POLISH-JOURNAL-OF-SCIENCE-№19-2019-VOL.-1

POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
№19 (2019)
VOL. 1
ISSN 3353-2389
Polish journal of science:
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Agata Żurawska – University of Warsaw, Poland
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Andrzej Janowiak – AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Bjørn Evertsen – Harstad University College, Norway
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Thea Huszti – Aalborg University, Denmark
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Eva Maria Bates – University of Navarra, Spain
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CONTENT
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Tiunova L., Shikhova L.
REACTION OF A PIGMENT COMPLEX OF BARLEY
LEAVES TO LEAD IONS.................................................3
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Onerkhan G.,
Durmekbaeva Sh., Akhmetova N.
BIOINDICATION OF WATER QUALITY OF LAKE
ZERANDА USING MICROSEAWEED .............................7
CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Abilova A.
NONIONIC COOLIGOMERIC AND COPOLYMERIC
SURFACTANTS BASED ON EPOXY COMPOUNDS.......11
EARTH SCIENCES
Ayapbekova A.,
Seisenbayeva G., Jangeldlna D.
ORGANIZATION OF THE TOURIST-COGNITIVE TOUR
DEDICATED TO THE TITLES OF NAME OF KHOJA
AKHMET YASAWI.......................................................18
Serebrennikov S., Dzhurik V., Bryzhak E.
AN OVERVIEW OF GROUND BEHAVIOR UNDER
DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN SEISMICALLY
ACTIVE AREAS............................................................21
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Gladyshev V., Solodovnik V.,
Lisianskaia A., Gladyshevа S.
STUDY OF INTENSITY OF THE OCTOPIROX RELEASING
FROM THE OINTMENT BASES ...................................25
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Zhezhera I., Firsov S.
METHOD AND MODEL OF PROVIDING A
FUNCTIONALLY SUSTAINABLE UAV MOVEMENT......30
Kovalenko V., Cheilytko А.
THE METHODOLOGY OF DETERMINING THE
EFFICIENCY OF USING Biogas MIXTURES IN
INDUSTRIAL FURNACE INSTALLATIONS.....................39

POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE № 19, 2019 3
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
РЕАКЦИЯ ПИГМЕНТНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА ЛИСТЬЕВ ЯЧМЕНЯ НА ИОНЫ СВИНЦА
Тиунова Л.Н.
Федеральный аграрный научный центр Северо-Востока,
Шихова Л.Н.
Вятская государственная сельскохозяйственная академия,
г. Киров, Российская Федерация
REACTION OF A PIGMENT COMPLEX OF BARLEY LEAVES TO LEAD IONS
Tiunova L.
Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East,
Shikhova L.
Vyatka State Agricultural Academy,
Kirov, Russian Federation
Аннотация
В условиях вегетационного опыта на примере двух сортов ярового ячменя показаны генотипические
отличия в реакции пигментного комплекса листьев на стрессовое воздействия ионов свинца. Растения
сорта Памяти Родиной реагировали на стрессовое воздействие более значительным снижением массы, чем
растения сорта Форвард: депрессия массы растений – 41 и 57% при аэрогенном и почвенном поступлении
соответственно у сорта Памяти Родиной и 4 и 31% - у сорта Форвард; депрессия массы листьев – 31 и 39%
у сорта Памяти Родиной, 9 и 26% - у сорта Форвард. На высоту растений сорта Форвард ионы свинца не
оказали статистически значимого влияния, а у сорта Памяти Родиной привели к 15% снижению показа-
теля. Ионы свинца повысили содержание всех трех типов пигментов в листьях растений сорта Памяти
Родиной,. Эффект аэрогенного воздействия был более проявлен, особенно в случае содержания каротино-
идов. Для сорта Форвард оба варианта воздействия стрессора привели к значимому повышению содержа-
ния хлорофилла а. Путь поступления стрессора в растение (аэрогенный или почвенный) может иметь вли-
яние на уровень проявления адаптивных реакций фотосинтетического аппарата.
