The document discusses antioxidants and their uses in skin care products. It provides details on various antioxidants like vitamin E, vitamin C, green tea, lycopene, silymarin, coffee berry, resveratrol, grape seed and pomegranate that are commonly used in facial creams due to their skin benefits. These antioxidants protect the skin by limiting free radical production, reducing inflammation, firming skin, reducing the appearance of wrinkles and sun damage. They are beneficial ingredients in anti-aging skin care formulations.

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Introduction about Health & Beauty products:
To restore a good and youthful complexion, most of the peoples used a skin facial. Facial cream
helps for enhancing personal beauty by protecting ailments of skin. A facial cream also helps
from age spots, to other skin discoloration due to hyperpigmentation and also in whitening the
color of skin and also adds moisture and protective layer on the skin. Instead of that it is also can
covered the dark spots, blemishes and discolorations to make them unnoticeable. The facial
creams acts as removal of the flaws from skin, maintaining the smoothness and moistness of skin.
The facial cream usually signifies a semisolid emulsion. An emulsion is dispersion of one
immiscible liquid in the other. Water is an important ingredient of skin creams and lotions as a
moisture content of the skin controls the appearance of the skin. Therefore, in skin creams or
lotions, either fatty Phase (oil) can be dispersed in aqueous phase (water) or aqueous phase can be
dispersed in fatty phase. If oil droplets are dispersed in aqueous phase, emulsion is termed as oil-
in-water (o/w) and if water is dispersed in fatty phase (oil) emulsion is termed as water-in-oil
(w/o). It has been observed that o/w emulsions occasionally change into w/o emulsion and vice
versa. To make dispersion of one phase into other suitable emulsifying agents are used. A variety
of substances are use as emulsifying agents and most of them belong to the group known as
surface active agents. These substances possess both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties.

2. Antioxidant in face cream
To prevent oxidative deterioration, antioxidants are added to semisolids face cream. The
antioxidant system is determined by the components of the formulation, and the selection depends
on several factors, such as toxicity, irritancy, potency, compatibility, odor, discoloration,
solubility and stability. Often, two antioxidants are used, since the combination is often
synergistic. Butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and Butyl hydroxyl aniline (BHA) are some
commonly used antioxidants. Acids such as citric, maleic, phosphoric, or tartaric may be added to
the combination to chelate trace quantities of metals. Face cream containing antioxidant is used to
protect the skin from damage and respond to the presence of free radicals. Antioxidants have
ability to reduce or prevent some amount of the oxidative damage that destroys and depletes the
skin’s function and structure while also preventing some of the degenerative effects in skin
caused by sun exposure. It may also reduce the effect of trace, smoke, and pollution. Some skin
expert believes that direct application of antioxidant cream to the skin might slow down the aging
process. Antioxidant cream may also reduce the appearance of wrinkles and shield the skin
against damage from the sun and the environment. Some antioxidant cream content essential oils
that are believed to have natural antioxidant properties. Now a day’s antioxidant extracted from
natural herbal source is also have wide applications in preparation of cosmetic preparations
because of their easy availability and nontoxicity. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, unstable
oxygen molecules that break down skin cells and cause wrinkles, thus preventing impairment at
the cellular level. They inhibit inflammation leading to collagen depletion and offer protection
against photo damage and skin cancer. Roles of antioxidant Oxygen is essential to life, but as our
bodies use oxygen, we generate by-products known as reactive oxygen species or, more
commonly, free radicals. These compounds are a normal part of the body's stress response, but
they can damage healthy cells and are especially likely to attack the fats that provide structure to
the membranes surrounding body cells3. Antioxidants are nutrients or enzymes that help to
neutralize free radicals in the body. Free radicals are created as by products when the body uses
oxygen. Free radicals are nothing but the reactive oxygen species, oxidant and/or simply radicals.
Free radicals can also enter the body via pollution, smoking, poor diet, pesticides or radiation. In
some cases, excess exercise can cause over-production of free radicals. Most free radicals, with
the exception of a few such as melanin, are chemically reactive and dangerous to health.
 Antioxidants protect the skin by limiting the production of free radicals, which can damage skin
cells.
 One of the most desirable benefits of antioxidants in skin care products is the calming of
inflammation, which promotes more even skin tone and helps to keep skin acne and wrinkles at
free.
 Antioxidant play an important role in skin care is skin firming. Antioxidants may actually
reverse the effects of aging by improving skin health and rejuvenating its appearance.
 Although it is nearly impossible to make wrinkles disappear, skin care products with
antioxidants can help plump out the skin and make it more youthful.
 Reducing the appearance of scar tissue is another important benefit of antioxidants in skin care.
 Antioxidants that stimulate blood flow in the skin can help encourage the growth of new cells
and make sun damaged skin appear younger.

