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áê@ : <å "≥ÚQÆ∞_»∞ – q+¨μ‚ 45
iáÈ~°∞ì : Ѩ^Õà◊§~Ú<å ^ŒHõ¯x <åºÜ«∞O – =∞}˜ 46
Hõq`« : ~°HõÎÑ≤O[~° – ^Õ"ÕO„^Œ 48
ã¨ÊO^Œ# : "≥·^ŒºO JO^Œx „^•ˆHΔ<å 49
ã≤x=∂ã¨g∞HõΔ : 'QÆ∞~°∞— – ã¨Ow`« 50
W`«~°~å¢ëêìÖ’¡.... : #Ok„QÍOÖ’ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl Ç≤ÏO㨠52

4. 2 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠=∂~°∞ʉõΩ ^•ifÜ«∂Å<Õ PHÍOHõΔ`À
=∞#ã¨=∂[O ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞XHõ~°HõOQÍ#∂ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ#∞=∞~À~°HõOQÍ#∂x~°fizOzOk.¢ã‘ÎxѨÙ~°∞+¨μ_çH˜ÉÏxã¨QÍ
=∂ˆ~Û„Hõ=∞OÖ’<ÕDx~°fiK«<åÅ∞=KåÛ~Ú.|ÅOQÍ"Õà◊¥§#∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú.D~ÀAJqZO`«QÍ=∞#rq`«OÖ’'ã¨Ç¨Ï[O—
J~ÚáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞O>Ë Jã¨Å∞ =∞#O `Õ_® =ÙO^Œx QÆ∞iÎOK«ÖË#O`«QÍ. '¢ã‘ΠѨÙ~°∞+¨μe^ŒÌ~°∞ =∞#∞+¨μÖË Hõ^•– "åà◊§ =∞^茺
D `Õ_® ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ =ÙOk— J<Õ PÖ’K«# ‰õÄ_® ~å#O`«QÍ Jq =∞#‰õΩ JÅ"å@~ÚáÈÜ«∂~Ú. =∞i D Ѩiã≤÷u
=∂~åÛÅO>Ë–XHõq+¨Ü«∂xflQÆ∞iοãÎ`«~åfi`«^•xfl=∂ˆ~Û,=∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<ՄѨܫ∞`«flOKÕÜ«∞QÆÅO.
'QÆ∞iÎOK«_»O—J<Õ"≥Ú^Œ˜J_»∞QÆ∞"ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ 'q=HõΔ— ji¬Hõ#∞„áê~°OaèOKåO.Wkáê~î°‰õΩÅji¬Hõ.
'L"≥∞<£ =~°Öò¤— Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl ëêѨÙÅ∞ Jhfl =O˜O˜ ™ê=∂#∞Å<Õ J=∞‡_»O ^ŒQÆæ~° #∞Oz, á¶êºHõìsÖ’¡
=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ HÍi‡‰õΩʼnõΩ `«‰õΩ¯= "Õ`«<åÅ∞ ~Ú=fi_»O ^•HÍ „Ѩux`«ºO ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<Õ q=HõΔ QÆ∞iÎOz `«=∞ J#∞Éèí"åÅ
#∞O_ç, ѨijÅ# #∞O_ç áê~î°‰õΩÅ∞ ~åã≤ ѨOáêÅx HÀ~°∞`«∞<åflO. =∞#Ö’ =∞#ˆH `≥b‰õΩO_® ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú#
áê`«|∂A#∞=keOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜‰õÄ_®Dji¬HõLѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_®Å<Õ^ÕPHÍOHõΔ.
'ã¨ÊO^Œ#— ^•K«∞HÀ_®xH˜ HÍ^Œ∞ ѨOK«∞HÀ_®xH˜!
x`Ǽrq`ÇO…Õ '¢‹Ôë•°ÑQê =°#O Z<Ëß J#°ƒ•’"Œ•#° Z^ΰ~ùøO@°<ŒßO. =°# KÇ°@¶“ Z<Ëß ‹¬O„¦¬°@#…ÕÁ
¢‹Ôë•° ƒì^•Î•ä›½ Q®°~¡=ô`Ç°<Œß~¡°. Hùxߪ•~¡°Á ¢‹Ôë•° "Œ÷x Z^ΰ~ùøO@¶ =ôOì~¡°. XHËøª•i
q[†Ç°=O`Ç=°=ô`Œ~¡°. XHËøª•i q„¦¬•"³°Ø<Œ q•°"³á# Q®°}‡•~”Œ•#° <Í~¡°óHùx =òO^ΰ䛽 "³ˆ×´ë =ôOì~¡°.
W=hß =°#H© [~¡QùKÇ°ó 䛕_¨. W…ìO÷ ‹¬O^Î~ŒÄ•…ÕÁ =°#O^Îi…Õ U^Ë XH› H›Æ}O…Õ<Í Hê=KÇ°óÐ nxß
JO^ÎiH© K³‡•æe, JO^Îi`Ë „¬OKÇ°HË"Œe, nxß ~Œ‹² JO^Îi`Ë KÇkqOKŒe J<Í ƒ•ì=O H›•°Q®°`Ç°Ok.
=°#O Q®=°xOz# XH› q+¬†Ç¶xß, =°#O <Í~¡°ó䛽#ß XH› q+¬†Ç¶xß, …è^¥ =°#O KÇeOz‡é~ò# ‹¬O„¦¬°@#x
Qêh =°#…Õ<Í ^¥KÇ°HË"Œ•x„²OKÇ^ΰ, „¬OKÇ°HË"Œ•x„²‹¬°ëOk.
JO^ΰHË‹¬"Í° D '‹¬æO^Î#ÑjiÂH›.
W<Œßˆ×äQê "³eH÷fÀ‹ "ÍkH› …èH› g°…Õ ^¥y =ô#ß J<ÍH› ƒ•ì"Œ•ä›•, P…ÕKÇ#•ä›•, ‹¬æO^Î#䛕
JH›Æ~¡~¡¶‡•xß=ÞO_•. g°~¡° ~Œ†Ç¶•#°ä›½#ß ‹¬O„¦¬°@#•x ‹¬æO^Î# jiÂH›H÷ „¬O„¬O_•. <Œ•°Q®°QË_È• =°^•Î¼
=°#eß |Ok•Oz, =°#eß XH›i`Ë XH›ix H›•=䛽O_¨ =°# P…ÕKÇ#eß „¬OKÇ°HËx=Þ䛽O_¨ KÍ‹¬°ë#ß ‹¬=¶[
H›@°“ƒì@Á#° K•Ík^¥íO. =°# ‹¬æO^Î#eß „¬OKÇ°HùO^¥O! D jiÂH› g°k.

5. 3=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
ã¨Oáê^ŒH©Ü«∞O
áêºiãπ PHõe Ü«∂„`«, 㨄Ѷ¨ˆQòû1
~°ëêºqѨ¡=O, K≥·<å Ô~·`åOQÆ áÈ~å@O =O˜
J<ÕHõ áÈ~åÏÖ’¡ ¢ã‘ÎÅ áê„`« KåÖÏ „Ѩ=ÚY"≥∞ÿ#k. JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞ ã¨∂~°∞º}Ë‚ =∂„`«O K«∂_»‰õΩO_®
~ÀAÖ’ =¸_˘O`«∞Å ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl á¶êºHõìsÅÖ’ ^Œ∞~°ƒù~°OQÍ „â◊q∞Oz<å, 16 QÆO@Å
ѨxHÍÖÏxfl 8 QÆO@Å∞QÍ =∂~°∞ÛHÀ=_®xH˜ [iy# áÈ~å@OÖ’#∂ ¢ã‘ÎÖË =ÚO^Œ∞<åfl~°∞.
„ѨѨOK« ¢ã‘ÎÅ áÈ~å@ K«i„`«`À áÈeÛ#ѨÙ_»∞ `≥ÅOQÍ}Ï ¢ã‘ÎÅ áÈ~å@O =∞iO`« qâı+¨"≥∞ÿ#^Õ.
D q+¨Ü«∂xfl QÆ∞iÎOKåeû# J=ã¨~°O ZO`≥·<å LOk. `≥ÅOQÍ}Ï ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ Ô~·`åOQÆ
áÈ~å@OÖ’ "ÕÖÏk ZHõ~åÅ#∞ ã¨fiO`«O KÕã¨∞H˘#fl |_® Éèí∂™êfiq∞ qã¨∞#∂i ~åOK«O„^•Ô~_ç¤x
ZkiOz áêʼnõΩiÎ SÅ=∞‡ ѨO@#∞ ^ŒH˜¯OK«∞H˘Ok. Éèí~°Î, H˘_»∞‰õΩ *ˇ·Å∞ áêÖˇ<å· ã¨OѶ¨∞O
HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅHÍ„â◊Ü«∞O HõeÊOzOk. "åiHõO_»QÍ xÅ|_ç J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#ѨC_»∞ aèHΔÍ@#`À "åi
PHõex fiÛOk. =~°OQÆÖò Hõ=∞Å=∞‡ ã¨=∂[O ¢ã‘ÎH˜ JO^ŒOQÍ JO@QƘì#, JÉèí∞º^ŒÜ«∂xH˜
J_»∞¤Hõ@ì "Õã≤# '=∂`«$`«fiO— J<Õ |O^è•xfl Ѩ˜ìOK«∞HÀ‰õΩO_® áêsì HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Ö’¡ áêÖÁæOk.
`«#^ŒO@∂ ZÖÏO˜ `«Ñ¨C ÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å Z<Àfl JѨ"å^Œ∞efl "≥∂ã¨∂Î JK«Û=∂O| áêsìH˜
Jhfl `å<≥· Ô~O_»∞ KÕ`«∞ÖÏ ¿ã=Å∞ KÕã≤Ok. ÃÑo§=~°‰õÄ =zÛ `«##∞ u~°ã¨¯iOz# áêsì
HÍ~°ºHõ~°Î `«Ñ≤Ê^•xfl ÖˇHõ¯ KÕÜ«∞‰õΩO_® =∞"Õ∞Hõ`å ÉèÏ=O`À, z`«Îâ◊√kú`À „Ñ≤Ü«∞O=^Œ áêsìÖ’<Õ
H˘#™êyOk `«Ñ¨Ê Jk HÍ~°}OQÍ P áêsìÃÑ· ^Œ∞~°aè„áêÜ«∂xfl U~°Ê~°K«∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. =∂zÔ~_ç¤Ñ¨Öˇ¡
P‰õΩ#∂~°∞ÅÖ’x ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ Öˇg^è•#º ¿ãHõ~°}‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ P`å‡aè=∂#O`À KÕã≤# ^•_çx
QÆ∞~°∞ÎKÕã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë Xà◊√§ QÆQÆ∞~˘Ê_»∞ã¨∞ÎOk. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ „ѨfHÍ~°OQÍ KÕ^Œ∞ J#∞Éèí"å<Õfl
K«qK«∂™ê~°∞. P J#∞Éèí="Õ∞ `«~åfi`« [iy# áÈ~åÏxH© q=ÚH˜ÎH© ^•ifã≤Ok.
