another 18 centuries.
Stevin Simon [1] the Dutch hydraulic engineer was the essential contribution to
hydrostatics in 1586, nearly two millennia after the time of Archimedes. Stevin showed
that the force exerted by a liquid on the base of a vessel is equal to the weight of a liquid
column extending from the base to the free surface. That this force does not depend on
the shape of the vessel became known as the hydrostatic paradox.
Galileo [2] (1564-1642) in his experiment thrown initial light on the problem of
gravitational acceleration. In his study of the phenomenon, he noted that a body sliding
freely down an inclined plane attained a certain speed after a certain vertical descent
regardless of the slope; it is said that he hence advised an engineer that there was no point
in eliminating river bends, as the resulting increase in slope would have no effect!
Whereas Leonardo was a loner, Galileo gathered a small school around him. One of his
students, the Abbe Benedetto Castelli (1577-1644), rediscovered the principle of
continuity and delved further into other aspects of the science, though not always
correctly. His younger colleague Evangelista Torricelli (1608-47) applied his mentor's

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analysis of parabolic free-fall trajectories to the geometry of liquid jets. Torricelli also
experimented with the liquid barometer, the vacuum above the liquid column being
comparable to the void that Galileo found to develop in a pump whose suction pipe
exceeded a certain length; in other words, nature abhorred a vacuum only up to a certain
point.
Mariotte Edme [3] (1620-84) is often called the father of French hydraulics because of
the breadth of his experimentation; this included such matters as wind and water pressure
and the elasticity of the air, a quality which we usually associate with the name of the
Englishman Robert Boyle (1627-91) whereas the latter appears to have coined the word
hydraulics, in France Boyle's law bears the name of Mariotte. Only a few years younger
than Mariotte, the Italian Domenico Guglielmini (1655-1710) is similarly considered by
many to have been the founder of the Italian school. But whereas Mariotte was a
laboratory experimenter, Guglielmini made extensive field measurements of river flow.
Interestingly enough, Guglielmini eventually became a professor of medicine.
Pascal Blaise [4] (1623-62) in this research paper concerned himself with the same
barometric problems as the equally short-lived Torricelli (not to mention Mariotte), but it
was Pascal who finally completed the principles of hydrostatics. Not only did he clarify
the transmissibility of pressure from point to point and its application to the hydraulic
jack, but he also showed that the barometric (i.e., atmospheric) pressure must vary with
elevation and hence that the barometer would have a zero reading in a vacuum.
Euler [5], in his research derived Bernoulli equation, from his equations of acceleration
for the conditions of steady, ir-rotational flow under gravitational action. Euler also
deserved credit for a number of equations of hydraulics and for inventing at least on
paper a workable hydraulic turbine. Worthy of mention in the same breath as Euler and
the Bernoulli was Jean Lerond d'Alembert (1717-83), best known for his coeditor ship of
the French encyclopedia but also a mathematician in his own right. He proved in 1752
that under steady, ir-rotational conditions a fluid should offer no resistance to the relative
motion of an immersed body: the D'Alembert paradox. D'Alembert is also known for
having been one of three French scientists to have made in 1775 what were said to have
been the first towing-tank tests of ship-model drag. They were, however, preceded by

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some nine years by those of our own Benjamin Franklin (1706 90), himself a potential
hydraulician.
German Gotthilf Ludwig Hagen [6] (1797-1884) conducted in 1839 some very
meticulous measurements of the flow of water in small-diameter tubes, utilizing the water
temperature instead of the viscosity as one of the parameters. A few years later the
French physician Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799-1869) repeated the experiments
independently using even liner tubes to simulate blood vessels, and oil and mercury in
addition to water. Except in Germany, the phenomenon is known as Poiseuille flow, even
though neither Poiseuille nor Hagen really understood the mathematics of the
phenomenon. Hagen, however, had remarked in an 1854 paper that the flow was not
always laminar, the efflux jet sometimes being clear and sometimes frosty; similarly,
sawdust suspended in the water sometimes moved in straight lines and sometimes very
irregularly; in the latter instances he noted that his resistance equation no longer applied.
Da Vinci Leonardo [7], in his research in the late 1400s, first demonstrated the use of a
screw jack for lifting loads. Leonardo‟s design used a threaded worm gear, supported on
bearings, that rotated by the turning of a worm shaft to drive a lifting screw to move the
load - instantly recognizable as the principle we use today. We can’t be sure of the
intended application of his invention, but it seems to have been relegated to the history
books, along with the helicopter and tank, for almost four centuries. It is not until the late
1800s that we have evidence of the product being developed further.
Whitworth Joseph [8] in his research recognized the need for precision had become as
important in industry as the provision of power. He was the most notable inventor in
mechanical engineering from the early 1800s was undoubtedly the mechanical genius,
While he would eventually have over 50 British patents with titles ranging from knitting
machines to rifles, it was Whitworth’s work on screw cutting machines, accurate
measuring instruments and standards covering the angle and pitch of screw threads that
would most influence our industry today. Whitworth’s tools had become internationally
famous for their precision and quality and dominated the market from the 1850s. Inspired
young engineers began to put Whitworth’s machine tools to new uses.

