2. Introduction
• Botanical name for sweet orange is citrus senensis
• Citrus, common name for several related evergreen
trees and shrubs of the Rue family, and generally for
the fruits they produce, including the citron, grapefruit,
lemon, lime, orange, shaddock, tangerine, and
bergamot (A pear shaped orange).
• The plants are characterized by wing like appendages
on the leaf stalks, white or purplish flowers, and fruit
with a spongy and a juicy pulp divided in sections.
• The leaves, flowers, and rind of the fruit abound in
volatile oil and emit a sharp fragrance. Many citrus
plants have thorny branches.
3. Distribution
Citrus are subtropical, with growing
temperatures ideally at 24-27 ºC and intolerant
of frost.
Native to Southeast Asia
Site selection, always an important
consideration, is particularly critical in regions
subject to cold winter temperatures.
5. Botany
That is the biological description of a
plant.
The citrus tree consists of
►Shoot,
►Leaves,
►Flowers,
►Fruits and
►Roots.
6. Flowers
Reproductive organ of most seed-bearing plants.
Flowers carry out the multiple roles of sexual
reproduction, seed development, and fruit
production.
The flowers are solitary or in small corymbs,
each flower 2–4 cm diameter, with five (rarely
four) white petals and numerous stamens; they
are often very strongly scented.
7. Leafs
A leaf is an extension of a plant's branch.
A plant leaf helps in transpiration and
guttation, both of which remove excess water
from the plant, and respiration, the process by
which a plant obtains oxygen and energy.
Leaves also may store food and water and
provide structural support.
These plants are large shrubs, reaching 5–15 m
tall, with spiny shoots and alternately arranged
evergreen leaves with an entire margin.
9. Fruits
The fruit is a hesperidium, a specialised berry,
globose to elongated, 4–30 cm long and 4–20
cm diameter, with a leathery rind surrounding
segments filled with pulp vesicles.
Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance,
partly due to flavonoids and limonoids
contained in the rind, and most are juice-laden.
The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid
giving them their characteristic sharp flavour.
10. Varieties
• Citrus consists of many species, some of which
are not even edible. Some varieties of the edible
ones have however been recommended to the
public.
• These include:
– Sweet Orange
– Grapefruit
– Tangerine
– Tangelo
– Lemon
– Lime
11. Propagation
Citrus is almost entirely propagated by
budding. Planting unbudded seedlings may not
be true-to-type, and often takes a long time to
fruit.
They are also susceptible to disease attack.
Obtain buding by selecting a required bud and
uniting this with a suitable rootstock.
Most trees are propagated in the nursery by T-
budding.
13. ROOTSTOCKS
Traits most important in rootstock selection
include:
– compatibility with scion
– adaptation to soil and climatic conditions
– ease and uniformity in propagation
– influence on precocity, consistent cropping and
yield, and fruit quality
– influence on winter hardiness
– suckering tendency
– sensitivity to disease, pests, and replant problems.
14. Selecting a site for Nursery
The site should be level.
It should be safe from erosion, floods or heavy winds—that
is, you will need windbreaks.
It must be fenced to protect it against damage from animals.
It needs a permanent water supply.
It must be near a road for transport of inputs and plants and
ready access by clients.
The soil used must be free of soil borne diseases and pests,
such as nematodes.
Local construction materials, such as wood, bricks, poles
and banana stems, should be available.
Labour to manage the nursery must be available.
Well-rotted farmyard manure, sand or decomposed sawdust,
compost or fertile topsoil for soil mixture must be available.