H˘O^Œ~°∞ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ `å=ÚO@∞#fl _≥<£ÅÖ’ ‰õΩ@∞O| "å`å=~°}Ïxfl HõeÊã¨∂Î â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ
#∞O_ç `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞‰õΩO@∂ áÈ~åÏxfl =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞HõáÈÜ«∂~°∞. =∞Å∞¡ ã¨fi~å[ºO =O˜
¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ =ÚÃÑÊ„QÍ=∂ʼnõΩ ÃÑ·QÍ P~°æ<≥·*ò KÕã≤ "å˜H˜ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOz „QÍ=∞~å*ϺÅ#∞
™ê÷Ñ≤OK«_»O`À áê@∞ `«=∞ LѨ<庙êÅ`À ZO`À=∞Okx K≥·`«#º Ѩiz HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅ#∞
ã¨g∞HõiOK«∞H˘<åfl~°∞. HÀÜ«∞ ÅK«ÛHõ¯, ~°OQÆ=∞‡Å∞ UHõOQÍ `«∞áê‰õΩÅ<Õ ^èŒiOz â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ#∞
=∞˜ì HõiÑ≤OKå~°∞. H˘O^Œ~°∞ ~åà◊§#∞, =_çÃãÅÅ#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOz â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ∞ HÍà◊§‰õΩ |∞kú
K≥¿ÑÊ@∞ì KÕ™ê~°∞. #~°û=∞‡ J<Õ =∞~À =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ áÈ~å@OÖ’ K«∞~°∞QÍæ áêÖÁæ#@"Õ∞ HÍHõ áêsì
HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞ K«Hõ¯QÍ qâı¡+≤Oz JO^Œe Ö’@∞áê@¡#∞ QÆ=∞xOz ZO`À qÅ∞"≥·# ã¨∂K«#Å∞
KÕã≤Ok. Z„~°=∞‡ áêsì Ѩ@¡ ™ê#∞Éèí∂u`À áÈ~å@ HÍ~°ºHõ~°Î<Õ JÅ∞¡_çQÍ `≥K«∞ÛH˘x, Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ
Z<Àfl HõëêìÅ∞ J#∞ÉèíqOz<å K≥‰õΩ¯K≥^Œ~°x QÆ∞O_≥x|ƒ~°O`À áêsìH˜ ZO`À ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOzOk.
Åe`«, ã¨∞QÆ∞}=∞‡ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# "å~°∞ `«=∞ ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ`Àáê@∞ áÈ~å@OÖ’ H˘iÜ«∞~°∞¡QÍ
ѨxKÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ áê@Å ^•fi~å ZѨʘHõѨC_»∞ áêsìx J„Ѩ=∞`«ÎO KÕã¨∂Î áÈ~åÏxfl
=ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞HõáÈÜ«∂~°∞.
L^Œº=∂Ö’¡ `≥ÅOQÍ} ¢ã‘Î
Q“~°=ã¨Oáê^ŒH©Ü«∞O
_®IIu~°∞#QÆi^Õ=H©^Õq

6. 4 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
Ô~·`åOQÆ áÈ~å@O 1951Ö’ =ÚyOKÕ =~°‰õΩ D ¢ã‘ÎÅO`å
áÈ~åÏxfl "≥#flO>Ë L<åfl~°∞. XHõ¯=∂@Ö’ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ¢ã‘ÎÖË
ÖËHõáÈ`Õ, "åi ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°"Õ∞ ÖËHõáÈ`Õ Ô~·`åOQÆ áÈ~å@"Õ∞
ÖË^Œ#flO`«QÍ P áÈ~å@OÖ’ g~°∞ ÉèÏQÆ=∞Ü«∂º~°∞.
<å˜ |∂@HõѨ٠„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH© ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•<åxH˜
|∂~°∞˚"å áêÅ#‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ 1969Ö’<Õ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# =∞~À
L^Œº=∞O #HõûŃs L^Œº=∞O. ã¨∞=∂~°∞ #ÅÉèˇ· ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ
H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl D L^Œº=∞OÖ’ ѨOKåk x~°‡Å, ~°OQÆ=e¡,
Ѩ^Œ‡, Åe`« =O˜ =x`«ÖˇO^Œ~À L^Œº=∂xfl TÑ≤iQÍ ÉèÏqOz
`«=∞ qÅ∞"≥·# „áê}ÏÅ#∞ rqOKÕ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ÔH· `«Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩ[Å
PHÍOHõΔQÍ#∞ |eÃÑÏì~°∞.
Ô~·`åOQÆ áÈ~å@O `«~åfi`« „Ѩ`ÕºH˜Oz `≥ÅOQÍ}Ö’ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ
`≥ÅOQÍ} L^Œº=∞O ¢ã‘ÎÅ K≥·`«<åºxfl =∞iO`« =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞Hõ
=zÛOk. 1969Ö’ D L^Œº=∞O |ÅOQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =zÛ#
ѨÙ_»∞ J<ÕHõ ~°OQÍʼnõΩ K≥Ok# ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ WO^Œ∞Ö’ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞.
q^•ºi÷#∞Å∞ `«=∞ q^Œº#∞ Ѷ¨}OQÍ Ãјì L^Œºq∞OKå~°∞.
g~°O`å ~åºbÅ∞, ~å™êÎ~ÀHÀÅ∞, ^èŒ~åflÅ∞, Ñ≤ÔH˜OQ∑Å =O˜
Jxfl HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Ö’¡ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞. ÖÏsîKèås˚Å∞ ÉèÏ+¨Ê"åÜ«Ú
„ѨÜ≥∂QÍÅ∞, 144 ÃãHõΔ#∞¡, ÃѶ·iOQÆ∞Å∞, Hõ~°∂ÊùºÅ∞ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·#
"å˜x „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO Ѷ¨~å‡~Ú+‘ KÕã≤Ok. ÃѶ·iOQÆ∞‰õΩ ˆ~}∞Hõ J<Õ
q^•ºi÷x |e J~ÚOk ‰õÄ_®. J~Ú#ѨʘH© xsƒùuQÍ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞
Jxfl HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Ö’¡ áêÖÁæx JÔ~Ããì áÈbãπ¿ãì+¨#¡ K«∞@∂ì HÀ~°∞ìÅ
K«∞@∂ì u~°QÆ_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ `≥ÅOQÍ} ¿ãfiK«ÛùÔH· ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ
*ˇ·à◊§áêÅÜ«∂º~°∞. XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù Jxfl ™ê÷~ÚʼnõΩ K≥Ok# q^•º~°∞÷Å∞
`«=∞ K«^Œ∞=ÙʼnõΩ ã¨fiã≤Î K≥Ñ≤Ê L^Œº=∂xfl =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ
fã¨∞HõáÈ`«∞O_»QÍ x~°O‰õΩâ◊ ^èÀ~°}˜`À L^Œº=∂xfl J}˜z "Õã≤#
„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO 370 =∞Ok q^•º~°∞÷Å#∞ |e fã¨∞‰õΩ#flk. P
`«~åfi`« ZxflHõÅ ^•fi~å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ `≥ÅOOQÍ} =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx
#=∞‡|eH˜# `≥ÅOQÍ} „Ѩ*Ïã¨q∞u áÈ© KÕã≤#ѨC_»∞
q^•ºi÷#∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® We¡Å∂¡ "å_»"å_»Å∞ uiy „Ѩ*Ïã¨q∞uH˜
F@∞ "ÕÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~åxfl `≥eÜ«∞*ˇáêÊ~°∞. ~å„`«#HÍ,
ѨQÆÅ#HÍ Ñ¨@ì}ÏÖË H͉õΩO_®, =∂~°∞=¸Å „QÍ=∂Å∞ Ѩ~°º˜Oz
"ÕkHõÅ<≥H˜¯ LѨ#ºã≤OKå~°∞. P q^èŒOQÍ „Ѩ*Ïã¨q∞u áêsì
q[Ü«∂xH˜ Éèí∂q∞Hõ JÜ«∂º~°∞.
=∞^Œºáê# x¿+^èŒO ^Œ∂|QÆ∞O@ ~À+¨=∞‡ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’
„áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#@∞¡QÍ Hõ#|_»∞`«∞#flk. HÍh `≥ÅOQÍ}Ö’ ã≤OQƈ~}˜
ÉÁQÆ∞æQÆ#∞Å „áêO`«"≥∞ÿ# ÉˇÅ¡OѨe¡Ö’ Z#ɡ·Ü«∞= ^Œâ◊HõOÖ’
JHõ¯_ç ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ =∞^Œºáê<åxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ L^Œºq∞OKå~°∞.
J~Ú<å Jk `≥~°=∞~°∞QÆ~ÚºOk. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}O
`≥ÅOQÍ}#∞, P „áêOfÜ«ÚÅ#∞, JO^Œ∞<å ¢ã‘Îx Ѩ˜ìOK«∞
HÀHõáÈ=_»"Õ∞.
™ê„=∂[º"å^Œ ^ÕâßÅ PHÍOHõΔÅ Hõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊O
#_»∞K«∞‰õΩO@∞#fl>Ë¡, PO„^èŒ =Åã¨"å^Œ∞Å Hõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ
PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò ~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~°O #_»∞K«∞H˘O@∞#flk. 1956Ö’
ÉèÏëê„ѨܫÚHõÎ ~å¢ëêìÖË~°Ê_®¤ XHõ¯ 'Ç≤ÏOn— =∂Ï¡_Õ „Ѩ[Å∞
<åÅ∞ÔQ·^Œ∞ ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ L<åfl~°<Õk "åã¨Î="≥∞ÿ#ѨʘH© „Ѩ`ÕºHõ
`≥ÅOQÍ}ψH P x|O^èŒ# J_˘zÛ#@∞¡ J|^ŒúѨ٠„ѨKå~°O
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flk. qâßÖÏO„^èŒÖ’ `≥ÅOQÍ}‰õΩ <åºÜ«∞O [~°QÆ^Œx
<≥fÎ<À~°∞ H˘@∞ìH˘x K≥ѨC`«∞O>Ë "≥#Hõ|_ç# `≥ÅOQÍ}Ï „áêO`åxfl
Jaè=$kú KÕ™êÎ=∞O@∂ `≥ÅOQÍ}ÏÖ’ u+¨ª"Õã≤ WHõ¯_ç Jaè=$kúx
„Ѩ^è•#OQÍ `å"Õ∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞ ‰õΩO@∞#flѨʘH© Jaè=$kú
¿Ñi@ WHõ¯_» H˘`«ÎQÍ „Ѩuáêkã¨∞Î#fl Ü«¸x=iû©Å‰õΩ,
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7. 5=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
`≥ÅOQÍ} L^ÀºQÆ∞ʼnõΩ J<åºÜ«∞O [iyO^Œx "åiH˜
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8. 6 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
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ã¨=∞i÷OK«@O ~°∞A=Ù KÕ™ÈÎOk. ÃÇÏ~ü "å<£ ™Èì"£∞ =ºH˜Î ǨωõΩ¯efl
Z#fl_»∞ ã¨=∞i÷OKåe Hõ#Hõ? D [~°‡<£ =ºH˜Î ˆH=ÅO XHõ =ºH˜Î
HÍ_»∞, J`«#∞ ~°HõÎ =∂O™êÅ∞ `˘_»∞‰õΩ¯#fl ÃÑ@∞ì|_Õ. (ZO`« ã¨iQÍæ
K≥áêÊ~°∞!) JO^Œ∞Hõ<Õ D =∞x+≤ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ŠǨωõΩ¯Å HÀã¨O
K«=HõÉÏ~°∞ "ÕëêÅ∞ "Õã¨∞Î<åfl_»O>Ë ^•#~°÷O J`«#∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s
q^è•#O`À KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl XѨÊO^ŒO =ÚO^Œ∞ <å@ºO KÕ¿ãÖÏ J`«xÃÑ·
X`«Î_ç =zÛO^Œ<Õ. `«#∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê#@¡ÖÏ¡ q#x HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞ WѨʘˆH
ˆ~+¨<£ `«‰õΩ¯= KÕã≤# ÃÇÏ~ü "å<£ ™Èì"£∞ W`«<Õ. ™ê=∂lHõ
~å[H©Ü«∂Ö’¡ *’HõºO KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ „á⁄ÃѶã¨~°¡#∂, ѨO_ç`«∞Å#∂ ‰õÄ_®
"åix áÈ+≤OKÕ ~å[ºO `«‰õΩ¯= ˆ~+¨#¡ g∞^Œ =ÙOK«QÆeæ`Õ ‰õÄ_®
W`«#∞ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# z~°∞#=Ùfi`À ^•xfl PǨfix™êÎ_»∞. XHõ
"Õà◊ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÖË "å~°ã¨∞Å∞QÍ LO_Õ@¡~Ú`Õ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ K«~åã≤÷
_ç=∂O_£#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«_»O q∞#Ǩ ÃÇÏ~ü "å<£ ™Èì"£∞ =∞ˆ~q∞ HÀ~°_»O
ÖË^Œ∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë H˘O`«=∞Ok `«O„_»∞Å∞ Pã¨∞÷Å∞ ã¨OáêkOKå~°∞
QÍh Ñ≤Å¡Å ZOÑ≤HõÖ’ JO`« *Ï„QÆ`«Î Ѩ_»ÖË^Œ∞. ^•x`À "åiH˜
‰õÄ`«∞ˆ~¡ "å~°ã¨∞Å∞QÍ q∞yÖÏ~°∞. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•#O J`«ºO`«
Ç‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ# ¢ã‘Î`åfixfl ‰õÄ_® Q“~°qã¨∞ÎOk. `«# ã¨OѨ^Œefl Y~°∞Û
ÃÑ@ìxã¨∞ÎOk. ã¨fiO`åã≤÷ q=ÚH˜ÎÖ’ Wk PYi ^Œâ◊.