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Henry Frank [9] in his experiment during the early 1880s in Coati cook, designed a
lifting jack. Like da Vinci’s jack, it was technological innovation because it was based on
the principle of the ball bearing for supporting a load and transferred rotary motion,
through gearing and a screw, into linear motion for moving the load. The device was
efficient, reliable and easy to operate. It was used in the construction of bridges, but
mostly by the railroad industry, where it was able to lift locomotives and railway cars.
Local Coati cook industrialist, Arthur Osmore Norton, spotted the potential for Sleeper’s
design and in 1886 hired the young man and purchased the patent. The „Norton‟ jack was
born. Over the coming years the famous „Norton‟ jacks were manufactured at plants in
Boston, Coati cook and Moline, Illinois.
Barrett Josiah [10] an enterprising Mississippi river boat captain had an idea for a
ratchet jack that would pull barges together to form a “tow”. The idea was based on the
familiar lever and fulcrum principle and he needed someone to manufacture it. That
person was Samuel Duff, proprietor of a local machine shop.
Duff Samuel and Barrett Josiah [11] created the Duff Manufacturing Company, which
by 1890 had developed new applications for the original “Barrett Jack” and extended the
product line to seven models in varying capacities.
Over the next 30 years the Duff Manufacturing Company became the largest
manufacturer of lifting jacks in the world, developing many new types of jack for various
applications including its own version of the ball bearing screw jack. It was only natural
that in 1928, The Duff Manufacturing Company Inc. merged with A.O. Norton to create
the Duff-Norton Manufacturing Company.
Both companies had offered manually operated screw jacks but the first new product
manufactured under the joint venture was the air motor-operated power jack that
appeared in 1929. With the aid of the relatively new portable compressor technology,
users now could move and position loads without manual effort. The jack, used
predominantly in the railway industry, incorporated an air motor manufactured by The
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company.

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Boris Alexandro itch Bakhmeteff [12] (1880-1951) A Russian professor and consulting
engineer, Bakhmeteff was sent to the United States as ambassador by Kerensky, after
whose fall he formed, with a number of other White Russians, a profitable match factory
and taught hydraulics part-time at Columbia University; he also published as an
Engineering Societies Monograph an extended translation of his St. Petersburg
dissertation on open-channel flow. A native Hungarian, von Karmfin was one of Prandtl's
earliest doctoral students and later a very productive professor at Aachen, Germany; with
the rise of Hitler, he migrated to Cal Teeh at Pasadena, and then to Washington as air
force consultant during the war; he was the first to receive from President Kennedy the
new National Medal of Science, and his autobiography The Wind and Beyond (not to
mention the five volumes of his collected writings) makes for absorbing reading.
Descartes Rene [13], (1596-1650) the French scientist to whom we owe the Cartesian
coordinate system, sought valiantly to reconcile the Aristotelian teachings that had been
adopted by his church with the mechanics of the solar system. He thus hypothesized that
the planets were carried in their orbits by a system of giant vortices endowed with a fixed
"quantity of movement." His somewhat younger English contemporary Isaac Newton
(1642-1727), who correctly used the principle of momentum to evaluate the orbits, held
that if there were vortex material in space, the motion of the planets would be retarded.
Newton even conducted a variety of experiments on the resistance (due to fluid tenacity,
elasticity, want of lubricity, and inertia) encountered by bodies in motion to prove that
nothing of the sort occurred in space. In the course of these studies, he formulated the
speed of sound in air (except for the adiabatic constant), the basis of viscous shear, and
the equation of what we now call form drag (except that he mistakenly considered shape
itself to be of no importance). He also invented what he termed the theory of fluxions,
now known as the calculus.
Duff-Norton [14], there was clearly potential for using this technology for other
applications and only 10 years later, in 1940, the first worm gear screw jack, that is
instantly recognizable today, was offered by for adjusting the heights of truck loading
platforms and mill tables. With the ability to be used individually or linked mechanically

