The objective of proposed research work is to implement such a system that can reduce efforts, energy losses, provides a comfortable life, enhance living standards and can help the elderly, handicapped, disables as well as the normal beings to control the home appliances.Employment to Population ratio has increased drastically with increasing living standards. Home Automation plays an important role in maintaining these living standards of employed population by providing a secure & convenient environment. Home automation is similar to smart home, digital home, e-home and intelligent household. They both mean a high living condition with many smart devices. It is the residential extension of building automation which is using automation technology, computer technology and telecommunication technology to give the user a developed living condition, entertainment and security. It helps people to reduce house working and household management by its automation. The Home Automation Systems not only benefit the employed population but it also helps the disabled and elderly population.The vision of the system is to provide an efficient based system to control everyday home appliances. The system offers users an easy & effective means of controlling their various home appliances.

1. Energy Efficient
Infrared (IR) Based
Home Automation
System
A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT ON

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATE............................................................................................................................
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT.....................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………
1.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT.............................................................................................
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.....................................................................................
CHAPTER 2:COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION.........................................................................
2.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION......................................................................................
2.1 (a) ARDUINO UNO............................................................................................
2.1(b)RELAYMODULE...........................................................................................
2.1(c) IR SENSOR.....................................................................................................
2.1(d) LCD DISPLAY...............................................................................................
2.1(e)WIRES.............................................................................................................
2.1(f)ADAPTER........................................................................................................
CHAPTER 3: INTERFACING OF THE COMPONENTS.........................................................
3.1 INTERFACING OF IR SENSOR WITH ARDUINO...................................................
3.2 INTERFACING OF RELAY MODULE WITH ARDUINO........................................
3.3 INTERFACING OF LCD DISPLAY WITH ARDUINO.............................................
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY......................................................................
4.1 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY................................................................................
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE.............................................................
5.1 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE.........................................................................................................
CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES....................................................................................................

3. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

4. 1.1 INTRODUCTION
We are in the midst of an era where the technology has solved most of our problems. With
depleting resources there has been a strong urge to save energy and find alternatives.
Employment to Population ratio has increased drastically with increasing living standards.
Home Automation plays an important role in maintaining these living standards of employed
population by providing a secure & convenient environment. Home automation is similar to
smart home, digital home, e-home and intelligent household. They both mean a high living
condition with many smart devices. It is the residential extension of building automation
which is using automation technology, computer technology and telecommunication
technology to give the user a developed living condition, entertainment and security. It helps
people to reduce house working and household management by its automation. The Home
Automation Systems not only benefit the employed population but it also helps the disabled
and elderly population.
The objective of proposed research work is to implement such a system that can reduce
efforts, energy losses, provides a comfortable life, enhance living standards and can help the
elderly, handicapped, disables as well as the normal beings to control the home appliances.
It uses a combination of hardware and software technologies that enable control and
management over appliances and devices within a home. A home with an automation system
is also known as a smart home.
The vision of the system is to provide an efficient based system to control everyday home
appliances. The system offers users an easy & effective means of controlling their various
home appliances.

5. 1.2 Problem statement
In the present day home automation is becoming essential for the purpose of improving our
life condition. Convenience and ease of using home appliances is what home automation is
offering. Home automation offers a futuristic way of life in which an individual gets to
control his entire house using a smart phone, from turning on a TV to locking/unlocking
doors; it also offers an efficient use of energy.
Sometimes a person in a room forget to switch off the lights and fans which leads to wastage
of energy. Automation leads to control of energy according to the human. When we don’t
require energy it automatically gets switched off and thus save power.
But to get or acquire such system installed will cost a lot of money and that is the major
reason of why home automation has not received much demand and attention, adding to that
also the complexity of installing it and configuring it. Thus it is essential to make it cost
effective and easy to configure, if this is granted to people then they will be willing to acquire
it in their homes, offices and schools. In other words, a system modification for the home
automation is required in order to lower the price of applying it to houses. Also home
automation offers ease of mind and body to handicapped and/or elders in their houses by just
one click to do what they want as stated above.
3. Objective of the study
 Reduce wastage of electrical energy.
 Trim our energy cost.
 To design and implement cost effective home automation system yet an efficient one.
 To design a user friendly and a safe system to control home appliances especially
aimed to aid the elders and handicapped.