ÃÑ©|∂~°∞˚"å, =∞^茺`«~°QÆu, |∂~°∞˚"å "Õ∞^è•=ÙÖ’¡ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ
ã¨=∞㨺 ZÖÏ Hõ#Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok? WHõ¯_» Pã≤÷HÍ^Œ∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxfl
~°^Œ∞Ì KÕ¿ãk, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s L`«ÊuÎ`À áê@∞ =KÕÛ ÅHõΔ}ÏÖË ^•xfl
~°^Œ∞Ì KÕ™êÎ~Ú. D L`«ÊuÎ `«# q[Ü«∞Ѩ~°OѨ~°#∞ U "Õ∞~°‰õΩ
ѨÓiÎ KÕã¨∞ÎO^À, P "Õ∞~°‰õΩ =∞^茺`«~°QÆf, ÃÑ© |∂~°∞˚"år
=∞iO`«QÍ `«=∞ q<åâ◊#O "≥·Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ ^˘~°∞¡`«∂ =ÙOÏ~°∞. |∂~°∞˚"å
"Õ∞^è•q =~°æO֒ѨÅ, r=# Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ =∞iO`«QÍ H©Δ}˜OK«_®xH˜
=∞~À Ѩiã≤÷u ‰õÄ_® HÍ~°}O J=Ù`«∞Ok: ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•<åxH˜

9. 7=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
`≥e"≥·#, âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞OQÍ tHõΔ} á⁄Ok# HÍi‡Hõ â◊H˜Î J=ã¨~°O. ^•O`À
Jk =∂#ã≤Hõ „â◊=∞ KÕ¿ã HÍi‡‰õΩÅ JkèHÀ`«ÊuÎx „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOzOk.
`«^•fi~å QÆ`«OÖ’ =$uÎѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# =~åæʼnõΩ K≥Ok# "åi
Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#, ÖÏÉèí^•Ü«∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ# ™ê=∂lHõ ™ê÷<åÅ∞
~ÀA~ÀAQÍ =∞iO`«QÍ `«∞_çzÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩáÈ=_®xH˜ Jk ^ÀǨÏ^ŒO
KÕã≤Ok. J~Ú`Õ, J^Õ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’, ÃÑo¡à◊¡ ã¨OYº `«QÆ∞æ`«∂ áÈ`ÀOk.
XHõ "≥·Ñ¨Ù Éè∫uHõ ѨÙ<åk J^è•fi#flOQÍ `«Ü«∂~°=Ù`«∞#flѨʘH©,
=∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù =ºH˜ÎH˜ rq`«O Ѩ@¡ =Ù#fl Pâ◊Å∞ ‰õÄ_® ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú,
JO^Œ∞Hõx P <ÕѨ^䌺O =Ù#fl =∞x+≤ ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ =ÚO^Œ∞
Ô~O_»∞™ê~À¡ ÖËHõ =¸_»∞™ê~À¡ ‰õÄ_® PÖ’K«Ö’ Ѩ_®Î_»∞.
‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxfl <≥ÅH˘ÅÊ_®xH˜ =Ü≥∂Ѩiq∞u ~ÀA~ÀAH©
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`ÀOk. ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞HÀ"åÅ<Õ =uÎ_ç =∞QÆ"å_çÃÑ· ÖË^Œ∞.
ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë K«@ì|^Œú"≥∞ÿ# ÉèÏ~°º ÖˉõΩO_® ™œHõ~°º=O`«"≥∞ÿ# r=#O
QÆ_»Ñ¨_®xH˜ HÍ"åeû#xfl ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷Å∞ =∞# HÍÅOÖ’
=ÙxH˜Ö’ L<åfl~Ú. Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠xO_»x "Õ`«<åÅ ^•fi~å HÍi‡‰õΩefl
^ÀÑ≤_ç KÕ¿ã ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•#O HÍi‡‰õΩÅ _ç=∂O_£‰õΩ
`«y#@∞¡QÍ ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# "Õâ◊ºÅ ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å =ÙO_ÕÖÏ K«∂ã¨∞ÎOk.
Pq^èŒOQÍ, |∂~°∞˚"å =~°æO (ã¨i¯Öòû) ֒ѨÅ, ÃÑo¡ HÍx =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å
ã¨OYº ã¨^• ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂<Õ =ÙO@∞Ok. D =~åæʼnõΩ (ã¨i¯Öòû)
K≥Ok# ÉèÏ~°ºÅ∂, ‰õÄ`«∞à◊¥¡ `«=∞‰õΩ uO_ç<Õ HÍHõ =∂#ã≤Hõ `«$Ñ≤Îx
‰õÄ_® W=fiQÆÅ r=<Àáêkèx <≥ÅH˘Å∞ÊHÀ=_»O HÀã¨O ã¨=∂[OÖ’H˜
<≥˜ì"ÕÜ«∞|_»∂Î LOÏ~°∞. D =~åæÖ’¡ (ã¨i¯Öòû) =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ L#fl`«
=~åæÖ’¡ L#fl@∞¡QÍ Pã≤÷x Hõey LO_»_»OÖ’ `«=∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ`À
ã¨=∂#`«fiO ÖË^Œ∞. D =~åæÅ (ã¨i¯Öòû) =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ`À
Pi÷Hõ ã¨=∂#`åfixfl ™êkèOKåeû LOk. Ô~O_»∞ _ç=∂O_»¡#∞
KÕÜ«∞_»O ^•fi~å "å~°∞ nxfl ™êkèOK«QÆÅ~°∞. ã¨=∂# =$uÎѨ~°"≥∞ÿ#
tHõΔ}ÔH· _ç=∂O_£, ¢ã‘ΠѨÙ~°∞+¨μe~°∞=ÙiH© ã¨=∂# L^ÀºQÍ=HÍâßÅÔH·
_ç=∂O_£. Pi÷Hõ Ѩ~°OQÍ K«∂ã≤#ѨÙ_»∞, Jxfl L^ÀºQÍÅ∂ ¢ã‘ÎʼnõΩ
¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ =ÙO_»@O, ¢ã‘ΠѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ =∞^茺
P@OHÍÅ∞ ÖËx áÈ© =ÙO_»_»O `«Ñ¨Ê Wk =∞ˆ~g∞ HÍ^Œ∞. D
_ç=∂O_£ ™ê^èŒ# |∂~°∞˚"år, "Õ∞^è•q =~åæʼnõΩ K≥Ok# ¢ã‘Î
ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ =∞^茺 Ѷ¨∞~°¬}‰õΩ Ñ¨QÍæÅ∞ =^Œ∞Å∞ÎOk.
|∂~°∞˚"å =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯Å ã¨=∞~°ú‰õΩÅ _ç=∂O_£Å‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ
ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ „ѨuѶ¨∞@#‰õΩ =$uÎѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ áȩѨ_»¤O
J<Õk KÀ^ŒHõâ◊H˜ÎQÍ LO@∞Ok. XHõ¯ =∂@Ö’ <Õ~°∞QÍ
K≥ѨÙÊHÀ"åÅO>Ë Jk áÈ© Ѩ@¡ =ÙO_Õ ÉèíÜ«∞"Õ∞. ¢ã‘ÎÅ =∂#ã≤Hõ
„â◊=∞‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ K≥¿ÑÊ HÍ~°}ÏÅhfl – ¢ã‘ÎÅ "≥∞^Œ_»∞ z#fl^Œ<À,
`«e¡ HÍ=_»O Ѩ>Ë¡ P"≥∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï["≥∞ÿ# ã¨ÊO^Œ# =ÙO@∞O^Œ<À
K≥¿ÑÊ=hfl ˆH=ÅO ™ê‰õΩÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞. D ™ê=∂lHõ á⁄~°‰õΩ (strata)
K≥Ok# ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞ D áÈ© `«=∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ǨωõΩ¯efl _ç=∂O_£
KÕ¿ã "≥·Ñ¨ÙQÍ <≥_»∞`«∞Ok, ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ áÈ~å_»¤O
^•fi~å `«=∞ Pi÷Hõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ã¨$+≤ìOK«|_ç#
J_»¤O‰õΩÅxfl˜h "å~°∞ ‰õÄeÛ "ÕÜ«∞QÆÅ∞æ`å~°∞.