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and driven by either air or electric motors or even manually, the first model had a lifting
capacity of 10 tons with raises of 2 or 4.
Dr. Ramachandra C G, Krishna Pavana [15], in his project said that main intention is
to reduce the manual work and save time during the replacement of the failed tire. To
validate our point to overcome the difficulties of the above said problems, an inbuilt jacks
have been designed and fabricated which is assembled on the vehicle. With the help of
the existing brake pad and fluid arrangement of the braking system we incorporate the
jack into to chassis of the vehicle with a set of unions, ball valves, master cylinder, five-
way directional control valve, separated by a piping arrangements lifts the incorporated
jack to action desired without raising any sweat of the driver.
Chi Lin, Deng, Gu, & Chan, 2014 [16] In this research work, contrast between a flat-
panel collector and spherical surface collector is done on basis of their efficiencies.
Author concludes that with no barrier, the flat plate collector is more capable than the
spherical surface collector. But due to continuing change of the sun location and only a
shorter instance in a day that the flat plate collector can collect, efficiency is not as much.
The reverse of the spherical surface can collect considerable amount of scattered
radiation and reflected solar energy that makes it as efficient as the flat plate with no
barrier. Taking into account the barriers, the spherical surface collector can be enhanced
choice in definite situations.
Madhugiri & Karale, 2012 [17] In this research work, Author paying attention on the
solar energy high temperatures by means of parabolic solar concentrator and Fresnel lens.
Author eliminates the two main problems with parabolic solar concentrator which
requires better field of view and good tracking system. The examination introduced that
with two axis sun’s tracking to decide the problem of repeated tracking and standing in
the sun. The condition of two way tracking system for a parabolic type solar concentrator
permits exact and effortless focus of solar radiation on the receiving surface of the utensil
positioned at the focus of the reflector.
Boom, 2012 [18] in this article, solar energy’s amplification had vast improvements over
the years. German based Scientist Andre Brosesel used a spherical glass to strengthen the

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sun’s rays for electricity production. Solar energy collection has becomes effective on
immeasurable scales, particularly in solar farms, where panels adjust themselves
optimally to collect the most light feasible. The spherical lens and its specific geometric
arrangement amplify energy efficiency by 45%. In comparison with old-fashioned PV
dual-axis solar panels, the spherical lens includes a fully rotational, weather proof
tracking system, which will work effectively on inclined surfaces and walls. This could
permit any building to be retrofitted with these glass lenses to produce more solar power.
The spherical lens has the aptitude of concentrating scatter daylight and even moonlight,
creating solar energy collection a more effective use. The third model is filled with water
and has many photovoltaic cells to produce solar energy. With additional expansion, and
the declining cost of solar panels, such a new device might be uncommon, especially
when comparing the size between it and other similar photovoltaic cells. However, its
ability to generate energy more efficiently and the chances to even produce energy at
night might become the deciding factors.

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4 Project Design and Implementation
4.1 Methodology
4.1.1 Experimentation and Calculation of energy storage in the battery:
The calculation for the energy storage due to the converging sunlight is required and it is
very difficult to find the change in voltage with a time interval. Therefore in order to
calculate these variables we had to resort to experimentation.
4.1.2 Theoretical Calculation
This required the use of mathematical models and the formulas related to it to calculate
the values of the voltage and other variables under the values that have been gathered in
the above step.
4.1.3 Practical Calculation:
Once the actual model is built we needed to further calculate the various forces on the
hydraulic jacks that we had used. This means comparing the theoretical values to the
actual values.
4.1.4 Calculation if efficiency:
The main motive of the project is to compare the efficiency of solar panel with and
without using Bi-convex lens and using this concept to fabricate a user friendly automatic
jack system.
4.2 CAD model
The designing part of the model is done on SolidWorks 2015. In this cad model, solar
panel is placed on the roof of the car and lens is placed on the lens stand which receives
the sun rays and concentrates them on the panel.