15. ln;puts andtoolls
You will need thes,etoo,lsand suppllliesto,op,,eratea small-scalenursery:
For preparation
- hoe U,embe)
- shov,el(cheppe)
- watering can
- buck,et (debbe)i
- rope or measuring tape
For potting
- c,o,ntaine1rs-polytube
,
s
e
, mpty tins1
banatiia filbr,e,o,rany ll!ocalsyst,em
- soiillsi,eve
- pruning saw
For preparing the soiiilm,edia
- fertileto,psoil-fr,omfor,est or c,omp,ost
- sand,or sawdust
- well-rotted farmyard manure
For constiruction
- hammer
- sawor panga
- naiills
- simpl,econstruction mat!erialls
- fencing-local mat,eriallor wiiire
For grafting, budding,1pruling
- pruning secateur
- graftinglkniFe
- sharp,eningst!o,ne
- basiinor bucket
For plant protection
- knapsack sprayer
- fungicide, ins,ecticide
17. Site selection and Preparation
• Sandy loam is best for the cultivation of Citrus.
• The most important factor in the choice of site
is free from high drainage of water.
• Soils with an underlying hardpan of about 1m
or less to the top mock soils, or slain sites are
not suitable. Apart from these, citrus can be
grown on a wide range of soil types.
• Citrus is not shade loving, therefore clear the
site of all tree stumps and plough before
setting in the plants.
18. Citrus can develop a large number of nutrient
deficiencies, including N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn,
Zn, Cu, Fe, B and Mo.
The level of N fertility has more influence on
the growth, yield, and quality of citrus than
any other single plant nutrient.
Adequate supplies of N are necessary to
optimize growth and development of newly
planted citrus trees.
Compost, animal manure and green manure
can be worked into the soil to a depth of 1 m,
to serve as pre plant fertilizer.
19. Orchard Establishment
• Plant the orchard when the rainy season has
fully set in.
• Clear the land of any bush.
• Complete planting holes, well in advance,
before purchasing the budding.
• Always ensure that the trees are planted no
deeper than they had grown in the nursery.
• Citrus has a planting distance of 3m x 3m
20. How to Plant
Prepare the planting hole
– Dig a hole only as large as necessary to
accommodate the root system.
– Trees should be planted with their top major
roots even with the soil line.
– Prune any damaged roots back beyond the
damaged area.
– If container-grown trees have a tap root curled
in the bottom of a container, cut this root off at
the point where it begins to curl.
21. – Separate and trim the roots of container trees that
may be root-bound.
– Save the soil from the hole to use as backfill.
• Position the tree
– Place the tree in the hole at the same depth it was
growing previously.
Filling the hole
– Remove any debris from the dug-up soil. Back-fill
with the same soil that was removed from the hole.
Never back-fill with an amended soil mix of a
lighter texture. Such a practice will create drainage
problems and cause tree roots to suffocate during
periods of excessive moisture.
22. Water
– After the tree is planted, water well. Check the
original soil line one last time.
– If the tree does settle, now is the time to move it
back to the correct position with the soil level .
Stake if needed
– Unless the tree bends over, it will not need support
from staking.
– If stakes are needed, place them on opposite sides
of the tree, perpendicular to the direction of the
prevailing wind.
24. Maintenance Operations
1. Training and Pruning (Nursery)
– The tree must produce a canopy of sufficient size
before economic fruit production begins.
What to do during training and pruning.
– Remove shoots (i.e. suckers) originating from the
rootstock and low on the scion (i.e. water sprouts)
– Remove branches that cross from one side of the
tree to the other.
This will produce an abundance of vegetative
growth that will, in turn, assist in producing
new vegetative growth.
25. 2. Irrigation(Nursery)
– Young trees seldom need watering in the fall. For
young trees, it is best to water twice per week,
from March through June is to maintain optimum
moisture in the upper soil layer where most of the
roots are, especially during the crucial period of
leaf expansion, bloom, fruit set and fruit
enlargement –(January/February to June,
usually).
– Soil type will affect how well the soil holds the
water.
26. Good irrigation help
– Proper growth and fruiting it is essential that trees
receive water in ‘on time’.
– To ensure adequate moisture the soil should be
thoroughly wet before wilting occurs.
– To avoid overwatering, excess water must drain
away.
– Alternate wetting and drying allows oxygen
necessary for root growth to enter the soil.
27. 3. Fertilizing (Nursing)
– Mineral nutrients are classified as macronutrients
and micronutrients.
– The term "macronutrients" refers to those
elements that plants require in large amounts (N,
P, K, Ca, Mg, S).