6. CHAPTER 2
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

7. 1. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The hardware components used in our projects are as follows:
a) Arduino uno
b) Relay module
c) IR sensors
d) LCD display
e) Wires
f) Adapter
2.1 (a) ARDUINO UNO :
The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc.The board is
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board has 14 Digital pins, 6
Analog pins, and programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) via a type B USB cable.It can be powered by a USB cable or by an external 9
volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the
Arduino Nano and Leonardo.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE)
1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.The Uno board is the first in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.The ATmega328 on the
Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to it
without the use of an external hardware programmer.
Fig 1. Arduino uno
I.

8. II. GENERAL PIN FUNCTIONS
LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.
5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses
the regulator, and can damage the board.
3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.
GND: Ground pins.
IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the
outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
Fig 2. Pin outs of arduino uno

9. 2.2 (b) RELAY MODULE :
In our project we have used 5v 10A relay module.
The relay module is an electrically operated switch that allows you to turn on or off a circuit
using voltage and/or current much higher than a microcontroller could handle.
A relay is an electrically operated device. It has a control system and (also called input circuit
or input contactor) and controlled system (also called output circuit or output cont actor). It is
frequently used in automatic control circuit. To put it simply, it is an automatic switch to
controlling a high-current circuit with a low-current signal.
The advantages of a relay lie in its lower inertia of the moving, stability, long-term reliability
and small volume. It is widely adopted in devices of power protection, automation
technology, sport, remote control, reconnaissance and communication, as well as in devices
of electromechanics and power electronics. Generally speaking, a relay contains an induction
part which can reflect input variable like current, voltage, power, resistance, frequency,
temperature, pressure, speed and light etc. It also contains an actuator module (output) which
can energize or de-energize the connection of controlled circuit. There is an intermediary part
between input part and output part that is used to coupling and isolate input current, as well as
actuate the output. When the rated value of input (voltage, current and temperature etc.) is
above the critical value, the controlled output circuit of relay will be energized or de-
energized.
Input into a relay can be divided into two categories: electrical quantities (including current,
voltage, frequency, power etc.) and non- electrical quantities(including temperature, pressure,
speed, etc.)
Fig 3. Single channel relay module
FEATURES:
The features of 1-Channel Relay module are as follow:
1)Good in safety. In power system and high voltage system, the lower current can control the
higher one.
2) 1-channel high voltage system output, meeting the needs of single channel control
3) Wide range of controllable voltage.

10. 4) Being able to control high load current, which can reach 240V,10A
SPECIFICATION:
1) Digital output controllable
2) Compatible with any 5V microcontroller such as Arduino.
3) Rated through-current: 10A (NO) 5A (NC)
4) Max. switching voltage 250VAC/30VDC
5) Max. switching current 10A
6) Size: 43mm x 17mm x 17mm
Pin outs
Fig 4. pin outs of relay module
INPUT
It has a 1×3 (2.54mm pitch) pin header for connecting power (5V and 0V), and for
controlling the relay. The pins are marked on the PCB:
 GND – Connect 0V to this pin.
 SIG – Controls this relay, active Low! Relay will turn on when this input goes below
about 2.0V
 VCC – Connect 5V to this pin. Is used to power the opto couplers
OUTPUT
The 1 channel relay module could be considered like a series switches: 1 normally Open
(NO), 1 normally closed (NC) and 1 common Pins (COM).
 COM- Common pin
 NC- Normally Closed, in which case NC is connected with COM when INT1 is set
low and disconnected when INT1 is high
 NO- Normally Open, in which case NO is disconnected with COM1 when INT1 is set
low and connected when INT1 is high