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Figure 3: Side View
Figure 4: Isometric View

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5 Approach to design
The project has been divided into two parts which has their own significance. The first
part is to basic concepts of optics which is used to increase the efficiency of solar panel.
The second part is a user friendly system to lift the car at the time of tire puncture.
The first part of the project deals with solar energy, solar panel, Bi-convex lens and basic
electrical concepts. The Sun is the main energy source of the Earth. All fossil fuels used
today are indirect forms of solar energy. Most of the renewable energy sources, such as
winds and ocean waves, also exist because of the sun. Therefore, collecting energy
directly from the sun is an intuitive approach. Solar energy is in most abundance in nature
and is a renewable energy source. It is a nonpolluting source of energy and reduces
greenhouse effect. It is a form of thermal energy. It can be used for generating electricity
for household or industrial power purposes. Solar Panels are used for converting solar
energy into electrical.
The formula for the collection of solar radiation can be presented by the following
equation:
P = I × Rab × A × Cin × Ccl
Where;
P: Absorbed Power, (Watts)
I: Solar intensity, )
Rab: Solar voltaic absorption rate
A: Collection area, ( )
Cin: Coefficient of incident = Cos α, where α is the incident angle
Ccl: Coefficient of clarity.

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The second part of the project deals with basic hydraulics principle. A hydraulic jack is a
jack that uses a liquid to push against a piston. This is based on Pascal’s Principle. The
principle states that pressure in a closed container is the same at all points. If there are
two cylinders connected, applying force to the smaller cylinder will result in the same
amount of pressure in the larger cylinder. However, since the larger cylinder has more
area, the resulting force will be greater. In other words, an increase in area leads to an
increase in force. The greater the difference in size between the two cylinders, the greater
the increase in the force will be. A hydraulic jack operates based on this two cylinder
system.
The most common form is a carjack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that
maintenance can be performed. More powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide
more lift over greater distances. Mechanical jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting
capacity (for example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons).
By Pascal’s law, F = P × A.
5.1 Factors considered for hydraulic jack:
 Safety First: Hydraulic jacking System is one of the safest mode to lift heavy
loads, complete work is executed on ground level preventing risks of accidents.
For decades, there has been not a single report that proves its credibility in being
the safest and most likely method for the lifting load construction. The hydraulic
jack systems has now gained a lot of popularity.
 Easier In use: Hydraulic jacks have the advantage of working quickly to raise or
lower items..
 Fewer limitations: The maximum mechanical advantage possible for a hydraulic
jack is not limited by the limitations on screw jacks and can be far greater.
 Faster Erection: The shell plates are erected at ground level in place of being
installed at the height of about 30 feet or more, in order to save construction time
required for the alignment of plates. The time and manpower needed for lifting

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the plates to the height is amputated. Construction work remains unaffected by
snow or rain.
 Self-Locking: An advantage of jackscrews over some other types of jack is that
they are self-locking, which means when the rotational force on the screw is
removed, it will remain motionless where it was left and will not rotate
backwards, regardless of Load.

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6 Working of the model:
In this project we are going to make an automatic hydraulic jack system for light vehicles
so that there will be least dependency on human effort. For that we have come to a
solution with a system for automobiles industry having a user friendly system for 4-
wheelers. This system works with the most abundant renewable energy resource i.e. solar
energy. We are using a high torque based motor with a high pressure pump for lifting the
hydraulic jacks. We are using hydraulic piston cylinders in order to achieve lifting of the
tyres. The motor used is a 12V high torque motor which is used to drive the wheels. An
electric fuel pump is used to provide pressure to hydraulic fluid for piston cylinders. The
hydraulic piston cylinders are fitted on the chassis of the vehicle on each tyre in order to
reduce the pressure on the suspension system. This system is much better and feasible
than normal jack systems in cars. This system is easily replaceable and can be easily
used. Due to this system we can reduce human effort and can reduce the load of high
voltage batteries used in cars. We have considered various environmental conditions for
the usage of solar panel and for increasing the efficiency of solar panel, a Bi-convex lens
is used which focus the sun rays on the panel. The main purpose of using Bi-convex lens
is to reduce the size of solar panel with more amount of power generation. The material is
finalized according to the calculations as well as the environmental conditions.