Abstract
Genotypic differences in reaction of a morphological parameters and pigment complex of leaves on stressful
influences of ions of lead are shown on the example of two cultivars of spring barley in the conditions of green-
house experiment. Plants of cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj responded to stress treatment by a more significant mass
reduction than plants of cultivar Forward: plant weight depression was 41 and 57% at aerogenic and soil inputting
of lead ions respectively in cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj and 4 and 31% in cultivar Forward; depression of leaf mass
was 31 and 39% in in cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj and 9 and 26% in cultivar Forward. Lead ions did not have a
statistically significant effect on the plant height of cultivar Forward, but in cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj it led to a
15% decrease in the parameter. Lead ions increased the content of all three types of pigments in plant leaves in
cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj. The effect of aerogenic action was more evident, especially in the case of carotenoids.
For cultivar Forward, both ways of stress treatment resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll a content. The
way of receipt of a stressor to a plant (aerogenic or soil) can have influence on the level of manifestation of adaptive
reactions of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Ключевые слова: хлорофилл, каротиноиды, стресс, элементы структуры продуктивности, тяжелые
металлы
Keywords: chlorophyll, carotenoids, stress, elements of yield structure, heavy metals
One of important indicators of soil properties and
their chemical state is the element structure. It is known
that the majority of elements are necessary for plant nu-
trition and their full development. On the other hand,
heavy metals are toxic for live organisms in case of sur-
plus of their contents. Pollution of the soil with ions of
heavy metals represents one of current problems of
modern agriculture both around the world, and in the
Russian Federation [5]. One of the reasons leading to
decrease in productivity of agricultural crops growing
on the soils polluted by ions of lead or cadmium is de-
pression of normal activity of the foliar apparatus. In
particular, heavy metals lead to reduction in content of
photosynthetic pigments in plant leaves [1]; at the same
time the content of a chlorophyll decreases in higher
degree than carotenoids content [7]. At the same time
data on content of photosynthetic pigments in plant
leaves are used by scientists and practicians of agricul-
ture for development of crop farming systems, high-
quality technologies and use of various agrochemicals
[2, 8, 9].
Chemicals can input into plants by two ways:
through root system (the method of fertilizers applica-
tion to the soil is based on this way) and through a leaf
surface (it is a basis of a method of top-dressing and
foliar processing). Technogenic pollution of the envi-
ronment happens, generally in the air way; even those
ions which come to plants through roots, have to get on

4 POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE № 19, 2019
the soil surface from air in the beginning. In scientific
literature there are separate works in which it is shown
that the effect of lead ions (change of physiological and
productive parameters) significantly differs at these
two ways of inputting them (through root or aerogenic)
into plants of spring wheat [6]. Therefore, the purpose
of our work was to analyze of influence of lead ions on
a state of a pigment complex of plant leaves when en-
tering a stressor through the soil of by top-dressing of
foliage.
Material and methods. As an object of re-
searches, two cultivars of spring barley (Hordeum vul-
gare L.) bred in FASC of the Northeast (Kirov) were
taken: Pamyati Rodinoj and Forward. Plants were
grown up in the conditions of greenhouse in the 5L-
vessels filled with the natural sod-podsolic soil. When
filling vessels, the soil was spilled with lead chloride
solution (160 mg/kg, concentration corresponded to
that applied by other researchers [4, 7]) as variant of
soil way of a stressor inputting, or with distilled water
in control variant and variant of aerogenic inputting of
a stressor. The soil was maintained within a month; af-
ter that sowing of seeds were carried out (on 8 seeds of
each cultivar in 5-fold frequency of each variant of ex-
periment). Plants were grown up in the habitat; water-
ing of plants was carried out weekly with the distilled
water into pots and spraying on leaves (in the variant of
aerogenic pollution with lead chloride solution, in the
variants of soil pollution and control with the distilled
water). In a month after sowing, plants were collected,
measurements of height of plants was performed, as
well as calculation of leaves number and assessment of
the crude and dry mass of plants, mass of leaves. For
the qualitative and quantitative analysis of pigment
structure, acetone extracts from average sample of
leaves were used. Assessment of pigment contents
(chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids) was carried
out with use of the UVmini-1240 spectrophotometer
(SHIMADZU Corporation, Japan). Extraction of pig-
ments and calculation of their contents carried out by a
technique [3]. The obtained data processed statistically
with use of software packages of Microsoft Office Ex-
cel 2007.
Results and discussion. Results of morphological
estimates are given in table 1.
Table 1.