– The term "micronutrients" (or “trace elements”)
applies to plant nutrients that are essential to
plants but are needed only in small amounts (Fe,
Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Mo, Ni, Cl).
– Visual deficiency symptoms of N, P, K, Ca, Mg,
Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, and Mo can usually be
recognized by distinctive symptoms with lack of
nutrients.
28. Types of fertilizer to use:
Generally, only two types of fertilizers are
required:
– A balanced fertilizer (8-8-8, 13-13-13), and
– A nitrogen fertilizer such as ammonium nitrate
(33-0-0), or ammonium sulfate (21-0-0). Urea (46-
0-0) is a good source of nitrogen. The nitrogen
fertilizer stimulates vegetative growth later in the
year. The numbers 8-8-8 or 13-13-13 represent the
percentage of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium the
fertilizer has.
29. 4. Weeds Removal (Nursing)
– Hand pick weed and unwanted plants from the
nursery.
– These weeds compete with the citrus for nutrients
which may end up killing the seedlings.
5. Pest Control (Nursing)
5. Young Plants at nursery are affected by a lot of
stem borers, Leaf Chewers and leaf miners.
6. Recommended insecticide such as Green Light
Spinosad can be sprayed
30. Orchard Management
The activities for citrus management include:
Pruning
Irrigation
Weed Control
Fertilizer Application
Pests, Parasites and Diseases , and their
control
31. Pruning (Matured Stage)
– For a matured tree, we do want is called
maintenance pruning. This is a situation were we
do selective pruning; If heavy pruning of large
wood is required, pruning half of the trees in the
first year, and the second half next year will reduce
the impact of crop loss.
Annual pruning of diseased and pest attacked
branches is also done in the matured stage.
To avoid damage to the fruit, mature fruit trees
should not be pruned immediately before
harvest, or when mature fruit are on the tree in
early spring.
32. Irrigation (Matured Stage)
– Citrus trees will wilt and yield will be depressed
unless moisture is provided during the long dry
season of November to February.
– Therefore, make sure that the trees are watered
during this period.
– Ten liters of water (stream water, well water, tap
water, etc.) delivered at the base of the trees twice
a week is sufficient for good development and
yield.
34. Weeding (Matured Stage)
– Absolute weed control under a hot, humid climate
may be very expensive, nevertheless there is need
for some level of weed control.
– Slash the orchard at least 3 times in the year with
a hoe, the last being at the on-set of the dry
season.
– In addition, ring weed individual trees constantly.
Ring-apply Diuron or Paracol to check weed
growth.
35. Fertilizer Application (Matured Stage)
– 2–4 years of age:
• 500 grams of compound fertilizer N.P.K (15:15:15) per
trees, twice in the year.
– 5–10 years of age:
• 2 kg (15:15:15) + 600 grams per tree, twice in the year.
– 10 years and above:
• 3 kg (15:15:15) + 800 grams per tree, twice in the year.
These applications should be done in June and
September to obtain maximum benefit.
36. Pests of citrus
Citrus Rust Mites
Main Species
– Citrus bud mites
– Citrus red mites
Symptoms of Damage
– causing external blemishing and, in extreme
infestations, smaller fruits, pre-mature falling
and even shedding of leaves. disfigure the
surface of the fruit and the foliage mainly in the
winter and during droughts
37. Biological Control
– Mass rearing and release of parasitic fungi
(Hirsutella thompsonii and Triplosporium
floridana) help to eradicate rust mites and the
Texas citrus mite.
Chemical Control
– To control Citrus Bud Mites spray the tree with
Bug Buster or Trounce.
39. Citrus Scale Insects
Main Species
– Snow scale, Purple scale, Red scale and glover
scale.
Symptoms of damage
– Affect woody portions of the tree, suck sap
from the branches, twigs, leaves and fruit,
induce shedding of fruit and foliage, produces
green spots on the fruit, infests young trees.
