Population growth, variation among nations. Population explosion – Family Welfare Programme. Environment and human health. Human Rights. Value Education. HIV/AIDS. Women and Child Welfare. Role of Information Technology in Environment and human health.

1. Human Population and the
Environment
Dr. Preeti Kumari
Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences,
Amity University, Jharkhand, India -834002.

2. POPULATION OF WORLD
6000000000
7000000000
8000000000
9000000000
10000000000
11000000000
12000000000
1/1/2000
1/1/2003
1/1/2006
1/1/2009
1/1/2012
1/1/2015
1/1/2018
1/1/2021
1/1/2024
1/1/2027
1/1/2030
1/1/2033
1/1/2036
1/1/2039
1/1/2042
1/1/2045
1/1/2048
Population

3.  Annual growth rate of world’s population
has declined from 1.34 (2000) to 0.83 %
(2022).
 Annual growth rate of India’s population
has declined from 1.84 (2000) to 0.68 %
(2022).

4. POPULATION OF INDIA
1000000000
1100000000
1200000000
1300000000
1400000000
1500000000
1600000000
1700000000
1800000000 1/1/2000
1/1/2003
1/1/2006
1/1/2009
1/1/2012
1/1/2015
1/1/2018
1/1/2021
1/1/2024
1/1/2027
1/1/2030
1/1/2033
1/1/2036
1/1/2039
1/1/2042
1/1/2045
1/1/2048
Population

5. variation among nations

6.  The UN World Population Prospects (WPP),
2022, forecasts India becoming the most populous country
by 2023, surpassing China, with a 140 crore population.
India currently has 17.5% of the world’s population.
 This is four times the population India had at the time of
Independence in 1947 (34 crore).
 In 2021, India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) slipped below
the replacement level fertility (which is 2.2 children per
woman) to two. Post-Independence, in the 1950s, India
had a TFR of six.
 Several States have reached a TFR of two except for
Bihar, UP, Jharkhand, Manipur and Meghalaya.
 The main causes for this include high illiteracy
levels, rampant child marriage, high levels of under-five
mortality rates, a low workforce participation of
women, lower contraceptive usage and a lack of
economic and decisive say among women.

7. Effects of population explosion
 India’s labour force is constrained by the absence of women from the
workforce, only a fourth of women are employed.
 The quality of educational attainments is not up to the mark, and the
country’s workforce lacks the basic skills required for the modernised
job market.
 India will be having the largest population but its employment rates are
still one of the lowest.
 In 2011, the sex ratio was 943 females per 1,000 males and by 2022, it is
expected to be approximately 950 females per 1,000 males.
 Every other woman in the reproductive age group in India is anaemic,
and every third child below five is stunted.
 Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) cause more than 62% of total
deaths in India.
 India’s public health financing is low, varying between 1% and 1.5% of
GDP, which is among the lowest percentages in the world (Japan 11%,
USA 20%, Pak 3 %).
 The government of Japan pays for 70% of healthcare costs
associated with medical appointments, hospital visits, and even

8. Family Welfare Programmes
 To curb the present population explosion,
especially in developed countries, it is essential to
adopt family planning methods.

9. Family Welfare Programmes
Family
Welfare
Programmes
Family
planning
Sterilization
Condom
Intrauterine
devices
Oral pills
Following the safe
period
Abstinence
Abortion
Vasectomy
Tubecto
my

10. Environment and human health
 Human health is closely associated with the
environment in many ways.
 Changes in our environment induced by human
activities in nearly every sphere of life have had
an influence on the pattern of our health.
 Many diseases are caused by the lack of
sanitation and resulting environmental pollution.

11. Water and food-borne disease
 Caused by drinking uncleaned water or by eating
food without washing hand.
 Millions of children die due to diarrhoea every
year.
 Most of the death in all these cases are due to
dehydration.
 Eg. Diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, amoebiasis,
Jaundice, poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis, typhoid,
etc.

12. Insect-borne disease
 Disease spread through mosquito bite.
 Mosquitoes breed in accumulated water.
 Poor water management
 Eg. Malaria, filaria, encephalitis (brain malaria),
dengue, chikungunia, etc.

13. Disease caused by parasitic
worms
 Children often play in mud and then eat food
without washing hands unknowingly ingest eggs
of parasitic worm.
 Parasitic worms- round worm, thread worm,
hookworms etc.
 Hookworms – through barefoot
 Tapeworms- eating partially cooked pork

14.  Plague
Fleas that bite infected rats get the disease.
Human being s get plague if they are bitten by the
fleas.
 Kalazar
Disease spread by sandfly
Occurs when cattle sheds and poultry farms are
build near houses

15. Fleas

16. Resting and breeding sites of sand flies. a Animal burrow. b Banana bush.
c Brick pile. d Betel bush. e Cattle hut. f Coconut shells. g Buttress root. h
Wall crevice. i Pepper bush. j Coconut husk. k Firewood stalk. l Tree hole
Sandflies

17. Respiratory Disease
 Either caused by or are aggravated by air
pollution.
 Asthma, bronchitis, lung tuberculosis, etc.
 Inhaling smoke from chulhas, dust from air,
exhaust fumes from automobiles, gases released
from industries, etc.
 Lung cancer- by tobacco smoke
 Active smokers- smokers themselves and passive
smokers- others in closely contact with smokers.

