Chapter 1-it-im introduction

Course Teacher:
Dr. P. R. Patil
Professor & Head, MCA Department
K.L.E Technological University, Hubballi-31
CHAPTER 1
IT-IM- Introduction

Topic Learning Outcomes & Lesson Schedule
Topic Learning Outcomes COs BL CA Code
1. Define IT infrastructure and describe its components 1 2 1.3
2. Able to identify and describe the stages of IT infrastructure
evolution
1 2 4.1
3. Able to identify and describe the technology drivers of IT
infrastructure evolution
1 2 1.3
4. To assess contemporary software and hardware platforms 1 3 4.1
Lesson Schedule
Class No. - Portion covered per hour
IT Infrastructure, Infrastructure Components
Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends
Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies, Management Issues

IT Infrastructure
• By Forrest Stroud
• The term infrastructure in an information technology (IT)
context refers to an enterprise's entire collection
of hardware, software, networks, data centers, facilities
and related equipment used to develop, test, operate,
monitor, manage and/or support information technology
services.
• A company's IT infrastructure includes
• the physical IT devices and products, but does not include the
employees, documentation or processes used in operating and
managing IT services.

IT Infrastructure
• What does IT Infrastructure mean?
• https://www.techopedia.com/definition/29199/it-infrastructure
• IT infrastructure refers to the composite hardware,
software, network resources and services required for the
existence, operation and management of an enterprise IT
environment.
• It allows an organization to deliver IT solutions and
services to its employees, partners and/or customers and
is usually internal to an organization and deployed within
owned facilities.

IT Infrastructure- Components
• IT infrastructure consists of all components that somehow play a role
in overall IT and IT-enabled operations.
• It can be used for internal business operations or developing
customer IT or business solutions.
• Standard IT infrastructure components:
• Hardware: Servers, computers, data centers, switches, hubs and
routers, etc.
• Software: Enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship
management (CRM), productivity applications and more
• Network: Network enablement, internet connectivity, firewall and
security
• Meatware: Human users, such as network administrators (NA),
developers, designers and generic end users with access to any IT
appliance or service are also part of an IT infrastructure, specifically
with the advent of user-centric IT service development.

CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FIRM, IT INFRASTRUCTURE,
AND BUSINESS CAPABILITIES
FIGURE 5-1 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FIRM, IT INFRASTRUCTURE, AND BUSINESS CAPABILITIES
The services a firm is capable of providing to its customers, suppliers, and employees are a direct function of its IT infrastructure. Ideally, this infrastructure should support
the firm’s business and information systems strategy. New information technologies have a powerful impact on business and IT strategies, as well as the services that can
be provided to customers.
• IT infrastructure provides the foundation for serving customers,
working with vendors, and managing business processes. It defines
the capabilities of the firm today and in the near term.

CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FIRM, IT INFRASTRUCTURE,
AND BUSINESS CAPABILITIES
• IT infrastructure can be seen as technology or as service
clusters.
• The service-based definition focuses on the services
provided by the hardware and software, such as
platforms, telecommunications, physical facilities
management, application software, data management, IT
management, IT standards, IT educations, and IT
research and development.
• The service platform perspective highlights the business
value provided by IT infrastructure.

ERAS IN IT INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION -Five stages in
the evolution of IT infrastructure with diagram.

ERAS IN IT INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION
1. Electronic accounting machine era (1930-1950):
The use of large, cumbersome machines with hardwired software for
sorting, adding, and reporting data
2. General-Purpose Mainframe and minicomputer era (1959-
present):
The introduction and continued use of mainframes. Mainframes were
the first powerful computers that could provide time sharing, multi
tasking, and virtual memory, and became powerful enough to support
thousands of remote terminals.
The mainframe era was a period of highly centralized computing
controlled by programmers and system operators. Minicomputers,
powerful yet less expensive computers, began to change this pattern,
allowing decentralized computing customizable to individual
departments or business units.

3. Personal computer era (1981-present):
 The appearance of the IBM PC in 1981 is usually considered the
beginning of the PC era because this machine was the first to be
widely adopted by American businesses.
 95 percent of today's 1 billion computers are Wintel PCs,
using Windows software and Intel microprocessors.
 PCs were standalone systems until PC operating system software in
the 1990s made it possible to link them into networks.

3. Client server era (1983-present):
 In client/server computing, desktop or laptop computers
called clients are networked to server computers that provide the
clients with services and capabilities.
 Computer processing work is split between these two types of
machines. The client is the user point of entry, whereas the server
typically processes and stores shared data, serves up Web pages, or
manages network activities.
 The term server refers to both the software application and the
physical computer on which the network software runs.
The server could be a mainframe, but today server computers
typically are more powerful versions of personal computers.