40. Biological control
– Maintaining populations of the Vedalia lady
nurseries and groves is a fairly
scale,
beetle in
effective
Parasitic
means of controlling this
wasps (Aphytis spp.) are able to
control Citrus snow scale, purple scale and
Florida red scale.
Chemical Control
– To effectively control scale insects and limit
damage, Horticultural Oil should be sprayed on
the tree. The Horticultural oil serves to
suffocate the scale and eggs. In the spring if the
crawling nymphs are present, spray the trees
with Bug Buster to prevent the new nymphs
from further infecting the tree.
42. Citrus Aphids (Plant lice)
Main Species
– Brown Citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricidus
– Citrus Whitefly
– Orange dog caterpillar
Symptoms of Damage
– Aphids (plant lice) cause leaves to curl,
crinkled with puckered marks, yellowing and
the twisting of the leaves, which gives the
appearance of deformed leaves. As the severity
of the aphid infestation increases, leaf drop and
twig and branch die back can be seen.
43. Chemical control
– Use a specific aphicide or horticultural spray
oil. Always check the label before spraying, as
not all oils are registered for use in citrus. Oils
can also cause phytotoxic damage if not used
correctly.
Biological control
– Predators, parasites, and fungal diseases attack
aphids and occur naturally in the orchard. The
honeydew produced by the aphids provides a
good food source for many natural enemies.
45. Fruit Flies
Main Species
– Queensland fruit fly
– Mediterranean fruit fly
– Papaya fruit fly
Symptoms of damage
– Infested fruit usually falls from the tree as a
result of the activity of the larvae in it. The
style of damage by fruit fly larvae tunnelling in
fruit varies with the type and maturity of the
fruit, the number of the larvae in it, and the
46. – weather . Frequently citrus fruits, although
stung, do not develop larvae, but the stung fruit
sometimes fall.
Control
– Traps
• Traps are used to monitor male fruit fly populations
in orchards. The lures in the traps attract only the
male fruit fly, which are then killed.
• The traps, commonly called Dak-pots, contain a
mixture of the male attractant or parapheremone and
an insecticide.
• The traps are normally hung in trees. The traps are
effective and convenient but do not control it.
47. – Baits
• Bait mixture is prepared using an attractant (protein
source) and an insecticide. Flies are attracted to the
protein which they require for egg maturation.
• As they feed they are killed by the insecticide. Bait
spray components include the insecticides maldison
or chlorpyrifos and yeast autolysate or hydrolysate
as the attractant.
– Chemical spray
• Registrations also exist for the chemicals dimethoate
and fenthion for cover sprays for Qld fruit fly
control in citrus.
49. Diseases of Citrus
Citrus Canker
Causative organism-Bacterium
Symptoms
– formation of scabs (similar to halo lesions) in
the leaves, branches and fruits causing yellow
halo-like lesions or scabs on the fruit, leaves
and twigs of citrus trees. Severe infections can
cause leaf loss, blemished fruit, fruit drop and
die back.
50. Control
– This contagious disease is treated by applying
antibiotic formulation.
– Management options include
susceptible citrus cultivars with
replacing
resistant
cultivars, applying preventive sprays of copper-
based bactericides, and destroying infected
trees and all surrounding trees within an
appropriate radius.
52. Citrus Sooty Mold
Causative organism-fungus
Symptoms
– Characterized by black coloration of the
affected citrus tree leaves. The black color is
nothing but the spores of sooty mold.
– The mold forms on the leaves as a result of
honeydew secretions from insects such as
whiteflies, aphids and mealybugs.
Control
– Using formulations of neem oil, which is an
organic broad spectrum insecticide, fungicide
and miticide such as orthene, malathion, or
diazinon
54. Citrus Greasy Spot
Causative organism-fungus
Symptoms
– After infection takes place, the fungal spores
germinate within the leaf tissues, causing the
lower leaf portion to develop slightly raised
blisters.
– Telltale signs include yellowish-brownish
blister spots on leaves, often on the underside
of the leaf. As the disease develops, the spots
develop into oily looking blisters.
55. Control
– Spraying copper fungicide two times in
summer help in controlling this fungal disease.
