This document discusses common nursery tools and their uses, factors to consider in site selection for a nursery shed, materials needed to set up a nursery shed, and characteristics of good quality seeds. It provides descriptions and pictures of common nursery tools including digging tools, propagation tools, pruning shears, budding knives, grafting knives, trowels, wheelbarrows, and dibblers. It also lists potential support posts, roofing materials, fencing, and benches that can be used for a nursery shed.

1. AGRICULTURAL CROPS
PRODUCTION NCII

2. What are the common nursery tools and their
specific uses?
*Digging tools- spade, hoe, spading fork, pick mattock
*Propagation tools- pruning shear, pole cutter, budding knife,
knife, grafting knife
*Other tools- trowel, wheel borrow, dibble, bolo, scissors
What are the factors to be considered in site
selection for the nursery shed?
-Flat area
-Good drainage
-Near source of water
-Accessible to transport
-Near to production area

3. Digging tools

4. Spade

5. hoe

6. spading fork

7. pick mattock

9. Pruning shear
 Pruning shears are used to cut branches
and also remove inflorescence containing
15–20 capsular fruits.

10. pole cutter
used for cutting tree branches that are
beyond arm's reach
allows its user to cut high branches
without the use of a ladder.

11. Budding knife
 A budding knife is the tool used by
horticulturist to create a budding or graft
union in plants

12. Grafting knife
 A grafter, or grafting knife, is a garden tool
used for grafting fruit trees.
 It allows for an incision to be made on the
branches or trunk of the rootstock for the
insertion of the graft.

13. Other tools

14. Trowel
 A trowel is a small garden tool which you use for
digging small holes or removing weeds

15. Wheel borrow
 Wheelbarrows are used for a variety of things, such
as moving rock, mulch, or compost to the garden,
moving trees or large shrubs from one spot to
another, hauling bricks, disposing of garden debris,
or even for mixing concrete or fertilizers.

16.  A dibber or dibble or dibbler is a pointed wooden stick for
making holes in the ground so that seeds, seedlings or small
bulbs can be planted.
Dibbler or dibble

17. Bolo
 A Bolo is a big cutting tool of Filipino origin
similar to the machete. The main use of the bolo
is clearing vegetation, whether for agriculture or
during trail blazing

18. What are some of the materials needed in
setting-up nursery shed?
- Support post - Fish nets - Plastic Sheets
Sheets
- Coconut leaves - Wooden/bamboo bench -
String/wire
What are the characteristics of good quality
seeds?
-Free from pests, diseases and other damages
-High viability
-Free from mixtures

19. Support post
use as support

20. Coconut leaves
Used as a roofing material.

21. Fish nets
 Used to surround shed typically an entire
shed on all sides.

22. Wooden/bamboo bench
Wooden/bamboo bench is a multipurpose plant with a myriad of
applications ranging from construction materials, furniture,
fences, handicrafts, pulp and paper, edible shoots, and animal
fodder. In developing countries, it is a basic raw material with
numerous traditional uses.

23.  Are used to help maintain the humidity and reduce the
evaporation of water from the soil.
Plastic films

24.  Used to plant straight rows, while a planting board helps
to make spacing vegetables within a row easier. “Most
gardeners make their own string line
String/wire

25. Give atleast two Techniques in breaking seed
dormancy?
- Scarification
- Soaking in water
- Hot water treatment
- Acid treatment
What is importance of germination test?
- To determine the viability of the seeds
- To determine the amount of seeds needed for planting
planting
Out of 100 seeds, only 65 germinated. What is the
percentage germination? 65 percent

27.  nicking, breaking, softening, or otherwise
weakening of the seed coating meant to
speed up germination
Seed Scarification

28.  By soaking the seeds, you can quickly boost the
moisture content around the seeds, which signals to
the seed that it is now safe to grow
Soaking in water

29. Hot water treatment
 Seed treatment is one method that you can use to
eradicate, or at least reduce the level of pathogens
(particularly bacterial pathogens), in vegetable seed.