WѨʘ^•HÍ <Õ#∞ =∞øeHõ"≥∞ÿ# ˆH=ÅO Pi÷Hõ"≥∞ÿ# LѨ=º=ã¨÷
QÆ∞iOz =∂„`«"Õ∞ =∂Ï¡_®#∞. J~Ú`Õ ˆH=ÅO Pi÷Hõ Ѩ~°"≥∞ÿ#
JOâßÖË |∂~°∞˚"å =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯Å L^Œº=∂xfl
#_çÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞#fl@∞¡QÍ =∞#O K«∂¿ãÎ ^•xH˜ J<åºÜ«∞O KÕã≤#
"åà◊¡=∞ø`åO. ÖË^Œ∞, D L^Œº=∞OÖ’ =∞iO`« Ö’`≥·# XHõ
P^•ºu‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ# <≥·uHõ"≥∞ÿ# áê~°≈fiO ‰õÄ_® LOk. |∂~°∞˚"å =∞Ç≤Ïà◊
ˆH=ÅO `«# PǨ~åxfl =∂„`«"Õ∞ _ç=∂O_£ KÕÜ«∞^Œ∞. P"≥∞
P^蕺u‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ# áÈ+¨HÍxfl ‰õÄ_® HÀ~°∞`«∞Ok. P"≥∞ `«# =ºH˜Î`åfixfl
Jaè=$kú Ѩ~°∞ÛHÀ"åÅ#∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. JK«ÛOQÍ WÖÏO˜ =~åæÖ’¡<Õ
=∞#O qëê^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#, HÍh =∂#ã≤Hõ Ѩ~°OQÍ Pã¨H˜Î Hõ~°OQÍ =ÙO_Õ
<À~åÖÏO˜ =º‰õΩÎefl K«∂_»QÆÅ∞æ`åO. "å~°∞ ÉÁ=∞‡ià◊¡Ö’ ÉÁ=∞‡ÖÏ¡
rqOK«_»O`À qã≤yáÈ~Ú P^èŒ∞xHõ ã¨O㨯$u Jaè=$kúÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO
ѨOK«∞HÀ"åÅ#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. |∂~°∞˚"å =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯Å
ã¨=∞~°÷‰õΩÅ "Õ∞^èÀѨ~°"≥∞ÿ#, Pi÷Hõ „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ (Hõ$+≤) ã¨OѨÓ~°‚OQÍ
<åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#"Õ.
HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#O`«=~°‰õΩ, ^ÀÑ≤_ô
KÕÜ«∞_®xH©, KÒHõ „â◊=∞â◊H˜Î QÆ∞iOz x~°O`«~°O "≥`«∞‰õΩ`«∞O_»_®xH©
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•<åx‰õΩ#fl J=ã¨~°"Õ∞ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ ã¨=∞㨺#∞
ã¨$+≤ìOzOk. D HÍ~°}O =Å¡<Õ HÍi‡Hõ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ =∞# HÍÅѨÙ
Pi÷Hõ rq`«Ñ¨Ù Ü«∞O„`åOQÆOÖ’ z‰õΩ¯‰õΩáÈ~Ú =~ü¯ëêѨÙÅÖ’H˜
(á¶êºHõìsÅÖ’H˜ – J#∞) "≥∞+≤#¡ =^ŒÌ‰õÄ `«iq∞"ÕÜ«∞|_çOk. P"≥∞
r=<åxfl #_»Ñ¨_»OÖ’ `«# Éèí~°Î‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O KÕ¿ã L^Õúâ◊ºO`À
Pi÷Hõ rq`«OÖ’H˜ "≥o¡Ok. J~Ú`Õ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s L`«ÊuÎ q^è•#O
P"≥∞#∞ J<åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# áÈ©^•~°∞QÍ =∂iÛ"Õã≤Ok. P"≥∞
‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜ ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å"åÅ#∞‰õΩOk, HÍh |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ
"åiÃÑ· ^Œ∞~°^Œ$+¨ìO =zÛ "åeOk. HÍi‡Hõ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ `«# Ñ≤Å¡Å
HÀã¨O =∞iO`« ã¨∞O^Œ~°"≥∞ÿ#, P#O^Œ=∞Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# rq`åxfl
ã¨$+≤ìOKåÅ#∞‰õΩOk HÍ|˜ì P"≥∞ ã¨fiO`«OQÍ Láêkèx
ã¨OáêkOK«∞‰õΩOk, HÍh |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ P"≥∞ "åi#∞Oz ѨÓiÎQÍ
"Õ~°∞|_çáÈ~ÚOk. XHõ HÍi‡‰õΩ~åeQÍ P"≥∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μ_ç`À
ã¨=∂#∞~åÖˇ·Ok : Ü«∞O„`«O HõO_»~åÅ |ÖÏxfl J#=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#kQÍ
KÕ¿ãã≤Ok. L`«ÊuÎÖ’ JO`«Ï ѨÙ~°∞+¨μŠѨx ZO`«
Ѷ¨e`åxflzÛO^À ¢ã‘ΊѨh JO`Õ Ñ¶¨e`åxfl W=fiQÆÅ∞æ`ÀOk.
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ KÒHõ „â◊=∞â◊H˜Î Hõ#Hõ, ÃÑ·ÃÑK«∞Û ÖÁOy =ÙO_Õ ~°HõO
Hõ#Hõ, KåÖÏ J~°∞^≥·# ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ `«Ñ¨Ê ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜
=ºuˆ~HõOQÍ _èôH˘<Õ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕÜ«∞^Œ∞ Hõ#Hõ, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•~°∞Å∞
Ѩi„â◊=∞Ö’¡ ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ѨxKÕ¿ã J=HÍâßefl „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O "åiH˜ ^ŒH˜¯OKÕ
Ju H˘OK≥O "Õ∞~°. ‰õΩ@∞O| Ü«ÚQÆOÖ’ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μ_çH˜ `«# ÉèÏ~°º#∞
Ö’|iÛ LOK«∞HÀ_®xH˜ JѨÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ H˘~°_®x LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ
ǨωõΩ¯ LO>Ë ('ZÅHÀì~°Öò |"ÕiÜ«∂— K«@ìO QÆ∞iOz PÖ’zOK«O_ç
XHõ¯™êi!) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•#O P"≥∞#∞ `Õà◊§`À Ö’|~°∞Û
‰õΩO’Ok. ѨÓ~°fiѨ٠~ÀAÖ’¡, ¢ã‘Î g∞^Œ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μ_ç áêÅ# "åi

10. 8 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
=ºH˜ÎQÆ ã¨O|O^èŒO =Å¡ uiy ã¨~°∞ú‰õΩ<Õk. HÍh Ü«∞[=∂xH©,
HÍi‡‰õΩ_çH© =∞^茺 _»|∞ƒ ã¨O|O^èŒO `«Ñ¨Ê "Õˆ~ UO LO_»^Œ∞.
HÍi‡Hõ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ Pi÷Hõ ™êfi`«O„`åºxfl ã¨OáêkOK«∞‰õΩOk, HÍh XHõ
¢ã‘ÎQÍ QÍh, ÉèÏ~°ºQÍ, `«e¡QÍ `«# Hõ~°Î=º x~°fiǨÏ}‰õΩ QÍ#∂ P"≥∞‰õΩ
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s L`«ÊuÎ |Å¡ g∞^Œ #∞Oz qã≤ˆ~ „ɡ_»∞¤ =ÚHõ¯Å∞
`«Ñ¨Ê UO q∞QÆÅ=Ù.
JO^Œ∞ˆH HÍi‡Hõ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ KÕ¿ã q=ÚH˜Î áÈ~å@O |∂~°∞˚"å
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊ `«# =~°æ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ KÕ¿ã áÈ~å@OÖÏQÍ
=ÙO_»<Õ~°^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ, Jk "≥Ú`«ÎO ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s
=~åæxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ `«# =~°æ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ`À Hõeã≤ KÕ¿ã L=∞‡_ç
áÈ~å@OQÍ LO_®e. =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ ¿ãfiKåÛÜ«Ú`« áÈ©Ö’ P"≥∞
ÉèÏQÆ™êfiq∞ HÍ=_®xfl x~Àkèã¨∂Î ÖËÑ≤# J_»¤O‰õΩefl ‰õÄÅQ˘ÏìÅO>Ë
P"≥∞ `«# =~°æ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_®eû# J=ã¨~°O
ÖË^Œ∞. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s q^è•<åxH˜ ^ÀÑ≤_ô KÕÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~°O
=ÙO_»_»=¸, P^èŒ∞xHõ L`«ÊuÎ q^è•#=¸ J@∞=O˜ áÈ~å@O
#∞O_ç P"≥∞#∞ ã¨OѨÓ~°‚OQÍ q=Ú‰õΩÎ~åefl KÕ™êÎ~Ú. x*ÏxH˜
HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ H˘`«Î J_»¤O‰õΩefl
ÖË=<≥`åÎeû# J=ã¨~°O LOk. ÉèÏ~°ºQÍ, `«e¡QÍ P"≥∞ ǨωõΩ¯efl
ѨÙ#~°∞^ŒúiOKåeû LOk, âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ "å˜H˜ ~°HõΔ} HõeÊOKåeû
LOk. P"≥∞ JOu=∞ ÅHõΔºO ѨÙ~°∞+¨μ_ç`À áÈ© HÍ^Œ∞, HÍi‡Hõ
=~°æ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêÅ##∞ ™êkèOK«_»O. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜
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LO@∞Ok. PQÆã¨∞ì ɡɡÖò ѨÙã¨ÎHõO '=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ – ™È+¨e[O—

11. 9=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
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=ÓÇ≤ÏOK«Hõ=ÚO^Õ P âßã¨# ã¨Éèí∞ºÅO`å K«xáÈÜ«∂~°∞. Wk
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xÜ«∞q∞OK«|_ç# =ºH˜ÎH˜ ^•x`Àáê>Ë `≥eq `Õ@Å∞ ‰õÄ_®
JO^Œ∞`å~Ú. =∞# P^蕺u‡Hõ Ü«ÚQÆOÖ’ ÃÇÏ~ü"å<£ „ÃѶÜü∞eò˚
QÍiH˜ P q^èŒOQÍ JkèHÍiHõ `≥eq`Õ@Å∞ JO^•~Ú. PÜ«∞#QÍ~°∞
<åÅ∞QÆ=... (dimension) ^•fi~å ZѨÙÊ_À Ѩ~°=∞ ѨkOz# âßã¨#
ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ L^Õúâߺefl HõxÃÑÏì~°∞. (#=ÙfiÅ∞)
J~Ú`Õ, D Ѩiã≤÷u HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ`À
áê@∞ `«=∞#∞ `å=Ú x~å‡}Ü«Ú`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ_®xfl ™ê^茺O
KÕÜ«∞^Œ∞. WѨʘ^•HÍ "å~°∞ áÈbã¨∞ JkèHÍ~åxH©, K«@ìѨ~°"≥∞ÿ#
l`«∞ÎÅH© =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_®eû =zÛOk. ÃÑ·ÃÑ·# K«∂¿ãÎ "å~°∞
F_çáÈ~Ú#@∞¡ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. HÍh "åã¨Î=OÖ’ "å~°∞ JO`Õ q[Ü«∞O
™êkèOKå~°∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å x~å‡}Ïxfl ^èŒfiOã¨O

12. 10 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ LѨÜ≥∂yOz# Ѩ^Œú`«∞Åhfl "åiÖ’ =~°æ K≥·`«<åºxfl
"Õ∞ÖÁ¯ÅÊ_®xˆH ^ÀǨÏ^ŒÑ¨_®¤~Ú. Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞
Ô~O_ç’¡#∂ =∞#O â◊H˜Î=O`«"≥∞ÿ# =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ ã¨OѶ¨∂xfl
xi‡OKåÅ#∞‰õΩO>Ë, =∞#O Jxfl˜HõO>Ë =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ
QÆ$ǨÏѨi„â◊=∞ʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ, `«‰õΩ¯= ѨxQÆO@Å HÀã¨O,
Jxfl˜HõO>Ë =ÚYºOQÍ áêÅHõ =~åæÅ∞ x~å‡}Ü«Ú`«O JÜÕ∞º
ǨωõΩ¯ Jx Ñ≤ÖËÛ^•xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_»¤O ^•fi~å =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ
Hõ^ŒeHõʼnõΩ ¿ãfiK«Ûù =ÙO_»_»O J<Õ JOâßxfl Ѩ˜ìOK«∞HÀ"åe.