Influence of a way of lead ions inputting on development of morphological parameters of spring barley plants
Variety Treatment
Plant
height, cm
Leaves
number,
pieces
Plant crude
mass, g
Leaves wet
mass, g
Leaves dry
mass, g
Pamyati
Rodinoj
Water (control) 28.14 5.52 7.27 2.44 0.532
Pb on leaves 23.98 5.28 4.30 1.68 0.348
Pb on roots 24.00 5.40 3.16 1.51 0.267
Forward
Water (control) 24.02 5.58 5.14 2.31 0.501
Pb on leaves 25.93 5.92 4.95 2.11 0.475
Pb on roots 24.06 2.72 3.55 1.70 0.335
As it is appears from data of table 1, lead ions led
to a depression of growth processes of barley plants at
both ways of inputting. Especially strongly this influ-
ence was shown on mass parameters - the crude and dry
total mass of plants and on the leaves mass. At the same
time the effect of inputting of stressful agent through
root system was shown at higher degree.
The genotipic effect also took place: plants of the
cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj reacted to stressful influence
by more considerable decrease in weight, than plants of
cultivar Forward: a depression of plant mass was 41 and
57% at aerogenic and soil ways of inputting respec-
tively at cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj but only 4 and 31%
at cultivar Forward; a depression of leaves mass was 31
and 39% at cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj but only 9 and
26% at cultivar Forward. Lead ions did not exert statis-
tically significant impact on height of plants at cultivar
Forward, but at cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj it led to 15%
decrease in parameter.
As for influence of lead ions on the pigmentary
apparatus of leaves of barley plants, as it is appears
from data of table 2, in this case it was shown signifi-
cant genotypic differences too.

Table 2.
The content of pigments in leaves of 5-week plants of spring barley at two ways of lead treatment (mg/g of dry
matter)
Treatment
Chlorophyll
а
Chlorophyll
b
Carotenoids
Chlorophyl
l a/b ratio
Sum of
chlorophyll /
carotenoids
ratio
% of chloro-
phyll a in
light-harvest-
ing complexes
Spring barley Pamyati Rodinoj
Water
(control)
8.20±0.19 2.79±0.31 2.39±0.16 2.95±0.07 4.57±0.29 40.80±0.94
Pb on
leaves
10.19±0.23* 3.63±0.38* 2.99±0.36* 2.82±0.06 4.73±0.35 42.63±0.90
Pb on
roots
9.75±0.13* 3.54±0.10* 2.63±0.31 2.75±0.15 5.41±0.24* 44.03±0.24*
Spring barley Forward
Water
(control)
7.31±0.25 2.59±0.39 2.49±0.30 2.98±0.28 4.03±0.27 41.45±0.35
Pb on
leaves
8.23±0.19* 2.91±0.14 2.55±0.17 2.84±0.16 4.42±0.28 42.80±0.34*
Pb on
roots
8.67±0.30* 3.06±0.10 2.40±0.09 2.83±0.01 4.89±0.06* 42.40±0.15*
Note: * - the difference from control is statistically significant at p ≤ 0,05. Significant differences between variants
of stressful influence are shown by italics
Lead ions exerted statistically significant impact
on the content of all three types of pigments in leaves
of plants of cultivar Pamyati Rodinoj, leading to in-
crease in their content in compare with control treat-
ment. It is quite expected that effect of aerogenic pollu-
tion was more expressed, especially in case of the con-
tent of auxiliary pigments - carotenoids. Statistically
significant difference between variants of stressor in-
putting was noted only in case of content of chlorophyll
a. Nevertheless, differences in the content of pigments,
being statistically not significant in the analysis of their
absolute contents, was shown when calculating indexes
(ratios of pigments and their distribution between struc-
tural parts of photosystems): the ratio of sum of chloro-
phyll to carotenoids at soil influence of lead ions in-
creased statistically significantly in compare with both
other variants of experiment.
For plants of both studied cultivars, the part of
chlorophyll a in light-harvesting complexes of photo-
systems significantly increased in variant of lead input-
ting through root system in compare with control. It
means that at influence of lead ions studied plants
strengthened processes of catching of light energy, hav-
ing a little reduced work on transformation of this en-
ergy into organic substances.
In case of cultivar Forward, such restructuring of
the assimilatory apparatus happened at stressful influ-
ence by aerogenic way also.