11. 2.1 (c) IR SENSORS :
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of
its surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. Infrared
sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and
detecting motion.
Infrared technology is found not just in industry, but also in every-day life. Televisions, for
example, use an infrared detector to interpret the signals sent from a remote control. Passive
Infrared sensors are used for motion detection systems, and LDR sensors are used for outdoor
lighting systems. The key benefits of infrared sensors include their low power requirements,
their simple circuitry and their portable features.
Fig 5. IR sensor
Infrared Radiation Theory:
Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye. In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared
radiation can be found between the visible and microwave regions. The infrared waves
typically have wavelengths between 0.75 and 1000µm.
The infrared spectrum can be split into near IR, mid IR and far IR. The wavelength region
from 0.75 to 3µm is known as the near infrared region. The region between 3 and 6µm is
known as the mid-infrared region, and infrared radiation which has a wavelength greater
higher than 6µm is known as far infrared.
The IR sensor basically consists of three components:
 IR LED (emitter)
 Photodiode (detector)
 Op-Amp

12. IR LED:
IR LED is a light emitting diode which emits the IR radiations. The basic function of the
emitter is to convert electricity into light. It works on the principle of recombination of the
electron-hole pair. As in the conduction band of a diode, electrons are the majority carrier and
in the valence band, holes are majority carrier. So when an electron from a conduction band
recombines with a hole of valance band, some amount of energy is released and this energy is
in the form of light. The amount of energy released is depends upon the forbidden energy
gap. The IR Led has two legs, the leg which is longer is positive and other leg is negative.
Photo Diode:
The photodiode is a p-n junction diode which is connected in reverse bias direction. The basic
function of the detector is to convert light into electricity. As its name implies that it works
effectively only when the certain number of photon or certain amount of light falls on it.
When there is no fall of light on the photodiode it has an infinite resistance and act as an open
switch but as the light starts falling on the photodiode, the resistance becomes low and when
the full intensity of light fall on the photodiode then its resistance becomes zero and it starts
act like a closed switch.
Op-Amp:
Op-Amp stands for operational amplifier. It is a DC-coupled high gain amplifier with
differential inputs and single output. Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled by
either negative feedback or positive feedback. Due to the fact that it performs several
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, integration etc, it is named as operational
amplifier. It has two inputs pins and one output pin.
Working:
We know that the white surface reflects all the radiations falls on it whereas the black color
absorbs them. When the supply is given to IR sensor, LED starts emitting light radiations. If
the surface is of white color then it reflects all the radiations. As these radiations starts falling
on the photodiode which is connected in reverse bias, the resistance of the photodiode starts
decreasing rapidly and the voltage drop across the diode also decreases. The voltage at Pin 3
starts increases, as it reaches just beyond the voltage of Pin 2 the comparator gives high
output. In Case of the black surface, LED emits light but it is not reflected by the surface, so
the photodiode detects nothing and its resistance remains infinite. Hence the comparator
gives low output.
Fig 6. Working of IR sensors

13. If there is an object in front of IR sensor, the transmitted infrared waves from IR transmitter
reflects from that object and is received by the IR receiver. IR sensor gives 0 in this
condition. Whereas, if there is no object in front of the IR sensor, the transmitted infrared
waves from IR transmitter is not received by the IR receiver. And IR sensor gives 1 in this
condition.
Fig 7. Concept of black surface infront of IR sensor
Fig 8. Concept of white surface infront of IR sensors

14. 2.1 (d) LCD DISPLAY
LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and other smaller
computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow
displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much
less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking
light rather than emitting it. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using
a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
Fig 9. LCD display with pin description
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer
monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small
LCD screens are common in portable consumer devices such as digital
cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens
are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices
and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in
nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT
and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to
very large television receivers.
Advantages of an LCD’s:
 LCD’s consumes less amount of power compared to CRT and LED
 LCD’s are consist of some microwatts for display in comparison to some mill watts for
LED’s
 LCDs are of low cost
 Provides excellent contrast
 LCD’s are thinner and lighter when compared to cathode ray tube and LED

15. 2.1(e) WIRES
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear
mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed
by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate.
Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to be used
to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically used
with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a circuit as
needed. Fairly simple. In fact, it doesn’t get much more basic than jumper wires.
Jumper wires typically come in three versions: male-to-male, male-to-female and female-to-
female. The difference between each is in the end point of the wire. Male ends have a pin
protruding and can plug into things, while female ends do not and are used to plug things
into. Male-to-male jumper wires are the most common and what you likely will use most
often. When connecting two ports on a breadboard, a male-to-male wire is what you’ll need.
Fig 10. Male to male jumper wire Fig 11. Male to female jumper wire
Fig 12. Female to female jumper wire