30.  Treating with concentrated sulfuric acid
accelerated the physiological and biochemical
processes of seed germination, and the relative
water absorption rate, soluble sugar content, and a-
amylase activity were decreased after an initial
increase, with the maximum at the early stage of
germination.
Acid treatment

32. Cite at least 3 Components of growing
medium?
- Garden soil - Compost
- Peat moss - River sand
- Saw dust - Animal Manure
- Coco coir
- Rice hull/carbonized rice hull
Give at least two characteristic of a growing
medium?
- Good aeration
- Good water holding capacity
- Good drainage
- Can supply nutrient

33. Components of growing
medium

34. Garden soil
This is topsoil, enriched with compost and
other organic matter so it's nutritious for
plants. It has a heavier texture and holds
water longer than potting mixes. It's more
affordable than potting soil because it
doesn't have pricier ingredients like
perlite, vermiculite or moss.

36.  is an important component of most potting soils
and seed starting mediums. It holds several times
its weight in moisture, and releases the moisture to
the plants roots as needed. It also holds onto
nutrients so that they aren't rinsed out of the soil
when you water the plant
Peat moss

38.  Is a by-product or waste product of
woodworking operations such as sawing,
sanding, milling, planing, and routing
Sawdust (or wood dust)

40.  Coir is made from the fiber found between the
husk and the outer shell of coconuts. It is a
relatively new growing medium that is
becoming popular throughout the world in
growing mixes and as a substrate for
hydroponics.
 Coco coir is an excellent medium for almost all
houseplants, it will require extra care when used
to pot arid soil succulents, such as cacti
Coco coir

42.  Carbonized rice hull is made from incomplete or
partial burning of rice hull. (Carbonized Rice Hull) is
a very good soil fertilizer and conditioner as it
contains Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Calcium
(Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and micronutrients vital to
growing crops.
Carbonized rice

44.  Is a mixture of decayed plants and vegetable
waste which is added to the soil to help plants
grow.
Compost
 Compost is decomposed organic material, such as
leaves, grass clippings, and kitchen waste. It provides
many essential nutrients for plant growth and
therefore is often used as fertilizer. Compost also
improves soil structure so that soil can easily hold the
correct amount of moisture, nutrients and air

45. River Sand, refers to the loose,
fragmented, and naturally-occurring
material consisting of very tiny particles of
decomposed shells, corals, or rocks
River Sand

47.  Are the solid, semisolid, and liquid by-
products generated by animals grown to
produce meat, milk, eggs, and other
agricultural products for human use and
consumption.
Animal manures

49. Give two advantages of sexual propagation?
- Produce true-to-type plant
- Shortened bearing age
- Propagate plants that do not produce viable seeds
- Propagate disease- free plants
- Improve aesthetic value of ornamental plants

51. Give at least three basic tools and equipment
for land preparation?
- Plow, harrow, bolo, spade, garden hoe, rake
What will you do after collecting samples for
analysis?
- air-drying, pulverizing, sieving, packaging, labelling
- Clearing
- Plowing
- Harrowing/levelling
- Furrowing
- Lay-outing
- Digging holes
Enumerate activities in land preparation?

52. Cite at least three benefits of preparing the
field before planting?
a. Gives the soil a fine tilth to increase nutrient adsorption
b. Control Pest
c. Increase soil porosity and aerate the soil
d. Incorporate crop residues and other inputs (ex. Fertilizer)
e. Mixes the soil to bring up leached deposits
f. Levels the field
g. Prepares the soil for subsequent farm operations
Give at least two forms of tillage operations?
- Conventional
- Conservation
- Minimum
- Zero