Thus, the conducted research on the example of
two cultivars of spring barley showed, firstly, signifi-
cant genotypic differences in reaction of a pigmentary
complex of leaves to influence of lead ions; secondly,
high degree of similarity in action of lead ions at differ-
ent ways of its inputting into plants (soil and aerogenic)
on a pigmentary complex of leaves.
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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
БИОИНДИКАЦИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ ОЗЕРА ЗЕРЕНДА С ПОМОЩЬЮ
МИКРОВОДОРОСЛЕЙ
Онерхан Г.
к.б.н., старший преподаватель кафедры биологии и МП,
КГУ им.Ш.Уалиханова, Казахстан,
Дурмекбаева Ш.Н.
к.б.н., заведующий кафедры биологии и МП, доцент,
КГУ им.Ш.Уалиханова, , Казахстан,
Ахметова Н.П.
доктор PhD, старший преподаватель
кафедра биологии и методики преподавания,
КГУ им.Ш.Уалиханова, Казахстан
BIOINDICATION OF WATER QUALITY OF LAKE ZERANDА USING MICROSEAWEED
Onerkhan G.
candidate of biological sciences, senior lecturer Biology and teaching methods department, Sh. Ualihanov
Kokshetau State University, Kazakhstan.
Durmekbaeva Sh.
Candidate of biological sciences, Associate Professor,
Head of the Biology and teaching methods department,
Sh. Ualihanov Kokshetau State University, Kazakhstan.
Akhmetova N.
Dr. PhD, senior lecturer, Biology and teaching
methods department, Sh. Ualihanov Kokshetau State University, Kazakhstan.
Аннотация
В cтaтье проведен cиcтемaтичеcкий aнaлиз и определенa видового cоcтaвa aльгофлоры озерa Зеренда.
Микроводороcли, выявленные в озере Зеренда, cоcтaвили 109 видa, из которых 31 видa являютcя ин-
дикaтор-caпробными микроводорослями. Знaчение caпробного индекca рaвное 2,01 докaзывaет, что воды
озерa отноcятcя к β-мезоcaпробной зоне. Выявлено, что интенcивный роcт микроводороcлей нaблюдaетcя
в летнее время годa. Определено, что летом доминируют зеленые и cине-зеленые водороcли, a веcной и
оcенью – диaтомовые.
Abstract
The article carried out a systematic analysis and determined the species composition of the algal flora of Lake
Zerenda. The microalgae identified in Lake Zerenda consisted of 109 species, of which 31 species are the indicator
- saprobe microseaweed. The meaning of an index saprobe of lake Zerenda equal 2,01 proves, that waters of lake
concern to - mezosaprob to a zone. Is determined, that the intensive growth of microseaweed of lake Zerenda are
observed in the summer season. Is revealed, that in the summer the green and blue-green seaweed, and spring and
autumn - Bacillariophyta dominates.
Ключевые слова: aльгофлорa, биоиндикация, озеро Зеренда, индикaтор-caпробноcть,
мезосапробная зона.
Keywords: algoflor, bioindication, lake Zerenda, indicator-saprobity, mezosaprob zone.
Определение биоразнообразия микроводорос-
лей на различных водоемах позволяет с высокой
степенью достоверности оценить степень загряз-
ненности каждого водоема. Так, изменении их со-
стояния от сильно загрязненного к умеренно-за-
грязненному, сопровождается количественными
сдвигами видового состава водорослей, т.е. разви-
тие различных видов микроводорослей, в большой
мере, зависит от изменении условий окружающей
среды. Таким образом, для биоиндикации состоя-
ния различных водоемов, оценки эффективности
работы очистных сооружений, расчета индексов са-
пробности воды большую значимость имеют ре-
зультаты оценки биразнообразия микроводоросле-
вого состава водоемов 1,2.
Объекты и методы исследования
Объектом наших исследований служили
пробы воды озера Зеренда.
Альгофлору озер изучали в период с 2014 по
2018 г.г.