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Pump in Oil
Reservoir
Valve1
Valve4
Valve3
Valve2
Jac
k
Jac
k
Jac
k
Jac
k
Solar Panel
Battery
Connecting Wire
Inlet Pipe
Outlet Pipe
Sunrays
Bi-Convex lens
Figure 5: Block Diagram of working of Automatic hydraulic Jack System

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7 EXPERIMENTATION:
7.1 Testing of Solar Panel efficiency setup
The experimentation is carried out in order to determine the performance of solar panel in
the following two cases:
i. Sunlight direct to solar panel.
ii. Use of bi-convex lens before solar panel.
For these two cases, the two PV panels were subjected to the same solar radiation
conditions at the same time and the energy output of each panel was monitored and
tabulated. For experimentation we have used a Solar panel of 12 volt/12 watt Capacity
(Specification Imax 2.5Amperes, Vmax 15volts). We have taken reading of Voltage and
Current produced by the solar panel with the help of multimeter.
Figure 6: Experimental setup without Bi-Convex lens

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Figure 7: Experimental setup with Bi-Convex lens
7.1.1 Calculations:
S. No. Time Voltage (Volts)
01. 1:00 pm 13.07
02. 2:00 pm 12.87
03. 3:00 pm 12.83
Table 1: Solar Panel setup without Bi-Convex lens
S. No. Time Voltage (Volts)
01. 4:00 pm 12.91
02. 5:00 pm 12.96
Table 2: Solar Panel setup with Bi-Convex lens
7.2 Testing of Jack System
In this experiment, Bi-convex lens is placed in front of Solar panel which is continuously
charging the battery. The power that is stored in the battery is used to run a 12V high
torque motor and the motor is performing the forward and backward motion of the
vehicle. Power from the battery is also used to provide energy to the high pressure pump
which increases the low pressure hydraulic fluid to high pressure fluid. 4 lever action

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valves were connected by pipes with the pump for inlet of oil from the pump to the jacks
through valves and with the oil reservoir for the outlet of oil from jacks to the reservoir
through valves. When this fluid passes in the piston cylinder and it expands and follows
the lifting action of the vehicle. These piston cylinders are connected on the chassis on
each side of the tyre. In this experiment, we found the values of the forces that are
exerted by each piston cylinder in lifting the weight of car.
Figure 8: Frame of car model

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Figure 9: Hydraulic Piston Cylinders
Figure 10: Valves and Jacks Setup on Car frame

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Figure 11: Final Car Model with Solar Panel and Bi-Convex lens

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8 Discussion of results
An inbuilt hydraulic jack system can be easily attached to all currently manufacture
automobile chassis. The system operates on the hydraulic power. This arrangement has
many advantages such as maintenance and servicing of vehicle. It reduce the security
tension and easy to implement. Quick lifting is possible and Suitable for heavy load for
about 12 kg or 120N. The force to be applied at the working piston is 10 times lesser than
the weight to be lifted.
With the help of this system the driving of vehicles will be easy. Arrangement is also
very useful for heavy loading vehicles and a single person can go on a long drive.
8.1 Force Required to Lift the Wheel:
The weight to be lifted is 12 kg or 120N.
So now the effort required by the human.
Formula:
= ×
120 = × 314mm2
P = 3.8617N/mm2
.
Force required at the working piston:
F = P × A = 0.3861×114 mm2
.
F = 45N
Therefore the force to be applied at the working piston is 45 N, which is 10 times lesser
than the weight to be lifted.
8.2 Advantages of this System
 The maintenance of vehicle will be very easy and cheap.

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 This type of system is very useful for ladies and old people since during the
problem of puncher of tyres, they can easily change the wheel.
 Time saving of maintenance
 This is also very useful for heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses, since there is
a common problem of breaking leaf spring plates
 A single person can go on a long drive without worrying about getting stuck in
the way.
8.3 Disadvantages of this System
 Cost will increase slightly.
 Weight of vehicle will increase slightly.