16. 2.1 (f) ADAPTER
An adapter or is a device that converts attributes of one device or system to those of an
otherwise incompatible device or system. Some modify power or signal attributes, while
others merely adapt the physical form of one connector to another.
An AC-to-DC power supply adapts electricity from household mains voltage (either 120 or
230 volts AC) to low-voltage DC suitable for powering consumer electronics. Small,
detached power supplies for consumer electronics are called AC adapters, or chargers.
Fig 13. AC to DC adapter

17. CHAPTER 3
INTERFACING OF THE COMPONENTS

18. 3.1 INTERFACING OF IR SENSORS WITH ARDUINO
There are many versions of Arduino boards introduced in the market like Arduino Uno,
Arduino Due, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, however, most common versions are
Arduino Uno and Arduino Mega.
The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins. It can be powered by a USB cable or by an
external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. Apart from USB,
battery or AC to DC adopter can also be used to power the board.
The software used for Arduino devices is called IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
which is free to use and required some basic skills to learn it. It can be programmed using c
and C++ language.
Pin out of an IR sensor:
1) Ground
2) 5 volt
3) Enable
4) Vout
IR receiver constantly sends digital data in the form of 0 or 1 to Vout pin of the sensor.
Fig 14. Pin out of IR sensor
Fig 15. Connection of IR sensor with arduino

19. 3.2 INTERFACING OF RELAY MODULE WITH ARDUINO
Relay module for Arduino is one of the most powerful application for Arduino as it can be
used to control both A.C and D.C devices by simply controlling the relay by giving 5V. A relay
is basically a switch which is operated electrically by electromagnet. A relay can be used to
control high voltage electronic devices such as motors and as well as low voltage electronic
devices such as a light bulb or a fan.
Relays works on the principle of electromagnetism. When the electricity is provided to
the relay coil then it acts like a magnet and changes the state of the switch. The part which
powers the relay module is completely isolated from the part which turns ON or OFF. This is
why we can control a 220V appliance by simply controlling it using the 5VArduino.
Fig 16. Connection of single channel relay module with arduino

20. 3.3 INTERFACING OF LCD DISPLAY WITH ARDUINO
A LCD module has 16 pins and can be operated in 4-bit mode or 8-bit mode.
Fig 17. Block diagram of LCD display
The name and functions of each pin of the 16×2 LCD module is given below.
Pin1(Vss):Ground pin of the LCD module.
Pin2(Vcc): Power to LCD module (+5V supply is given to this pin)
Pin3(VEE):Contrast adjustment pin. This is done by connecting the ends of a 10K potentimeter
to +5V and ground and then connecting the slider pin to the VEE pin. The voltage at the VEE
pin defines the contrast. The normal setting is between 0.4 and 0.9V.
Pin4(RS):Register select pin.The JHD162A has two registers namely command register and
data register. Logic HIGH at RS pin selects data register and logic LOW at RS pin selects
command register. If we make the RS pin HIGH and feed an input to the data lines (DB0 to
DB7), this input will be treated as data to display on LCD screen. If we make the RS pin
LOW and feed an input to the data lines, then this will be treated as a command ( a command to
be written to LCD controller – like positioning cursor or clear screen or scroll).
Pin5(R/W): Read/Write modes. This pin is used for selecting between read and write modes.
Logic HIGH at this pin activates read mode and logic LOW at this pin activates write mode.
Pin6(E): This pin is meant for enabling the LCD module. A HIGH to LOW signal at this pin
will enable the module.
Pin7(DB0) to Pin14(DB7): Â These are data pins. The commands and data are fed to the LCD
module though these pins.
Pin15(LED+): Anode of the back light LED. When operated on 5V, a 560 ohm resistor should
be connected in series to this pin. In arduino based projects the back light LED can be powered
from the 3.3V source on the arduino board.
Pin16(LED-): Cathode of the back light LED.
For knowing more about LCD module JHD162A and its pin functions, read this article:
Interfacing 16×2 LCD and 8051 microcontroller. The circuit diagram of interfacing LCD
to arduino for displaying a text message is shown below.