3. Examples of antioxidant
Vitamin E
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is known for better antioxidant activity and used in skin care
formulations. There are eight active isoforms of this lipophilic antioxidant, which is present in
various foods, such as vegetables, seeds, and meat. α- Tocopherol is the most biologically active
isoform , which in animals showed photo-protective effects after topical application being able to
reduce the number of sunburn cells and UVB-induced damage.
Vitamin C
Our body is not able to produce vitamin C (ascorbic acid). This essential water-soluble anti-
oxidant can be obtained exclusively from dietary sources such as fruits and vegetables (lemons,
oranges, green peppers, watermelon, papaya, grapefruit, strawberries, kiwi, mango, tomatoes)
where it is normally present in its reduced form, ascorbic acid. Oxidation processes form
dehydro-ascorbic acid that can revert to ascorbic acid.
Green tea
One of the most favourite beverages which is useful as its extracts in cosmetic products is green
tea. Topical application of green tea extract and some of its components were able to reduce the
deleterious effects of sunlight on human skin and to prevent UVA-induced skin damage including
wrinkling and sagging. Among the polyphenolic catechins contained in green extract obtained
from the tea plant Camellia sinensis, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant and
the most biologically active.
Genistein
The main components of soy are phospho-lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and essential fatty
acids while among the minor elements, the most active compounds include isoflavones, saponins,
essential amino acids, and phytosterols. The most potent isoflavones are the phytoestrogens
genistein and daidzein. Genistein photoprotective effects have been attributed to its ability to
inhibit UV-induced oxidative DNA da-mage and to effectively protect human skin against UVB-
induced skin photodamage. Due to its different beneficial effects, genistein is included in various
skin care formulations claiming anti-aging effects.
Lycopene
Lycopene possesses antioxidant properties superior to those of β-carotene and other common
carotenoids, due to its extreme reactivity . After topical application, lycopene can prevent
oxidative damage more effectively than β-caro-tene. Lycopene is a terpene with eight isoprene
units, which is responsible for the red color of fruits and vegetables such as tomato, water-melon,
pink grapefruit, guava, apricots, papaya and rosehip, representing more than 80% of total tomato
carotenoids.
Silymarin
Silymarin is extracted from the fruit, seeds and leaves of the milk thistle plant,
Silybummarianum, which is one of the oldest and better-known plants of ancient times for the
treatment of liver and gallbladder disorders. Silymarin is a mixture of three natural polyphenolic

4. flavonoids: silybin (silibinin), silydianin, and silychristine. The main component silibinin is
considered the most biologically active, due to its potent antioxidant activity and its ability to
modulate differently molecular changes caused by skin exposure to xenobiotics and UV
radiations. Scavenging free radicals prevent lipid peroxidation and decreasing the production of
pyrimidine.
Coffee Berry
The extract of coffee contains polyphenols including chlorogenic acid, condensed
proanthocyanidins, quinic acid, and ferulic acid. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay
(ORAC) showed that the antioxidant activity of Coffeeberry was stronger than that of other well-
known antioxidants such as green tea extract, pomegranate extract, vitamin C and E.
Resveratrol
Resveratrol a poly-phenolic phytoalexin found in grapes, nuts, fruits (colored berries), and many
red wines, exists in two isoforms and the trans isomer is more stable and biologically active.
Resveratrol is a potent antioxidant with strong anti-inflammatory and antipro liferative propertie.
Recent studies reported that this compound was able to inhibit UV-induced lipid peroxidation
being 95% efficient, compared with ~65% for vitamin E and ~37% for vitamin C. Because of its
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, resveratrol appears to offer anti-aging skin benefits,
and different commercial skin care formulations contain this active ingredient. In quantities
contained in skin care products, resveratrol seems to be safe.
Grape seed
Grape seed is obtained from Vitisvinifera, and its principal components are proanthocyanidins,
fatty acids, and vitamin E, C, and D. Proanthocya-nidins, belonging to the flavonoid family, are
potent antioxidants due to radical scavenging, quenching, and enzyme-inhibiting actions. The
antioxidant activity of proanthocyanidins was reported to be much stronger than vitamin C or
vitamin E in aqueous systems. In human epidermal keratinocytes, grape seed proanthocyanidins
reduced UV-B photo-damage by inhibiting depletion of natural antioxidant defense. Due to its
skin moisturizing and antioxidant properties, grape seed oil is largely used as an active ingredient
in cosmetic products. This oil contains fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, alpha-
linolenic, palmitoleic acids and vitamins E, C, D. These fatty acids help repair damaged skin,
wrinkles around the eyes, stretch marks and, therefore, grape seed oil has been included in
cosmetic products claiming anti-aging effects.
Pomegranate
One of the most interesting active ingredients “re-discovered” in the last decade is pomegranate
extract, obtained from different parts of the fruit Punicagranatum, such as juice, seed, and peel.
Because of its many beneficial effects, pomegra-nate extracts have been used in various cultures
as a traditional medicine for centuries. Pomegranate fruit contains a wide range of polyphenols
including ellagic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, tannins, and vitamin C. In particular, the
phenolic components have potent antioxidant activity. With its anti-inflammatory, antiaging and
soothing effects, pomegranate extracts are favorite ingredients for a number of cosmetic products.

