Design of equipment for laparoscopic surgery

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
“Conceptualize a laparoscopic
device which avoids a port to
send the light source”

2. STATE OF THE ART
Light source

3. WHY?
Reduce the number and size of incisions => Minimizing scar tissue
Need to drive down the cost of the equipment: especially in developing
countries
Need for convenience for the surgeon
Opportunity for enhancing the image acquired

4. DERIVATIONOFIDEA

5. IDEA 1:
ILLUMINATING THE
LIGHT SOURCE

6. DERIVATION OF IDEA

7. DEVELOPMENT -1
Using the property of Photoluminescence which include fluorescence and
phosphorescence may be used for illuminating the instruments.
Merits :
The factor of radioactivity is avoided.
It operates for a longer period when compared to the coat of luminating
material.
Intensity of photoluminescence is higher.
Demerits:
Heat is generated which may be tackled by using heat absorbers externally or
a mechanism may be designed for using heat generated as an energy source
for coagulation

8. IDEA-2 : BIO- LUMINESCENCE
DERIVATION OF IDEA

9. DEVELOPMENT 1 : USING ENZYMES WHICH MAY EMIT
LIGHT AFTER APPROPRIATE REACTION
 Oxidation of luciferins, which is catalyzed by luciferases, yields a peroxy compound 1,2-dioxetane.
The dioxetane is unstable and decays spontaneously to carbon dioxide and excited ketones, which
release excess energy by emitting light (bioluminescence).
Loss of CO2
of a dioxetane, giving rise to an excited ketone, which relaxes by emitting light.
 Enzyme produced by bio luminous bacteria may be inserted through the laparoscopic key hole which act
as a light source for the surgery. Interaction of blue fluorescent protein (also known as the
lumazine protein) in Photobacterium phosphoreumand Photobacterium leiognathi with the
respective luciferases yields photon emission at higher energy ( MAX ~478 nm) corresponding
to a blue color. Similarly, the presence of the yellow fluorescence protein in the strain Y-1 of V.
fischeri results in yellow light emission

10. MERITS AND DEMERITS
Merits :
No incision is required for the light source .
Intensity can be altered by controlling enzymatic action.
In the case of using luciferase , the end product of the reaction is carbon
dioxide.
Demerits :
Heat which is liberated should either be absorbed or used for the purpose
of coagulation.
The end products in the reaction of Luciferin should be carefully disposed

11. IDEA 3 : USING ELASTIC MATERIAL AS A SPACE
FOR CHEMOLUMINESCENCE

12. IDEA -4 SENDING THE LIGHT SOURCE INSIDE
AND CONTROLLING USING A MAGNET
Origination of the idea
•Peretonnial Cavity is inflated
•Leaves the operating areas not in intact
with the wall of the abdomen.

13. • Deduction made from the fact that gas filled area gives us a
large aperture for the light source .
• A magnet attached light which is operated with a magnetic
control from outside .
• Intensity can also be controlled.
• Just like a paper weight on the table .

14. IDEA-5 : Fiber-Optics, Depth Perception &
Multispectral Imaging
Miniaturized (expensive) camera heads
Separate light source
Existing commonly used
setup
Proposed alternative

15. Stereoscopic (3D) vision headset for live depth perception to the
surgeon

16. Focal stacking to extract clinically
relevant features from different
depths
Multispectral imaging
mechanism (can
alternatively be
provided at light
source using different
wavelength LEDs)
Multispectral Imaging

17. A combination of minor tweaks can make a major
difference!
• Diameter of Laparoscope port can be
minimized, implying minimal scar tissue
• At the tip, lens can be used (or made from fiber
cable) to increase field of view (if required)
• Instead of looking at a display monitor, the
surgeon can have a live stereoscopic video fed
to his/her headset => depth perception
• A larger, much cheaper CCD camera can be
used, as it can be placed outside and doesn’t
need to be in the line of sight of incoming light
• Additionally, a visually richer image can be
obtained by implementing multispectral
imaging at the light source or CCD sensor
(outside)

18. ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM

20. FINAL DEVELOPMENT
A mechanical system may be designed with a light source embedded into
it . In this system the light sources are attached to the branches which are
extended or unfolded after the incision.
Merits :
High intensity of light can be generated using this mechanism.
The branches of this system can be rotated facilitating the surgeon to
focus light at required area.
Light intensity can be altered by adjusting the position of branch.
Demerits:
The extended branches may restrict the movement of other instruments .
They may go in contact with other tissues .
The diameter of probe may increase

21. Pranav
Santosh
Tanay
Radhika
Soniya
Ramya