Spraying petroleum oil at the rate of 5-10
gallons per acre is generally applied.
57. Citrus Melanose
Causative Organism-fungus
Symptoms
– Darkly colored, raised, corky pustules appear
after leaf infection. The pustules may be
surrounded by yellowed leaf tissue or yellow
halos. The yellow color may later turn green.
Severely infected shoot apices may become
distorted or die back.
– Fully expanded, mature leaves resist infection.
On fruits infection appears as darkly colored
and usually raised pustules of various sizes
58. Control
– Cultural control by periodically pruning away
dead branches. This will reduce pathogen
survival, increase air circulation to dry out the
canopy, and allow for more effective fungicide
penetration and coverage of the foliage.
– Sprays of copper fungicides to young fruits
and leaves may be necessary for disease
management. Where the disease tends to be
severe, frequent fungicide applications may be
required
60. Citrus Root Rot Disease
Causative organism-Fungus
Symptoms
signs
in bark,
include developing brown
oozing of
– Notable
patches
turning yellow, premature
plant
leaf
sap, leaf
fall and
browning of citrus fruits.
– Over time, as the disease advances the bark
dries, cracks and dies. The infected area is then
left as a dark sunken canker. The disease can
also cause browning and decaying on the fruit
and yellowing and die-back on the foliage.
61. Control
– Cultural control such as trimming down all the
affected twigs and spray appropriate fungicide
in correct dose. To control the brown rot it is
important to remove all leaves and damaged
fruit when it falls to the ground; prune of all
lower branches off the tree so that the tree
branches are more than 2 feet from the ground;
– Chemical control can be done by spraying the
tree with a fungicide such as Agri-Fos and
Captan
63. Parasite
Mistletoes
– Mistletoes are plant parasites that live on other
plants to obtain food and water.
Carrier organism- Birds, squirrels and
porcupines
Symptoms
– The symptoms are difficult to note at the early
stage because the leaves mimic that of citrus. it
can really be seen when the parasitic plant bears
yellow or red flowers at the adult stage.
64. Control
– Cultural control is so far the only method that is
effective; chemicals are not effective, as it is
impossible to apply them safely and efficiently.
This is done with a standard pruner
– The recommended time is when the Mistletoe is
in flower as this makes it easier to spot them in
the cocoa canopy.
66. Harvest
Citrus must be clipped, not pulled from the
tree, to prevent plugging the peel. It is best
to harvest citrus on a clear, sunny day with
low humidity. The fruit should be harvested
as soon as the dew has evaporated. On a
cloudy day, the fruit should be harvested in
the afternoon. Fruit should not be harvested
at all on a rainy day.
67. Storage
Only fruit which have not been damaged in
harvest are used for storage. Citrus may be
stored for periods of up to 1-2 months at
low temperatures (0-4.4 °C).
Plastic crates or boxes are used for storing
fruit. Boxes should be stacked inside the
storage room in a way that maintains good
ventilation. Fruit will store longer if kept
cold. Sunlight should not be able to
penetrate inside the storage room. Any
rotting fruit should be removed.
68. Uses
Food Value
– Their juice is used as an ingredient in a variety of
dishes; it can commonly used in salad dressings and
squeezed over cooked meat or vegetables.
– A variety of flavours can be derived from different
parts and
– Marmalade, a condiment derived from cooked orange
and lemon to produce a jam-
– Lemon or lime is commonly used as a garnish for
water, soft drinks, or cocktails.
– The colourful outer skin of some citrus fruits, known as
zest, is used as a flavouring in cooking;
69. Medical Value
– Citrus juice also has medical uses; lemon juice is used
to relieve the pain of bee stings.
– Oranges were historically used for their high content of
vitamin C, which prevents scurvy.
– After consumption, the peel is sometimes used as a
facial cleanser.
– A peel of lemons or orange is commonly used as a
means to moisten medical cannabis when stored with it.
– Before the development of fermentation-based
processes, lemons were the primary commercial source
of citric acid.
– Orange juice may help prevent calcium oxalate stone
formation