53. Why do you apply basal fertilizer?
To supply the initial nutrients needed by plants
What are the materials needed in field lay-
outing?
Planting plan, Measuring tape, String, Stakes
- okra, pole sitao, corn, ampalaya, radish, carrots, peanut,
peanut, soybean, mungbean, upo, patola, squash,
cucumber
Give at least 5 crops that are direct seeded?
Give at least 5 crops that are transplanted?
- tomato, eggplant, pepper, lettuce, rice, coffee, cacao,
coconut, santol, mango, black pepper, ornamentals

54. What are the three major type of pest causing
yield losses in crop production?
a. Insects, disease, weeds
Identify three major insect pest of rice?
- Rice planthopper, black bug, rice stem borer (
mealybug, rice bug, grasshopper, snail)
Identify three major insect pest of corn?
- Corn borer, Corn earworm, aphids (mites, stink bug)
Identify three major insect pest in vegetables?
- Diamond back moth, fruitworm, cutworm (whitefly,
(whitefly, aphids, mites, shoot borer, leafhoppers)

55. Identify three major insect pests in fruit
trees/plantation crops
a. Mango- fruitfly, twig borer, shoot borer (scale insect,
mealybug and others)
b. Cacao- mired bug, cacao pod borer, mealybug (aphids,
planthopper, rose beetle)
c. Coffee- twig borer, weevil, berry borer (aphids, scale insect
insect
d. Coconut- coconut scale insect, brontispa, rhinoceros beetle
beetle (coconut leaf beetle, mites, mealybug)
Identify three major insect pests in
ornamentals
- Scale insect
- Moth
- (Leafhoppers, aphids)

56. What are the different pest control measures?
Explain one measure.
a. Mechanical, Physical, Sanitation, Biocontrol, Cultural,
Chemical
What is your understanding of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM)?
- Ang IPM ay tumutukoy sa pag control ng peste sa
taniman gamit ang biological at physical na
nakakabawas sa environmental risk
What is the importance of weed control?
- To prevent competition for nutrients, water and
sunlight

57. When is the right schedule for weeding?
a. Early vegetative stage of the crop and as needed arises
Determine the kind of Fertilizers based on the
samples presented
- Urea, Complete, ammonium phosphate, Ammonium
Ammonium sulphate, Compost
Determine the nitrogen level in the following
materials
- Urea (46% N)
- Complete (14% N)
- Ammonium phosphate (16% N)
- Ammonium sulfate (21% N)
- Compost (base on the material)

58. Enumerate methods of fertilizer application.
Demonstrate one application
Broadcast, Sidedress, Basal, Topdress, Localized, Band, Folia
What is the importance of Pruning?
- Growth Orientation
- Removal of infected plant parts
- Ease of maintenance and harvesting
- Flower Induction
- Increase light penetration for growth and pest control
- Increase production

59. What methods of pruning is applicable to a
particular crop?
Topping- Vegetables, Ornamentals, Plantation Crops
Pinching- Vegetables and Ornamentals
Top pruning- fruit trees
Deleafing- Vegetables
Explain the importance of hilling- up and off-
barring
- Root Zone Aeration, control of soil boring insect pests
pests and weeds
What are the methods of watering crops?
- Drip, Furrow, Sprinkler, Flooding

60. What is the importance of cultivation after
planting? Aeration, weedcontrol
What particular crop needs cultivation after
Planting?
- Fruit trees, vegetables, ornamentals, cereals
Is it possible to rejuvenate old plants?
What is the importance of rejuvenation?
- Yes
- To improve/ increase the productivity of crop
- To maintain desired height
- To remove diseased plant parts

61. What Kind of crop that Requires
rejuvenation ?
Fruit trees and selected vegetables and ornamental Plants.
What are the different plant rejuvenation techniques?
- Side grafting, cutting of unproductive branches,
ratooning
Demonstrate rejuvenating technique of your
choice.
a. Side Grafting- insertion of scion
b. Ratooning- cutting of old branches (eggplant, okra,
okra, sorghum
c. Side pruning- removal of one side of the tree (coffee,
(coffee, cacao)
d. Bending- bending of stem (coffee, cacao)