21. Fig 18. Interfacing LCD to arduino
RS pin of the LCD module is connected to digital pin 12 of the arduino. R/W pin of the LCD
is grounded. Enable pin of the LCD module is connected to digital pin 11 of the arduino. In
this project, the LCD module and arduino are interfaced in the 4-bit mode. This means
only four of the digital input lines( DB4 to DB7) Â of the LCD are used. This method is very
simple, requires less connections and you can almost utilize the full potential of the LCD
module. Digital lines DB4, DB5, DB6 and DB7 are interfaced to digital pins 5, 4, 3 and 2 of
the Arduino. The 10K potentiometer is used for adjusting the contrast of the display. 560 ohm
resistor R1 limits the current through the back light LED. The arduino can be powered
through the external power jack provided on the board. +5V required in some other parts of
the circuit can be tapped from the 5V source on the arduino board. The arduino can be also
powered from the PC through the USB port.

22. CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

23. 4.1 DESIGN AND METHODOLGY
The model works as a visitor counter and hence by the home automation using a arduino is a
reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well as counting
number of persons/visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters the room the
sensors at the one end are programmed in such a way that on consecutive operation of two
LED complies micro-controller to count as a person to be entering the room. This
information can be further used to manipulate the operation of electronic appliances
automatically. When the display shows a zero then all the appliances will be signaled to turn
off, this helps in the energy efficient housing system. Moreover, the number of persons inside
the big halls, malls can be easily identified.
When any object pass through the IR Receiver’s then the IR Rays falling on the
receiver are obstructed, this obstruction is sensed by the arduino.
Fig 19. Connection of all the components

24. CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

25. 5.1 CONCLUSION
The project has proposed the idea of smart homes that can support a lot of home automation
systems. A smart home contains a connection between wireless communication, sensors,
monitoring and tracking. Smart homes are a huge system that includes multiple technologies
and applications that can be used to provide security and control of the home easily.
At the initial stage of construction it is necessary to spend so much time, how many it is
necessary to consider options, estimate the budget and make a decision on the system and all
its elements, make a competent project, then the previously obtained system will give the user
exactly what he expected of it.
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE
The system for the “Home Automation Network” has a vast scope & almost limitless
applications in today’s technology driven market. The system can be made efficient by
modularizing each and every component of the system hence ensuring that it can be
integrated with a varied range of devices. The basic vision of the system is to provide a
convenient & secure system to the user, which would aid the high degree of mobility &
control we aim to achieve nowadays.
There are a variety of enhancements that could be made to this system to achieve greater
accuracy in sensing and detection.
a)There are a lot of other sensors that can be used to increase the security and control of the
home like pressure sensor that can be put outside the home to detect that someone will enter
the home.
b)Changing the way of the automated notifications by using the GSM module to make this
system more professional.
c)A smart garage that can measure the length of the car and choose which block to put the
car into it and it will navigate the car through the garage to make the parking easy for the
homeowner in his garage.
As for recommendation, there are few suggestions that can be considered for further research
to improve this paper: The monitoring part not only limited to the ON/ OFF the home
appliances only. Motion sensor may add for automatic lighting and turning ON the fans in the
area where user were there. Schedule may add to enable user to set the ON/ OFF timer for
home appliances.

26. CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

27. 1.International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
National Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (VNCET-30
Mar’12)“Embedded Web Server for Home Appliances”
2. Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013- ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering “The Design and Implementation
of Voice Controlled Wireless Intelligent Home Automation System Based on ZigBee”
3.“Remote-Controlled Home Automation Systems with Different Network Technologies”
By Armando Roy Delgado, Rich Picking and Vic Grout.
4. The official Arduino Website: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction.
5. Wikipedia
6.Augusto, J.C., and Nugent, C.D. Smart homes can be smarter. Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
pp. 5-12, 2006
7. Anonymous,Wikipedia,Home automation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation
,2016.
8. Anonymous,Arduino,website. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products, 2016