5. Component of face cream
Face cream can be prepared by using various ingredients. Depending on the physico-chemical
properties and cream stability different types of excipient are used. Table 1 contains the list of
category of components along with their examples.
Ideal properties
It should be stable and should have a good appearance. It should soften on application to the skin.
It should spread easily without dragging. During application it should not have oily or greasy feel.
A thin emollient film should remain on the skin after its use. It should give the antioxidant
property to the skin.
Anti-oxidant as a nutrients
Antioxidant action is also part of the role of vitamins C,E, folate and beta carotene and also the
minerals selenium, manganese, copper and zinc. Much of the marketing of antioxidants
concentrates on these nutrients. However, studies of antioxidant minerals and vitamins taken as
supplements have been disappointing and it appears that the complex array of antioxidants
present naturally in plants as well as those the body produces in reaction to stress may be more
important.
General applications of antioxidant
Antioxidants protect skin by limiting the production of free radicals, which can damage skin cells.
Reducing the appearance of scar tissue. Use to treat sun damage. Reducing the appearance of
wrinkles. Reverse the effect of aging
1. Anti-inflammation:
Calming of inflammation is one of the most desirable benefits of antioxidants in skin-care
products. Reducing inflammation promotes more even skin tone and helps keep acne and
wrinkles at bay. Alpha lipoic acid and others found in pine bark and green tea, produce
valuable anti-inflammatory results by increasing circulation and cell metabolism.
2. Skin firming:
Antioxidants may actually reverse the effects of aging by improving skin health and
rejuvenating its appearance. Coenzyme Q-10, or CoQ-10, is a common skin-firming
antioxidant and is great for use in eye creams and products that are meant to tone the skin.
3. Reduced appearance of wrinkles:
Most antioxidants are great for reducing the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines, but
vitamins C and E are especially beneficial. Although it is nearly impossible to make wrinkles
disappear, skin-care products with antioxidants can help plump out the skin and make it
appear more youthful. Many products and creams for use around the eyes or other problem
areas incorporate these vitamins.
4. Scar treatment:
Reducing the appearance of scar tissue is another important benefit of antioxidants in skin
care. Scar tissue has a different cell structure than that of healthy skin, making it rigid. Many

6. types of antioxidants, including those found in aloe and an onion extract called allium,
increase blood flow to scar tissue, minimizing the look of the scar and blending in the
development of new skin. Antioxidant-rich scar treatment products are available in a variety
of forms, including gels, patches and creams.
5. Repair of sun damage:
Many antioxidant-rich beauty products are available for treating sun damage, including
cleansers and moisturizers that you can use on your entire body. Sun damage can make skin
appear tough and wrinkly. Antioxidants that stimulate blood flow in the skin can help
encourage the growth of new cells and make sun-damaged skin appear younger.
6. Conclusion:
Antioxidants play an important role not only in specific area but in formulation of various
dosage forms also. Day by day cosmetic preparations have boom in society. In view of
various applications and benefits natural source antioxidant is important in terms of
biocompatible, non-toxic and economic.