62. What is the importance of growth training?
Control shading, increase production, improve aesthetice
In what crops is growth training applicable?
- Vine crops, selected ornamentals, fruit trees and
plantation crops
What is the benefits of mulching?
a. Control moisture
b. Minimize erosion
c. Suppress weed growth
d. Insect control
e. Provde additional soil nutrient

63. Enumerate different mulching materials
Rice hull and straw, coconut leaves and husk, dried leaves,
leaves, plastic mulch, sawdust
How do you discard and store hazardous materials
and chemicals?
- Discard hazardous materials by burying
- Store hazardous materials in specific location follow
follow OSHS procedures
Identify at least three Good Agricultural
Practices (GAP)?
a. Food safety, prevent cross contamination, practice
field sanitation and personal hygiene, clean
workplace/surrounding

64. What are the types of maturity indices?
a. Physiological indices
b. Physical indices
What are the maturity indices for physiological
factors?
- Days after flower induction
- Days after fruit setting
What are the maturity indices for physical
related factors?
a. Change in color
b. Change in size
c. Change in texture

65. What are the items that you are going to
record related to crop to be harvested?
a. Variety of crop, Source of seed and planting materials,
materials, planting calendar and calendar of crops
What are the common obstruction before harvesting?
- Weeds, Dead branches, left-out stakes and wedges
How do you distinguish between materials,
tools and equipment?
a. Tools are manual and hand-operated gadgets while
while equipment are normally driven with small
engines or motors; materials are common supplies to
to carry out activity

66. What pesticide use to control mites?
a. Use miticide
What are the postharvest facilities for harvested
mango?
a. Hot-water treatment
b. Vapour heat treatment
How do you perform hot water treatment?
a. Dip harvested produce in hot water with temperature
at 50˚-55˚C for 3-5 minutes
What is pre-cooling process of vegetables?
- The process of lowering the vegetable temperature to slow
slow down deterioration and extend shelf life.

67. Are all insect pest? No. Some are beneficial
What are the industry- required quality indicator for
fruits?
a. Size
b. Weight
c. appearance
Are the crops that needs primary processing
and storage before marketing?
Yes. Mostly plantation crops
How will you demonstrate proper handling of tools
and equipment?
Read and follow operators manual

68. What are the different stages in ripiness
according to BAFPS standard for carabao
mango? a. Green
b. Breaker
c. Turning
d. Semi-ripe
e. Ripe
f. Over-ripe
What are common mechanical type of fruit
damage? a. Bruising, Wounding, Abrasion
How do you avoid such damage?
Use of crates liners
Why do we need labelling for harvested agricultural
crops?Because of the industry demand to trace the origin and
and destination

69. What are Common storage pest?
a. Insects
b. Rodents
c. Fungi
d. Bacteria
e. Mites
What entries should be entered in the pest logbook?
- Date observed, location, pest
Why do we need to identify insects and pest storage?
- Related to control measure, economic value, food safety,
quarantine requirement

70. What should be reported immediately to
supervisors and superiors/authorities?
- Materials needing immediate decision
- Examples (accidents, unforeseen breakdown of tools,
tools, equipment)
Are all farm waste biodegradable? Why?
- No. (example plastics/pesticide containers)
How to dispose them properly?
- Segregate non-biodegradable and hazardous materials
materials dispose to collecting authority

71. How do you identify hazardous materials?
- Reading the warning labels
Identify the importance of user’s manual for tools
and equipment
- The manual contains usage and safety procedures
- Shows require maintenance procedure
What PPE should you wear when working around the
farm house?
- Over all clothing
- Safety gloves
- Farm shoes
What is Quarantine?
- Control of transportable pest and diseases that may be present in transportation of
transportation of plants and plant matyerials

72. Thank you for Listening!!!
HAPPY NEW YEAR
EVERYONE!