D áêsì HÍO„ÔQãπÖ’ ¢ã‘ÎÅÖ’ =∞# „ѨKå~° Ѩx U ~°∂áêxfl
fã¨∞HÀ"åÅx J<Õk =∞#O x~åúiOK«ÖËO JxflO˜HõO>Ë
=ÚO^Œ∞QÍ, ¢ã‘ÎÅÖ’ =∞#O U q^èŒOQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∂Å<Õ ^•xfl =∞#O
<Õ~°∞ÛHÀ"åe. g∞‰õΩ JOkOz# f~å‡#OÖ’, ¢ã‘ÎÅÖ’ á¶êºHõìs ã‘ì"å~ü¤
("åÔ~¤<£)Å#∞ Z#∞flHÀ"åÅh, Ü«¸xÜ«∞<£h, ¢ã‘ÎÅ Pi÷Hõ ã¨Oã¨÷#∂
HõkeOK«_»O, ^•xfl „Ѩ}ÏoHÍ |^ŒúOQÍ, XˆH Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ x~å‡}
Ü«Ú`«O (Hõ<åûe_Õò) KÕÜ«∞_»O "åi Hõ~°Î=ºOQÍ LO@∞O^Œh
„ѨuáêkOK«|_çOk. D „Ѩuáê^Œ# H˘`«Îk HÍ^Œ∞. nxfl „á¶êOH±Ñ¶¨~ü¤
áêsì HÍO„ÔQãπÖ’ ã¨∂„`«|^ŒúOQÍ P"≥∂kOKå~°∞, H˘xfl „áêO`åÖ’¡
nxfl J`«ºO`« q[Ü«∞=O`«OQÍ „ѨÜ≥∂yOKå~°∞ ‰õÄ_®. D
„Ѩuáê^Œ##∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# „Ѩ"Õâ◊ÃÑ_ÕÎ W^Õ"Õ∞~°‰õΩ HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊efl HÍi‡HÀ^Œº=∞OÖ’H˜ =∞iO`« ÃÑ^ŒÌ ã¨OYºÖ’
fã¨∞Hõ~å=_®xH˜ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ =ÙO@∞O^Œ<Õk HÍÅ"Õ∞ K≥ѨÙÎOk.
=∞# „ѨKå~åxfl ˆH=ÅO =∞ødHõOQÍ KÕÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^Œ∞.
K«∞~°∞‰õΩQÍ LO_»x „Ѩ*ÏhHõO KåÖÏ =∞Ok =∞# ã¨ÉèíʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_®
~å~°∞. Jã¨OMϺHõ"≥∞ÿ# ÉèÏ~°ºÅ∂, `«Å∞¡Å∂ =∞# ã¨ÉèíʼnõΩ ~åÖË~°∞.
ÉèÏ~°ºQÍ, `«e¡QÍ HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊‰õΩO_Õ Hõ~°Î"åºÅ#∞O_ç "åix
"Õ~°∞Ѩ~°Û_»O ™È+¨eã¨∞ì =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å =∞^茺 KÕ¿ã ™È+¨eã¨∞ì „Ñ¨Kå~°O
Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Hõ~°Î=ºOQÍ LO_»<Õ‰õÄ_»^Œ∞.
|^Œ∞Å∞QÍ, HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ q=ÚH˜Î „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅHÀã¨O D
Hõ~°Î"åºefl =∞iO`« ÉÏQÆ KÕ¿ãÖÏ P"≥∞#∞ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKåe.
‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞ ZO`« "≥∞~°∞QÍæ LO>Ë P"≥∞ WO’¡
JO`« „ѨÉèÏ==O`«OQÍ =ÙO_»QÆÅ∞æ`«∞Ok. JO`«QÍ P"≥∞
áÈ~å_»QÆÅ∞æ`«∞Ok. P"≥∞ ZO`«QÍ `«# Ñ≤šʼnõΩ É’kèã¨∞ÎO^À,
ZO`«QÍ "åi ÉèÏ"åefl =∞Å∞ã¨∞ÎO^À JO`«QÍ P"≥∞ "åix =∞#ÖψQ
áÈ~å_ÕÖÏ "åix K≥·`«#º=O`«∞efl KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ∞æ`«∞Ok. „âßq∞Hõ =~°æ
q=ÚH˜Î HÀã¨O J^Õ q^èŒOQÍ `åºQÆO KÕ¿ãÖÏ, J^Õ L`åûǨxfl
Hõey LO_ÕÖÏ KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. JѨÙÊ_çHõ HÍi‡‰õΩ_»∞ ''<å
ÉèÏ~°º!—— Jx J~°z#ѨÙÊ_»ÖÏ¡ =∞#ã¨∞ ֒ѨŠWÖÏ ‰õÄ_® KÕiÛ
J#∞‰õΩOÏ_»∞, '<å P^Œ~å≈Ö’¡ <å áÈ~åÏÖ’¡ <å ã¨Ç¨ÏK«iq,
Éèíq+¨º`ü áÈ~åÏÅ HÀã¨O <å Ñ≤šʼnõΩ `«e¡q—— Jx `«# Éèí~°ÎÖ’,
Ñ≤Å¡Ö’¡ =~°æ K≥·`«<åºxfl xOѨQÆeæ# `«Å∞¡Å∂, ÉèÏ~°ºÅ∂ =∞#
ã¨ÉèíÖ’¡ =∞#O K«∂¿ã =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ HÍ„"≥∞_£û ™êkèOz#O`å
™êkèOK«QÆÅ~°∞. (L`åûǨÏOQÍ P"≥∂^ŒO)
P q^èŒOQÍ =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^Œ∞ =^ŒÌ‰õΩ H˘O_»~åHõáÈ`Õ, =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£
H˘O_»=^ŒÌ‰õΩ "≥àÏ¡eû LO@∞Ok. =∞#O „Ѩ}ÏoHõ|^Œú"≥∞ÿ#
~å`«Ñ¨Ó~°fiHõ"≥∞ÿ# „ѨKå~° HͺOÃÑ~Ú<£ ^•fi~å =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å =^ŒÌ‰õΩ
™È+¨e*Ïxfl fã¨∞ÔHàϧe. JO@∞=O˜ HͺOÃÑ~Ú<£ HÀã¨O, <Õ#∞
Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åÅ∞ ѨOKåÅx ã¨∂zã¨∞Î<åfl#∞. J~Ú`Õ Hõ~°Ñ¨„`«O JO>Ë
XHõ áê=Ù ¿ÑrÖ’ =∞# â◊`åÉÏúxH˜ K≥Ok# q*Ï˝# ÉèíO_®~å#flO`å,
™È+¨eãπì HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂#flO`å WiH˜Oz ~å¿ã¿ã ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞Hõ Hõ~°Ñ¨„`«O
Jx HÍ^Œ∞ <å =Ù^Õúâ◊ºO. ÖË^Œ∞, XHõ „áêH˜ìHõÖò ã¨=∞㨺 QÆ∞iOz XHõ
^Œ$HÀ¯}O #∞O_ç, =ÚYºOQÍ „Ѩ^è•# Hõ~°Î=º"≥∞ÿ# áÈ~å@ ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO
#∞O_ç K«iÛOKÕ z#fl Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åefl =∞#O LѨÜ≥∂yOKåe.
Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åÅ „ѨK«∞~°}Ö’x >ˇH˜flHõÖò JOâߊѨ@¡ xifiHÍ~° ^èÀ~°}˜x
‰õÄ_® =∞#O J=ÅOaèOK«‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. =∞#O ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞HõOQÍ
KÕ¿ã@∞¡QÍ J^è•fi#fl"≥∞ÿ# HÍ~Ú`«O, J^è•fi#fl"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ≤O˜OQ∑ Ѩ^Œúux
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. JO`« Ѷ¨∞’~°"≥∞ÿ# Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åxfl HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ #e¿Ñã≤ J=`«Å áêˆ~™êÎ~°∞. ѨÙ~°∞+¨ HÍi‡‰õΩ_çH˜ ~å`«Å
Ѩ@¡ =ÙO_Õ Q“~°=O P"≥∞H˜ LO_»^Œ∞. J"≥∞iHÍ, „a@<£Ö’ =∞^Œº
=ºuˆ~‰õΩÅ∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ÖË^• P~°∞ ¿ÑrÅ JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# z#fl |∞H±Öˇ@∞¡
fã¨∂Î =ÙOÏ~°∞. =∞#O "åix J#∞HõiOKåe. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë
=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ HÍi‡‰õΩ~åeÖ’ ‰õÄ_® WÖÏ J#∞‰õΩ<ÕO`« "Õ∞~°ÔH·`Õ F ¢ã‘Î
LO@∞Ok. '' D |∞l˚k ZO`« ÉÏQÆ∞O^À <Õ#∞ nxfl fã¨∞‰õΩx
=ÙOK«∞HÀ"åe——. (ÉÏQÍ #=ÙfiÅ∂, K«Ñ¨Ê@∂¡) x[OQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}#Ö’H˜
fã¨∞HÀ"åeû# "åMϺefl KåÖÏ ÃÑ^ŒÌ JHõΔ~åÖ’Î „ѨK«∞iOKåe.
JѨÙÊ_çHõ HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ ¢ã‘Î K«^Œ=_®xH˜ ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_çáÈ=_»O LO_»^Œ∞,
P"≥∞ =∂#ã≤Hõ ^Œ$+≤ìH˜ ‰õΩ^Œ∞ѨىõΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞Ok.
<å =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« J#∞Éèí=O =Å¡ <Õ#∞ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ#
"å~åÎѨ„uHõ#∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑÏìÅ<Õ „Ѩ}ÏoHõ#∞ ã¨=∞i÷OK«_»O ÖË^Œ∞.
<å =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« J#∞Éèí"åÅ∞ 'ÔQ¡Üü∞zò— (Wk =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ [#ÉÏǨïà◊ºO
HÀã¨O HÍHõ, "åi „ѨQÆujŠѨÙ~ÀQÍq∞ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å HÀã¨O
L^ÕÌtOz#k) Z_ç@~üQÍ <å J#∞Éèí"åÅÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç#q HÍ=Ù.
=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ HÍi‡‰õΩÖ’¡ ™êÇ≤Ï`åºxfl ѨOz# =ºH˜ÎQÍ <å J#∞Éèí"åeq.
á¶ê"£QÍflH± – ‰õΩ¿ÇÏfl K«~°ºÅ`À L`ÕÎl`«∞~åe<≥· <Õ#∞ "å~åÅ `«~°|_ç
XHõ á¶êºHõìs =^ŒÌ "å~åΠѨ„uHõÅ∞ ѨOKå#∞. D "å~åΠѨ„uHõÅ
#∞O_ç =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ `«=∞‰õΩ *Ï˝<åxfl ÃÑOá⁄OkOKÕ "å˜<Õ HÍHõ
q<À^•xfl, Ǩ™êºxfl JOkOKÕ "å˜<Õ fã¨∞‰õΩOÏ~°x <å‰õΩ
J~°ú=∞~ÚºOk. JO^Œ∞Hõx XHõ KÒHõ "å~åÎѨ„uHõ#∞ „ѨK«∞iOK«_»O
HÀã¨O J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# ÃÑ^ŒÌ `åºQÍefl KÕÜ«∞_»O J=ã¨~°O LO_»^Œ∞.