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9 Conclusion
 Automatic inbuilt jacking system in automobiles will not only save the effort of a
person but will also save one’s precious time under critical circumstances.
 This concept will eliminate the need of carrying a conventional mechanical
scissor jack while travelling. It is a very feasible concept and if worked over
cautiously, will become popular very soon.
 This concept will also eliminate the load of primary battery of the car as this
whole concept is run by secondary battery and it is charged through the solar
energy.
 Solar energy operated system can be very crucial for the future applications.
 Motor operated mechanical jacks are already in the market but the jack’s design is
the area of concern. In order to make built-in jack system practical, jack’s shape
and type need modification.
 Mechanical jacks are pretty easily operated but their effectiveness and
maintenance may become an issue as they will be move with chassis, constantly
underneath hence, chances of rusting and damage is high.
 Hydraulic jacks look convenient to use and can also prove quite effective and
easy to maintain (as completely closed) in long run, they will provide more power
too but there are also some challenges like keeping low production cost and
designing of jack which can be carried with the chassis given, common ground
clearance level of an automobile, and keeping in check the increase in weight of
automobile.
 After successful implementation of the above idea in small passenger cars, future
developments can be made in design to apply the same in heavy duty automobiles
also.

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 The challenges that a new product faces is not just to meet social necessities but
also to build a product that is worth as regards of its cost and utility. Pessimistic
dorks predict that it could not be done but this gloomy out looks obviously neglect
the inventive genius of the building engineers.
 Things changes quietly without warning which makes old rules to lose their
meaning. Just yesterday this conventional jack was the most widely used,
tomorrow it will be obsolete.
 Enter the bright new innovative idea, for your lifestyle and status, the grandeur of
“Design and Fabrication of Automotive Inbuilt Hydraulic Jack System” is the end
product of a concerted process in designing aesthetics, value edition and comfort
engineering and high grade materials backed by a hard core service team. Yet
some of the ingredients remain the same. With these extra cost owners of car can
get facility, which they are very happy to own of their cars.
 Though this system has been designed keeping in view ambassador car, but it can
be used for other cars also with slight modification. The estimated costs are for
making prototype but, if it is mass produced the cost can be considerably reduced.
 It is very convenient system and its use will be very popular if any entrepreneur’s
introduced the system in the market.

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10 Future Prospects
 There are still some areas in this research work which can be researched further
like the shape of the car while using this setup. The car should have aerodynamic
shape to make the flow easy.
 Another area can be the use of pneumatic system rather than hydraulic system. If
research done properly, pneumatic jacks can also be used in future.
 An area where the research is continuous and can go to next level in coming years
and that is efficiency of solar panel. Efficiency of solar panels can be increased by
different methods as it depends on which factor you are considering for increasing
the efficiency. These factors can include voltage change, temperature change and
further more.
 The research is a continuous process and there may be a possibility that we can
find automatic systems in the car where we don’t need jack systems and there will
be an automatic puncture repair system.

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Refrences
[1]Anthony Esposito, “Fluid power with applications”, Fifth edition Pearson education,
Inc.2000.
[2] Vickers, “Industrial hydraulics manual”, second edition 1989.
[3]Q.S. Khan, “Study of hydraulic seals”, Fluid Conductor and Hydraulic Oil,
Volume-6, 1998.
[4]Balaveera Reddy and K. Mahadevan, “Design Data Hand Book”, Third Edition,
CBS publications, 1987.
[5] R.S. Khurmi and J.K Gupta, “Machine design”, S. Chand publications updated
edition 2005.
[6]Mueller, Pamela, and Thomas L. Mueller. "Built In-Power Jack.
[7] U.S. Patent Number 4,993,688, 1991 .
[8]William Cox (July 2001), "Light Talk on Heavy Jacks", Old-House Journal.
[9] Parr, Andrew. Hydraulics and Pneumatics: A Technician's and Engineer's
Guide.1st Edition.
[10] Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999. Print.
[11]Mosely, David J. "Vehicle Mounted Hydraulic Jack System..
[12]U.S. Patent Number 5,377,957,1995.
[13]Built-in power jack, US 4993688 AThomas L. Mueller, Pamela A. Mueller.
[14]Noor,M.M., Kadirgama K., Rahman,M.M .,ANALYSIS OF AUTO CAR
JACK,2010.

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[15]Rana P.S., Belge P.H., Nagrare N.A., Padwad C.A., Daga P.R., Deshbhratar
K.B.
[16]Mandavgade N.K. Integrated Automated Jacks for 4-wheelers,2012.
[17]Abuzaid Mohammed, Hasnain Mohammad, AlamShabaj, Khan Sohail,
Agarwal Surendra , Inbuilt Hydraulic Jack in Automobile Vehicles,Vol.2 , 2013.
[18]A Textbook of Automobile Engineering by Dr. Kirpal Singh.

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