18. Disease caused by noise
pollution
 WHO suggests use of microphone should be
limited to 42 hours/week.
 Very loud noise can cause sleeplessness, lack of
concentration, irritability, high blood pressure,
nausea, damage of ears and deafness etc.

19. Disease caused by herbicides and
pesticides
 Herbicides
- Used to kill weeds (herbs) growing with crop
plants.
- Cause skin cancer.
 Pesticides
- Used to protect plants from various diseases.
- Cause hormonal imbalance and cancer to
human.
- Hence, it is important to wash fruit, vegetables
and crops before use.

20. Human rights
 The human conference on human environment held
at Stockholm in 1972 stated that the “natural
resources of the Earth including air, water, land,
flaura and fauna and especially the representative
sample of natural ecosystem must be
safeguarded for the benefit of the present and
future generations through careful planning or
management as appropriate.”
 ‘Earth Summit’ of 1992 also declared that human
beings are entitled to a healthy and productive life in
harmony with nature.
 To stimulate awareness of the environment and to
enhance political attention and public action United
Nations General Assembly in 1972 established June
5th as World Environment Day.

21. Environmental Rights
 Several environmental issues are
closely linked to human rights.
 The right of individuals to use
unspoiled natural resources that
enable their survival are called
Environmental Rights. This
includes access to land, shelter,
food, water and air.
 Basic environmental rights are:

22. Substantive Rights ensure the
rights to:
 Enjoy a safe, clean and sustainable
environment.
 Protection against discrimination and
have equal protection of the law, in
relation to the enjoyment of a safe,
clean, healthy and sustainable
environment.
 Freedom of expression and to seek,
receive and impart information and
ideas through any media and regardless

23. Procedural Rights
• To seek, receive, and impart
environmental information.
• To be a participant in decisions about
environmental matters.
• To effective legal remedies for violations
of these rights.

24. State Obligations ensuring the
provision of the following rights as
well as the obligations:
• To require the prior assessment of the
possible environmental and human
rights impacts of policies and projects.
• To ensure that they comply with their
obligations to indigenous peoples and
members of traditional communities.
• To ensure the effective enforcement of
their environmental standards against
public and private actors.

25. Private Sector Obligations
 Business houses should avoid infringing on the
human rights of others and should address
adverse human rights impacts, which they may
have caused.

26. HIV/AIDS
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus,
which is a sub-classification of the retrovirus. It
causes the HIV infection which over time leads
to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
 AIDS is a deadly condition in which the affected
person’s immune system fails, leading to the spread
of life-threatening infections and cancers in his body.
 The World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted
Source and some other health agencies observe that
many people with HIV manage the condition and live
long healthy lives.
 According to the UNAIDS, there are 2.4 million living
with HIV in India and 70,000 of these are children for
the year of 2022.

27. Causes
 HIV can transmit when body fluids containing the
virus come into contact with a permeable barrier in
the body or small breaks in moist tissues of areas,
such as the genitals.
 Specifically, HIV can transmit via:
 Transfusion of HIV contaminated blood
 Through injection needles, skin piercing instruments
like ear piercing or tattoing needles, etc.
 Unsafe sexual intercourse
 Mother can infect her child during pregnancy, during
birth and through breast milk.
 The virus cannot transmit through saliva, so a person
cannot contract HIV through kissing.

28. Symptoms of HIV infection
 People affected with an HIV infection often feel
like they have the flu.
 Fever
 Fatigue
 Headaches
 Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and groin area

29. Treatments for HIV
 There are more than 25 drugs available and
approved to treat HIV infected patients.
 These drugs are called antiretroviral drugs and
are a combination of medications, which are
collectively called antiretroviral therapy, or ART.

30. Progression to AIDS
 The chances of HIV progressing to AIDS vary
widely from person to person and depend on
many factors, including:
 the person’s age
 the body’s ability to defend against HIV
 accessibility of quality healthcare
 the presence of other infections
 a person’s genetic resistance to certain strains of
HIV
 the strain of HIV, as some are drug-resistant

31. Role of Information Technology in
Environment and human health
 IT is concerned with the use of technology in
managing and processing information.
 It especially deals with the use of computers and
computer software to:
 Convert;
 Store;
 Protect;
 Process;
 Transmit, and
 Retrieve information.

32.  IT can do several tasks extremely rapidly, accurately
and spread the information through the world’s
networks of millions of computer systems. A few
examples of the use of computer technology that aid
environmental studies include software such as using
Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
 The Internet with its thousands of websites has made
it extremely simple to get the appropriate
environmental information for any study or
environmental management planning.
 IT not only assists scientists and students but is a
powerful tool to help increase public awareness about
environmental issues.
 The relationship between the environment and health
has been established due to the growing utilisation of
computer technology.
Role of Information Technology in
Environment and human health