=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ HÍi‡‰õΩ~åeQÍ, ÉèÏ~°ºQÍ, `«e¡QÍ, ¢ã‘ÎH˜ ™È+¨e*Ïxfl
ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«OQÍ fã¨∞Hõ~åQÆÅ z#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ („É’K«~üÅ) Ѩ~°OѨ~°#∞
‰õÄ_® fã¨∞‰õΩ~å"åeû LO@∞Ok. „á¶ê"£ áêÑπ â◊H˜Î=O`«"≥∞ÿ# z#fl
ѨÙã¨ÎHõO („É’K«~ü) `«Ñ¨Ê =∞# J=ã¨~åefl f~°ÛQÆey#k XHõ¯˜
‰õÄ_® =∞# =^ŒÌ ÖË^Œ∞. =∞# ~ÀA"ås „ÃÑãπ ‰õÄ_® WѨʘ=~°‰õΩ

13. 11=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
(QÆ`« ã¨OzHõ `«~°∞"å~Ú....)(QÆ`« ã¨OzHõ `«~°∞"å~Ú....)(QÆ`« ã¨OzHõ `«~°∞"å~Ú....)(QÆ`« ã¨OzHõ `«~°∞"å~Ú....)(QÆ`« ã¨OzHõ `«~°∞"å~Ú....)
20= â◊`å|ÌѨ٠"≥Ú^Œ˜ ^Œâß|ÌOÖ’ Jã¨Ê$â◊√ºÅÖ’x "Õâ◊ºÅ
ã¨=∞㨺#∞ t=~å"£∞ [#| HÍOÉË¡ KÕѨÏì_»∞. 1908Ö’ PÜ«∞#
^Õ=^•ã‘ „ã‘ÎÅ#∞ q"åǨÏ=∂_®eûOkQÍ `«# ã¨=∂*Ïxfl HÀ~°∞`«∂
`å#∞ #_ç¿Ñ '™È=∞=Oj q∞„`«— Ѩ„uHõ ^•fi~å "庙êÅ∞ ~åâß_»∞.
„Ѩ[Å#∞ K≥·`«#º=O`«∞efl KÕÜ«∞_»O HÀã¨O PÜ«∞# J<ÕHõ ã¨ÉèíÅ#∞
x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå_»∞. ^Õ=`«Å‰õÄ, ^Õ=Ùà◊§‰õÄ ÉÏeHõÅ#∞ JiÊOKÕ `«=∞
PK«~°}#∞ =ke"ÕÜ«∂eûOkQÍ PÜ«∞# „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ q[˝Ñ≤Î KÕâß_»∞.
PÜ«∞# „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ J#∞‰õÄŠѶ¨e`åÅxKåÛ~Ú. t=ÉÏ~Ú
J<Õ ^Õ=^•ã‘ ã¨ÊOkOK«_»O`À HÍOÉË¡ J#∞K«~°∞ÅÖ’ XHõÔ~·#
ǨÏ#‡O`«~å=Ù ÔQ·HÍfi_£ P"≥∞#∞ q"åǨÏ=∂_»ÏxH˜ JOwHõiOKå_»∞.
Pq^èŒOQÍ ÃÑo§ [iÑ≤Oz ^•xH˜ qã¨Î$`«"≥∞ÿ# „ѨKå~åxflKåÛ~°∞.
J@∞=O˜ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Q“~°"åhfl, Ѷ¨∞#`«h á⁄O^ÕÖÏ
‰õÄ_® PÜ«∞# (t=~å"£∞) K«∂âß_»∞. PÜ«∞# „ѨKå~°O ZO`«
„ѨuÉèÏ=O`«OQÍ =ÙO_Õ^ŒO>Ë 1909= ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ YO_ÀÉωõΩ
XHõ¯ ÉÏeHõ#∞ ‰õÄ_® ^Õ=^•ã‘QÍ JiÊOK«_»O [~°QÆÖË^Œ∞.
=∞ǨÏ~å„+¨ìÖ’ Jã¨Ê$â◊√ºÅ `˘e L^Œº=∞O ‰õÄ_® ã¨ÉèíÅÖ’
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ áêÖÁæ#_»O ÃÑiyáÈ=_®xH˜ ^•ifã≤Ok. <åQÆѨÓ~ü‰õΩ
K≥Ok# XHõ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ #~°∞û 1920Ö’ [iy# JdÅ ÉèÏ~°`« =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ
=∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÖ’ JO@~åx`«#O QÆ∞iOz# `«# J#∞Éèí"åÅ#∞
q=iOzOk.
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü L^Œº=∞OÖ’ H˘@ì=zÛ#@∞¡QÍ HõxÑ≤OKÕ XHõ
ÅHõΔ}O =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ áêÖÁæ#_»O. ^Œo`« L^Œº=∞OÖ’x ™ê=∂lHõ,
™êO㨯$uHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂ÅÖ’ "å~°∞ =ÚO^Œ∞ÉèÏQÍ#
LO_Õ"å~°∞. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å HÀã¨O „Ѩ`ÕºHõ 'Ѩi+¨^£—Å∞O_»@O XHõ
ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# L^•Ç¨Ï~°}. Jk =∞ǨÏ^£ K≥~°∞=Ù ã¨`庄QÆǨÏO HÍ"˘K«∞Û,
HÍÖÏ~å"£∞ PÅÜ«∞ „Ѩ"Õâ◊O HÍ"˘K«∞Û, JOÉÏ^Õq ã¨`庄QÆǨÏѨÙ
"≥∞~üMˇ^£ HÍ"˘K«∞Û. 1960–65ÅÖ’ [iy# Éèí∂q∞ÖËx ¿Ñ^ŒÅ
*ˇ·ÖòÉèí~À ã¨`庄QÆǨÏOÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl@∞¡QÍ<Õ g@xflO˜Ö’ ^Œo`«
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ J„QÆÉèÏQÍ# L<åfl~°∞. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü É∫^Œú=∞`« '^Œ=∂‡—xfl
„ѨKå~°O KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅHõ<åfl =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÖË KåÖÏ K«∞~°∞QÍæ
áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞. áê~°¡"≥∞O@∞Ö’ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü z„`«Ñ¨Ïxfl ÃÑ@ì_»O
QÆ∞iOp, '¿Ñ~°∞=∂~°∞Ê—(<å=∂O`«~ü) ã¨=∞㨺 (=∞~°~îåfi_®
qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O ¿Ñ~°∞#∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞OQÍ
=∂~åÛÅx KÕã≤# áÈ~å@O), Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· ǨωõΩ¯ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ – ^Œo`«
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ Jxfl ™ê÷xHõ áÈ~åÏÅÖ’ =ÚO^Œ∞ ÉèÏQÍ# xez
L^Œº=∂xH˜ "≥<≥fl=ÚHõQÍ xeKå~°∞.
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ^Œo`« L^Œº=∞OÖ’ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å áê„`«
- q.QÍiæ
K«i`«„Ö’ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊
KÕã≤# ^•xHõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯= Hõ$+≤ KÕÜ«∂e. H˘xfl ¢ã‘ÎÅ HÀã¨O „Ѩ`ÕºHõ
ã¨Ñ≤¡"≥∞OòÅ∞ KÕ~°Û_»O ^•fi~å ~ÀA"ås "å~°Î Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ ¢ã‘ÎÅ
*Ï˝<åaè=$kúÔH· „Ѩܫ∞uflOKåe. ''=∂ÔQ¤|~°æ~ü "ÀÖò¯û˜"£∞—— D
„Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ XHõ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}QÍ xezOk. HÍ„"Õ∞_£ QÀÖò¤ Ããì~Ú<£
lfiHÍ"£ =^ŒÌ nxfl „ѨuÉèÏ=O`«OQÍ, q[Ü«∞=O`«OQÍ J#∞
HõiOKå~°∞. HÍh <Õ˜=~°‰õÄ ‰õÄ_® ~ÀA"ås „ÃÑãπ HÍi‡Hõ
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å#∞ K«O^•^•~°∞Å∞QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜ã¨∂Î P"≥∞ *Ï˝<åxfl
ÃÑOK«_®xH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ P"≥∞ J*Ï˝<åxfl, WOHÍ ~°∂ѨO ^•ÅÛx,...
(bad) Jaè~°∞zh á⁄QÆ∞_»∂Î =zÛOk.
<Õ#∞ ˆH=ÅO g∞ ѨiQÆ} HÀã¨O H˘xfl ã¨∂K«#Å∞ =∂„`«O
KÕã¨∞Î<åfl#x =∞m§ XHõ™êi K≥ѨÙÎ<åfl#∞. ¢ã‘ÎÅÖ’ „ѨKå~° Ѩx
Hõ+¨ì"≥∞ÿ#k, ÉèÏ~°"≥∞ÿ#k. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ZO`À Q˘Ñ¨Ê JOH˜`« ÉèÏ=O,
Q˘Ñ¨Ê `åºQÆO J=ã¨~°O. HÍh D `åºQÍʼnõΩ Ñ¶¨e`«O LO@∞Ok.
"å˜x =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ `Õ"åeû# J=ã¨~°O LOk. *Ïf, =$uÎ
ÉèË^•Å∞ ÖˉõΩO_® Hõeã≤ Hõõ@∞ìQÍ áÈ~å_ç#ѨÙÊ_Õ HÍi‡Hõ=~°æO `«#
q=ÚH˜Îx ™êkèOK«QÆÅ∞æ`«∞Ok. J^Õ q^èŒOQÍ eOQÆÉèË^ŒO ÖˉõΩO_®
Jk HõÅã≤Hõ@∞ìQÍ xeÛ#ѨÙÊ_Õ Jk `«# q=ÚH˜Îx ™êkèOK«
QÆÅ∞æ`«∞Ok. ™È+¨eã¨∞ì ÉèÏ=O q[Ü«∂xH˜, ™È+¨eã¨∞ì ã¨=∂[
x~å‡}ÏxH©© HÍi‡Hõ=~°æ q=ÚH˜Î áÈ~å@OÖ’ HÍi‡Hõ =~°æ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ
[#ÉÏǨïàϺxfl ÉèÏQÆO KÕÜ«∞_»O XHõ =ÚO^Œ∞ +¨~°`«∞.
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å =$uÎѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ∞ ã¨$+≤ìOz# Ѷ¨∞~°¬}#∞
™È+¨eã¨∞ì ã¨=∂[O =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«QÆÅ∞æ`«∞Ok. XHõ™êi
Pi÷Hõ Ü«¸xòQÍ ‰õΩ@∞O|O =∂Ü«∞=∞Ü«∂ºHõ, <≥·uHõ Ü«¸xòQÍ
=ÙO_Õ ‰õΩ@∞O|O ^•x ™ê÷#OÖ’ =KåÛHõ, Éèí~°Î‰õΩ JO`Õ ã¨=∂#
ǨωõΩ¯QÆÅ, ã¨=∂# ã¨$[<å`«‡Hõ`«QÆÅ, JO`Õ ã¨=∂#OQÍ ÅHõΔºO
HÀã¨O ѨxKÕÜ«∞QÆÅ, =ÚO^Œ∞Hõ_»∞ˆQ¿ã ã¨Ç¨ÏK«i P"≥∞
`«Ü«∂~°=Ù`«∞Ok. P"≥∞ =ºH˜Î`«fiO qHõã≤ã¨∞ÎOk. J^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
ÉèÏ~°ºQÍ, `«e¡QÍ `«# Hõ~°Î"åºxfl ™ê^茺"≥∞ÿ#O`« JkèHõOQÍ <≥~°"Õ~°Û
QÆÅ∞æ`«∞Ok.