 In two-tiered client/server architecture, a client computer is
networked to a server with processing split between the two.
 In multi-tiered (N-tier) client/server architecture, the work of the
entire network is balanced over several different levels of servers.
Distributing work across a number of smaller inexpensive machines
cost much less than minicomputers or mainframes.

• FIGURE 5-3 A MULTITIERED CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK (N-TIER)
In a multitiered client/server network, client requests for service are
handled by different levels of servers

5. Enterprise Internet (1992-present):
• The Internet networking technology Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite enables
enterprises to link disparate devices and local area
networks (LANs) into single enterprise-wide networks
• . Integrated computing environments allows for much
faster and seamless gathering and distribution of data.

Features or characteristics of information technology
There are five important features or characteristics of information
technology today that act as drivers toward the expansion and further
development of technology. These include:
1. Moore's Law and Microprocessing Power
2. The Law of Mass Digital Storage:
3. Metcalf's Law and Network Economics:
4. Declining Communications Costs and the Internet
5. 5. Standards and Network Effects:

Features or Characteristics of Information technology
1. Moore's Law and Microprocessing Power:
Moore's law stated in 1965 that microprocessing power doubles
every two years. Variations of this law assert that Microprocessing
power doubles every 18 months Computer power doubles every 18
months, The price of computing every 18 months.
FIGURE 5-4 MOORE’S LAW AND MICROPROCESSOR PERFORMANCE
Packing more transistors into a tiny microprocessor has exponentially increased processing power.
Source: 2004 Intel Corporation; updated by the authors.

FIGURE 5-5 FALLING COST OF
CHIPS
Packing more transistors into less
space has driven down transistor
cost dramatically as well as the cost
of the products in which they are
used.
An Intel® processors today can
contain as many as 1 billion
transistors, run at 3.2 GHz and
higher, deliver over 10,000 MIPS,
and can be manufactured in high
volumes with transistors that cost
less than 1/10,000th of a cent.
That’s a little less than the cost of
one printed character in this book.

Nanotechnology uses individual atoms and molecules to create computer
chips thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.
Nanotubes have potential uses as minuscule wires or in ultra small
electronic devices.
Other technologies promise to further miniaturize transistors and improve
chip technology. FIGURE 5-6 EXAMPLES OF
NANOTUBES
Nanotubes are tiny tubes about 10,000
times thinner than a human hair. They
consist of rolled up sheets of carbon
hexagons. Discovered in 1991 by
researchers at NEC, they have the
potential uses as minuscule wires or in
ultra small electronic devices and are
very powerful conductors of electrical
current.

2. The Law of Mass Digital Storage: The Law of Mass Digital Storage
sees that while the amount of digital information produced
worldwide doubles every year, the cost of storing digital information
is falling at an exponential rate.
FIGURE 5-7 THE CAPACITY OF HARD DISK DRIVES GROWS
EXPONENTIALLY 1980–2007
From 1980 to 1990, hard disk drive capacities for PCs grew at the rate of 25
percent annual compound growth, but after 1990, growth accelerated to
more than 65 percent each year.

2. The Law of Mass Digital Storage:
FIGURE 5-8 THE COST OF STORING DATA DECLINES EXPONENTIALLY
1950–2005
Since the first magnetic storage device was used in 1955, the cost of
storing a kilobyte of data has fallen exponentially, doubling the amount of
digital storage for each dollar expended every 15 months on average.
Source: Kurzweill 2003, updated by the authors.

3. Metcalf's Law and Network Economics:
In 1970, Metcalfe's Law described the value of a network
grows exponentially with each increase in membership to
the network.
Demand for information technology has been driven by the
social and business value of digital networks, which rapidly
multiply the number of actual and potential links among
network members.

4. Declining Communications Costs and the Internet: The rapid
decline of communication costs and the exponential growth in size of
the Internet are transforming IT infrastructure.
FIGURE 5-9 EXPONENTIAL DECLINES IN INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS COSTS
One reason for the growth in the Internet population is the rapid decline in Internet
connection and overall communication costs.
The cost per kilobit of Internet access has fallen exponentially since 1995.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modems now deliver a kilobit of
communication for a retail price of less than 2 cents.

• 5. Standards and Network Effects:
• Technology standards, specifications that establish the compatibility
of products and the ability to communicate in a network, unleash
powerful economies of scale and result in price declines as
manufacturers focus on products built to a certain standard.
• Some of the important standards that have shaped IT infrastructure
include ASCII, UNIX, TCP/IP, Ethernet, the IBM/Microsoft/Intel
Personal Computer, and the World Wide Web.

Chapter 1-it-im introduction

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