14. 12 =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü L^Œº=∞OÖ’ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ h˜ HÀã¨O, Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ#∞
"Õ∞¿Ñ Éèí∂=ÚÅ HÀã¨O , ‰õΩÅ J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ
áÈ~åÏÅÖ’ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞. B~°OQÍÉÏ^£ lÖÏ¡Ö’x Hõ<åfl_£Ö’
J`«ºO`« ÉèÏs ~å™êÎ~ÀHÀ PO^Àà◊#ÅÖ’ XHõ^•xH˜ K«O„^Œ¿ã#
Ã+*ÏfiÖò <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOzOk. 1946Ö’ ^•^•™êÃÇÏÉò ÔQ·HÍfi_£,
QÆ"åÜü∞, ‰õΩOÉèψ~Å <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ [iy# Éèí∂q∞ÖËx ¿Ñ^ŒÅ
ã¨`庄QÆǨÏOÖ’J<ÕHõ =∞Ok „ã‘ÎѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ∞ JÔ~ã¨ìÜ«∂º~°∞. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞
ÃÑ^ŒÌ ã¨OYºÖ’ áêÖÁæ#_»O ѨÙ<åk ™ê÷~ÚÖ’x ^Œo`« =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å
K≥·`«<åºxfl ZuÎK«∂Ñ≤Ok. âßO`åÉÏ~Ú ^Œx, [^•ÉÏ~Ú,
Dâ◊fisÉÏ~Ú, _ÀO„ˆQÉÏ~Ú #∞Oz „QÍ=∞ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü
L^Œº=∞OÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl „Ѩu ^Œo`« =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ =~°‰õÄ... ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O
ã¨r=OQÍ xezOk.
_®. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „áê~°OaèOz# L^Œº=∞O L`åûǨÏ=O`«OQÍ
=Ù^Œº=∂Ö’¡ áêÖÁæ#_®xfl "åºÑ≤ÎKÕã≤Ok. PÜ«∞# J<ÕHõ Jã¨Ê$â◊√ºÅ
=∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÅ#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå_»∞. ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ ã¨ÉèíÅ`Àáê>Ë =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å
ã¨ÉèíÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® [iˆQÖÏ PÜ«∞# K«∂âß_»∞. 1930HõÖÏ¡ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞
ZO`«QÍ K≥·`«#º=O`«∞ÅÜ«∂º~°O>Ë `å"Õ∞ ã¨fi`«O„`«OQÍ ã¨fiO`«
ã¨=∂"ÕâßÅ#∂, =∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÅ#∂ [~°∞ѨÙHÀ=_»O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞.
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü 1924, AÖˇ· 20# ÉÏOÉË |Ç≤Ï+¨¯$`ü Ç≤Ï`«HÍi}©
ã¨Éèí =^ŒÌ '^Œo`À^•ú~ü =ÚÇ≤Ï"£∞—#∞ <≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊ_»∞. Wk
JO@~åx`«<åxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ áÈ~å_»ÏxH©, ^Œo`« |ã‘ÎÅÖ’
áê~î°âßÅÅ#∂, Ǩã¨ìà◊§#∂ <≥ÅH˘ÅÊ_®xH© L^ÕÌtOz#k.
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ nx HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅÖ’ áêÖÁæ<Õ"å~°∞. "Õ}∞ÉÏ~Ú
Éèí@¯~ü, ~°OQÆ∞ÉÏ~Ú â◊√|¯~üÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘Ok# =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅ∞.
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ã¨ÉèíÅ∞ J<ÕHõ"å˜Ö’ "å~°∞ =HõÎÅ∞QÍ =ÙO_Õ"å~°∞,
áê@Å∞ áê_Õ"å~°∞.
1924Ö’ [Ü«∞ÉÏ~Ú KÒ^èŒ∞s <åQÆѨÓ~üÖ’ ''KèÀMÏ"Õ∞ÖÏ
Hõ<åº áê~î°âßÅ——#∞ „áê~°OaèOzOk. "≥Ú^Œ’¡ #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞
q^•ºi÷#∞ÖË L<åfl~°∞. „Hõ=∞OQÍ Jk ѨÙOAH˘x z=~°‰õΩ P"≥∞
¿Ñ~°∞ g∞^Œ<Õ HõàÏâßÅQÍ =∂iOk. ''KèÀMÏ"Õ∞ÖÏ—— Ѩ„uHõ#∞
"≥Å∞=iOK«_»OÖ’, „ѨKå~°O KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ `«∞Åã‘ÉÏ~Ú |<Àû_Õ
`«# Éèí~°Î`Àáê@∞ qt+¨ì áê„`«#∞ áÈ+≤OzOk. "åi ‰õΩ=∂Ô~Î ~å[N
JOÉË^Œ¯~üÃÑ· =¸_»∞ QÆO@Å x_çqQÆÅ z„`åxfl xi‡OzOk.
'ã¨=∞`å Ãã·xH± ^Œàò— Ö’ ‰õÄ_® ^Œo`« =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ „Ѩ=ÚY áê„`«
=Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞.
1927, =∂iÛ 19-20 `ÕnÅÖ’ [iy# =∞ǨÏ^£ K≥~°∞=Ù
(ϺOH±) ã¨`庄QÆǨÏOÖ’ `«=∞ Ñ≤Å¡Å`À ã¨Ç¨ "ÕÖÏk =∞Ok
„ã‘ÎѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ∞ `«=∞ ѨÓiÎ ™ê÷~Ú |ÅO`À áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü
K«~°º =Å# K≥~°∞=Ù hà◊√§ JѨq„`«O J~ÚáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞x
ÉèÏqOz# J„QƉõΩÅ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ P=Ù =¸„`«O, ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞, áêÅ∞,
^èŒ∂ѨO "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# "å˜`À â◊√kú HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂xfl x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. nxH˜
=ºuˆ~HõOQÍ 1927, _çÃãO|~ü 25-26 `ÕnÅÖ’ "ÕÖÏk =∞Ok
^Œo`« „ã‘ÎѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ∞ K≥~°∞=Ù X_»∞¤# áÈQÆ∞Ѩ_ç, '=∞#∞㨇$u—x
`«QÆ∞ÅɡÏì~°∞. D Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`庄QÆÇ¨Ï L^Œº=∞OÖ’ ^Œo`«
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü`À áê@∞ Tˆ~yOѨÙÖ’ áêÖÁæ#_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ
ã¨=∂# =∂#= ǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ HÀ~°∞`«∂ f~å‡<åÅ∞ KÕ~ÚOK«_»O
Ö’#∂, ZOÑ≤Hõ KÕã≤# (subject) Hõq∞© ã¨=∂"ÕâßÅÖ’
K«~°ÛÅÖ’#∂ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞.
1927, _çÃãO|~ü 26# =∞ǨÏ^£ ã¨`庄QÆǨÏOÖ’ =∂Ï¡_»∞`«∂
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü, `«=∞ |~°∞"≥·# HõO~îåÉèí~°}ÏÅ#∂, ^Œo`« =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞QÍ
QÆ∞iÎOѨ KÕ¿ãÖÏ =ÙO_Õ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# p~°Hõ@∞ì#∂ =keOK«∞
HÀ"åeûOkQÍ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ L^ÀƒkèOKå_»∞. PÜ«∞# Ñ≤Å∞ѨىõΩ
„Ѩuã¨ÊOkOz# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ XˆH HõO~îåÉèí~°}Ïxfl ^èŒiOK«_»O, W`«~°
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÖÏ¡QÍ<Õ p~°#∞ ^èŒiOK«_»O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞.
1927, #=O|~ü 13# PÅÜ«∞OÖ’ „Ѩ"Õâ◊O HÀã¨O
J=∞~å=uÖ’ XHõ ã¨=∂"Õâ◊O [iyOk. WO^Œ∞Ö’ K≥ѨCHÀ^Œy#
ã¨OYºÖ’ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞. 1928, [#=iÖ’ ~°=∂ÉÏ~Ú
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü J^茺‰õΔΩ~åeQÍ =ÚO|~ÚÖ’ XHõ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ =∞O_»e
U~°Ê_çOk. 1930Ö’ <åQÆѨÓ~üÖ’ [iy# ''J}QÍi# =~åæÅ
=∞Ǩã¨Éèí——Ö’ ‰õÄ_® J<ÕHõ=∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞.
=∞ǨÏ^£ ã¨`庄QÆǨÏO`À ã¨∂ÊùiÎx á⁄Ok# ^Œo`«∞Å∞ 1929,
JHÀì|~ü 23# ѨÙ}ˇÖ’x áê~°fiu PÅÜ«∞OÖ’ „Ѩ"ÕtOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO
KÕâß~°∞. ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOz#"åiÖ’ `«#∂ÉÏ~Ú
HÍOÉË¡, ¿ã=Of ÉÏ~Ú FˆQ¡Å∞<åfl~°∞. ã¨`庄QÆǨÏO qѶ¨Å"≥∞ÿOk.
"åix J„QƉõΩÖÏÅ"å~°∞ H˘Ïì~°∞. `«~åfi`« HõÖˇHõì~°∞ *’HõºO`À
ã¨`庄QÆǨÏO PyáÈ~ÚOk.
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü #_çÑ≤Oz# =∞ǨÏ^£ ã¨`庄QÆǨÏO ã¨∂ÊùiÎ`À
^•^•™êÃÇÏÉò ÔQ·HÍfi_£ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ PÅÜ«∞ „Ѩ"Õâßxfl ™êkèOK«_®xH˜
<åã≤H±Ö’x HÍÖÏ~å"£∞ =∞Ok~ü ã¨`庄QÆǨxH˜ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO
=Ç≤ÏOKå_»∞. D áÈ~å@O 1930, =∂iÛ Ô~O_»∞ #∞Oz 1934
=∂iÛ =¸_»∞ =~°‰õÄ <åÅ∞ˆQà◊§áê@∞ H˘#™êyOk. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞
J<ÕHõOQÍ ã¨`庄QÆǨÏOÖ’ áêÖÁæx *Ï`åʼnõΩ(jatthas) <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO
=Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. =O^ŒÖÏk=∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ QÆ∞_ç=ÚO^Œ∞
ɡ·~îå~ÚOѨ٠PO^Àà◊# [iÑ≤ JÔ~ã¨ìÜ«∂º~°∞. „Ѩu "åÅO©~°¡
|$O^ŒOÖ’#∂ H˘O`«=∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞O_Õ"å~°∞. H˘O`«=∞Ok
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ <≥Å~ÀAÅáê@∞ *ˇ·Å∞ tHõΔ‰õÄ_® J#∞ÉèíqOKå~°∞.
ã‘`åÉÏ~Ú, w`åÉÏ~Ú ÔQ·HÍfi_£, ~°=∂ÉÏ~Ú ÔQ·HÍfi_£, ~°=∂ÉÏ~Ú
~åÜ«∂r *Ï^Œ"£, `«∞Åã‘~å"£∞ HÍÖË `«e¡QÍ~°∞, J=∞$`«~å"£
â◊~°}ÏMÏ"Õ `«e¡QÍ~°∞, `å~åÉÏ~Ú, Ü«∞=Ú<åÉÏ~Ú Ö’YO_Õ,
aè‰õΩÉÏ~Ú â◊√Éèí<£~å"Õ, ^䕉õÄÉÏ~Ú ™êÖËfi, ã¨~°∂ÉÏ~Ú ÉèíÖË~å"£,
Ѷ¨ÙO_»~üÉÏ~Ú ^èŒ<år^Œx, QÆOQÆ∂ÉÏ~Ú Ñ¨Qƈ~Å∞ áêÖÁæ#fl
=O^ŒÖÏk =∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Ö’¡ H˘O^Œ~°∞. D ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞

15. 13=∞Ç≤ÏàÏ=∂~°æO AÖˇ· – PQÆã¨∞ì 2007
Jã¨Ê$â◊√ºÅ HÀã¨O „Ѩ`ÕºHõ xÜ≥∂[Hõ=~åæÅ∞ LO_®Å<Õ^•xH˜
ã¨=∞~°÷#QÍ ã¨=∂"ÕâßÅ∞ [iÑ≤, `«^Œ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ f~å‡<åÅ∞
KÕâß~°∞.
Tˆ~yOѨÙÅ∞, ã¨`庄QÆǨÖÏ¡O˜"å˜Ö’¡ áêÖÁæ<Õ
ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ D =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ `«=∞ Ñ≤Å¡bfl, ‰õΩ@∞O| ÉÏ^茺`«Å#∂
á⁄~°∞QÆ∞"åiHÀ ÖË^• `«e¡, ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞ =O˜ ^ŒQÆæ~° |O^èŒ∞=ÙÅHÀ
JѨÊyOKåeû=KÕÛk. JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∂ "åiH˜ "åi Éèí~°ÎÅ #∞Oz
ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°=ÚO_Õk HÍh, H˘O`« =∞Ok Éèí~°ÎÅ KÕuÖ’ „‰õÄ~°OQÍ
^≥|ƒÅ∞u<åeû=KÕÛk. H˘O`«=∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ`Àáê@∞
ã¨`庄QÆǨÖ’¡ JÔ~ã¨ìÜÕ∞º"å~°∞. J@∞=O˜ ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡ "åiÖ’
H˘O^Œ~°∞ `«=∞ Ѩã≤áêѨbfl *ˇ·Å∞‰õΩ fã¨∞‰õΩáÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞.
=∞iH˘O^ŒÔ~·`Õ HÀ_çÑ≤Å¡Å`À ã¨Ç¨ `«=∞ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅxflO˜h Ѩ@∞ì‰õΩx
*ˇ·Å∞‰õΩ áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. áêeKÕÛ áêѨÅ#∞ =ke"≥o§# H˘O^Œ~°∞
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ `«=∞ ~˘=Ú‡ <˘Ñ≤ÊQÍ =ÙO^Œx *ˇ·Ö’¡ Ѷ≤~åº^Œ∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞.
ã¨=∂[ ¿ã=#∞ ã¨∞ÅÉèíO KÕÜ«∞_»O HÀã¨O H˘O`«=∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞
PѨˆ~+¨#∞¡ KÕ~ÚOK«∞HÀQÍ, =∞i H˘kÌ=∞Ok `«=∞ Éèí~°ÎÅ HÀã¨O
Ô~O_»= ÉèÏ~°ºÅ#∞ WO˜H˜ `≥KåÛ~°∞!
[Ü«∞ÉÏ~Ú KÒ^èŒ∞s, ^Õâ◊„|`å~ü =O˜ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ <åQÆѨÓ~ü
„áêO`«OÖ’ ÉÏeHõÅHÀã¨O áê~î°âßÅÅ#∂, =ã¨uQÆ$ǨÅ#∂,
J<å^ä•„â◊=∂Å#∂ „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. HÍ@<£ q∞Å∞¡ HÍi‡‰õΩ~åÖˇ·#
~å^è•ÉÏ~Ú HÍOÉË¡ 1920ÅÖ’ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü L^Œº=∞OÖ’H˜ XHõ HÍi‡Hõ
<åÜ«∞‰õΩ~åeQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞H˘zÛOk. 1929Ö’ ~åÜ«∞Öò Hõq∞+¨<£ PѶπ
ÖË|~ü =ÚO^Œ∞ P"≥∞ ™êHõΔºq∞zÛOk. ÉèÏs™ê÷~Ú =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å
=∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÅ∞ <åQÆѨÓ~ü (1942), HÍ#∂Ê~ü (1944), ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú
(1945), HõÅHõ`åÎ (1946)ÅÖ’ [iQÍ~Ú. "å~°∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞
PO^Àà◊#ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® KÕ~å~°∞, JÔ~ã¨ìÜ«∂º~°∞. ~å„+¨ì âßã¨#ã¨ÉèíÅÖ’
Ã+_»∂ºÖò¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∂Yº KÕѨ˜ì# 1946 ã¨`庄QÆǨÏOÖ’
áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞.
1936, "Õ∞<≥ÅÖ’ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ÜÕ∞`«~° =∞`«OÖ’H˜ =∂iáÈ"åÅ<Õ
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü xâ◊ÛÜ«∂xH˜ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞QÍ ÉÁOÉÏ~ÚÖ’ [iy# =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ
HÍ#ÊùÔ~<£û`Àáê@∞QÍ XHõ ã¨fi`«O„`« =∞Ǩã¨Éèí#∞ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞
x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. `«=∞ ¿ãfiK«Ûù‰õÄ, Q“~°"åx(dignity)H©, ѨÙ~°∞+¨μÅ`À
ã¨=∂#Ǩϟ^•‰õÄ QͺÔ~O©x WKÕÛ =∞`åxfl "å~°∞ HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
'=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ |∞~å¯^èŒiOKÕ ÖË^• Ѩ~°^•Ö’ x=ã≤OKÕ =∞`«OÖ’H˜
PÜ«∞# (JOÉË^Œ¯~ü) `«=∞#∞ ÖÏQÆÉ’_»—x "å~°∞ #=∞‡HÍxfl
=ºHõÎOKÕâß~°∞.
qq^èŒ =∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÅÖ’ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ KÕã≤# f~å‡<åÅ _ç=∂O_»∞¡:
1) ÉÏeHõʼnõΩ Lz`«, `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i q^Œº
2) ~å„+¨ì âßã¨#ã¨ÉèíÅ∞, ™ê÷xHõ ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ "≥ÚII#"å˜Ö’ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ
„áêux^茺O
3) Jã¨Ê$â◊º =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ Hõ„~° uѨÊ_»O, Hõ~å>Ë =O˜ ã¨fiÜ«∞O
~°HõΔ}Ï Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Ö’¡ tHõΔ}.
4) ã¨=∞`å Ãã·xH±^ŒàòÖ’ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ qÉèÏQÍxfl „áê~°OaèOK«_»O
5) ÉÏźq"åǨÅ#∞ x¿+kèOK«_»O
1942, AÖˇ· 19-20ÅÖ’ <åQÆѨÓ~ü =^ŒÌ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü 'JdÅ
ÉèÏ~°`« ¿+_»∂ºÖò¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∂Yº—(ZSZãπã≤ZѶπ)#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤OKå_»∞.
AÖˇ· 20# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å HÀã¨O x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ã¨=∂"Õâ◊OÖ’
_®. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „Ѩã¨OyOKå_»∞. nxH˜ 25,000 =∞OkH˜ ÃÑ·QÍ
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ Ǩ[~°Ü«∂º~°∞. 1942, AÖˇ·Ö’ ZSZãπã≤ZѶπ
=∞Ǩã¨Éèí`À áê>Ë JdÅ ÉèÏ~°`« ^Œo`« =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å =∞Ǩã¨Éèí#∞
‰õÄ_® x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. nxH˜ ã¨∞Ö’K«<å _ÀO„ˆQ J^茺HõΔ`«
=Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. WOk~å áê˜Öò „Ѩ^è•# HÍ~°º^Œi≈(„Ñ≤xûѨÖò Ãã„Hõ@s).
D ã¨=∂"Õâ◊O Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ q[Ü«∞=O`«"≥∞ÿOk.
`«~åfi`« 1944Ö’ HÍ#∂Ê~üÖ’, 1945Ö’ ÉÁOÉÏ~ÚÖ’ JdÅ
ÉèÏ~°`« Ã+_»∂ºÖò¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∂Yº ã¨=∂"ÕâßÅ`Àáê>Ë =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å
ã¨=∂"ÕâßÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® [iQÍ~Ú. ã¨∞Ö’K«<å _ÀO„ˆQ, âßO`åÉÏ~Ú
^Œx, g∞<åOÉÏàò t=~å*òÅ∞ =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ ã¨=∂"ÕâßʼnõΩ J^茺HõΔ`«
=Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. 1945, [#=i P~°∞# =ÚO|~ÚÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« Jã¨Ê$â◊º
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å =¸_»= =∞Ǩã¨Éèí [iyOk. WO^Œ∞Ö’ JkèHõ ã¨OYºÖ’
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞. =∞„^•ãπ #∞Oz =zÛ# g∞<åOÉÏàò t=~å*ò
nxH˜ J^茺HõΔ`« =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞.
qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂Ö’¡H˜ ^Œo`«∞Å „Ѩ"Õâßxfl x~åHõiOK«_»O`À
JOÉË^Œ¯~ü 'ёѨÙÖòû Z_»∞ºˆH+¨<£ ™⁄Ãã·©—x ™ê÷Ñ≤OKå_»∞. D ™⁄Ãã·©
=ÚO|~Ú, B~°OQÍÉÏ^£ÅÖ’ Ô~O_»∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂efl
`≥izOk. <åQÆѨÓ~ü (1924)Ö’ JO[<åÉÏ~Ú ^Õâò„|`å~ü, <åã≤H±Ö’
[Ü«∞ÉÏ~Ú KÒ^èŒ∞s, w`åÉÏ~Ú ÔQ·HÍfi_£Å∞ q^•ºi÷#∞Å HÀã¨O
=ã¨uQÆ$ǨÅ#∞ `≥iKå~°∞.
JHÀì|~ü 14# <åQÆѨÓ~üÖ’ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü S^Œ∞ ÅHõΔÅ =∞Ok
`«# =∞^ŒÌ`«∞^•~°∞Å`À ã¨Ç¨ É∫^Œú=∞`«OÖ’H˜ =∂i#ѨÙ_»∞ JO^Œ∞Ö’
J<ÕHõ =∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞<åfl~°∞. P `«~åfi`« =ÚO|~ÚÖ’x 200
|ã‘ÎÅÖ’ D =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ `«=∞ âßYÅ#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤OKå~°∞.
ã¨∞QÆO^èŒÉÏ~Ú +≤O_Õ <åQÆѨÓ~üÖ’ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ ÉÏeHõÅ
=ã¨u QÆ$Ǩxfl #_çÑ≤Ok. D áê~î°âßÅÅ∂, =ã¨u QÆ$ǨÅ∂
"ÕÖÏk=∞Ok ^Œo`« ÉÏeHõÅ∞ q^•º=O`«∞Å=_®xH˜ ^•~°∞Å∞
"Õâß~Ú.
âßO`åÉÏ~Ú ã¨~À^≥, ^Œ=∞Ü«∞OfÉÏ~Ú ^Õâ◊„|`å~ü,
K«O„kHÍ ~å"£∞>ˇÔH, ~°=∂ÉÏ~Ú ÔQ·HÍfi_£, ™È#∂ÉÏ~Ú ÅO*ˇ"å~üÅ∞
ã¨`庄QÆǨÖ’¡ áêÖÁæx *ˇ·Å∞‰õΩ"≥o§# J<ÕHõ=∞Ok =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Ö’¡
H˘O`«=∞Ok.