Определение таксономического состава про-
водилось в лаборатории на кафедре биологии и МП
КГУ им. Ш.Уалиханова. Определение видового со-
става микроводорослей проводили по методике Си-
ренко с использованием следующих определите-
лей: «Определитель сине-зеленых водорослей
Средней Азии», Том 1-2; «Определитель пресно-
водных водорослей СССР», Том 1-14; «Определи-
тель протококковых водорослей Средней Азии»

Том 1-2 [3-6]. Для определения сапробных организ-
мов использовали «Атлас водорослей – индикато-
ров сапробности» [7]. Индекс сапробности водоема
вычисляли по методу Пантле и Букка [8].
Результаты и обсуждение
Озеро Зеренда расположено в Зерендинском
районе северо-западной части поселка Зеренда. Аб-
солютная отметка его уровня составляет 370,4 м.
Общая площадь водосбора равна 97,7 км2
. Южная
половина водосборного бассейна покрыта cocно-
вым и березовым лесом. Площадь зеркал состав-
ляет в среднем за многолетний период 10 км2, мак-
симальная глубина - 8,5 м. Длина береговой линии
21,3 км. Поверхность озера в основном открытая,
только в западной части прибрежная полоса шири-
ной 100-150 м заросла тростников Дно озера в ос-
новном ровное, песчаное, с галькой и валунами.
Озеро бессточное. С южного берега в него впадает
три временных водотока длиной 0,3-1,5 км, сток по
которым происходит только весной в течении не-
скольких дней или во время интенсивных дождей.
Минерализация воды весной составляет 0,6-1,0 г/л,
к зиме увеличивается до 1,3 г/л. Вода из озера ис-
пользуется для питьевых и хозяйственных целей.
Видовой состав микроводорослей в озере Зе-
ренда изучался в весенний, летний и осенний пери-
оды. По результатом альгологического исследова-
ния в пробах воды озера Зеренда определено 109
видов микроводорослей. Из определенных видов
микроводорослей зеленые (Chlorophyta) состав-
ляли - 40%, диатомовые (Bacillariophyta) - 34%,
сине-зеленые (Cyanoprokaryota) – 22%, эвленовые
(Euglenophyta) -4%. Всего было определено 4 от-
дела, 9 классов, 12 порядков, 16 семейств, 27 родов,
58 видов и разновидностей микроводорослей (рис.
1).
Рисунок 1. Соотнешение отделов водорослей озера Зеренда
По определенному нами составу
микроводорослей в озеро Зеренда преобладали
представители зеленых, в частности
протококковых водорослей родов Chlorella,
Volvocaceae, Ankistrodesmus и Scenedesmus, из
диатомовых хотелось бы отметить явное
доминирование Navicula dicephala, Navicula
radiosa, Navicula specula, Synedra ulna, Nitzschia
palea.Обычно и чаще здесь встречались Ulothrix
tenerrima Kutz., U. Variabilis Kutz, из синезеленных
водорослей – Phormidium tenue., Anabaena
variabilis, Spirulina major, Oscillatoria tenuis,
Oscillatoria chalybea и другие. По нашим данным,
доминирующими видами микроводорослей в озере
были Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella sp, Ankistrodesmus
longissimus, Scenedesmus acuminatus, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Spirogyra
crassa, Euglena hemichromata, Ossllatoria tenuis,
Phormidium tenue, Amphiprora paludosa, Navicula
specula.
В результате анализа определенных видов ин-
дикаторно-сапробных микроводорослей озера Зе-
ренда нами выявлено наличие 31 видов и разновид-
ностей индикаторных видов микроводорослей (таб-
лица 1) .
40%
22%
34%
4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Chlorophyta Cyanoprokaryota Bacillariophyta Euglenophyta

Таблица 1
Индикаторные виды микроводорослей - показателей сапробности водоемов, обнаруженные в озера
Зеренда
Индикатор сапробные виды Сапробность S h Sh
Anabaena affinis Lemm. β 2,0 3 6
Anabaena flos-aquae Born et. Flat β 2,0 2 4
Merismopedia glauca (Ehrb ) Kutz β 1,8 4 7,2
Merismopedia major (Smith) Geitl o - β 1,5 5 7,5
Merismopedia tenuissima lemm. β -α 2,4 4 9,6
Merismopedia punctata Meyen o- α 1.9 5 9,5
Microcystis aerouginosa β 1,8 4 7,2
Oscillatoria tenuis Ag. α 2,85 2 5,7
Oscillatoria chalybea (Mert.)Com α 3,0 3 9
Oscillatoria Limosa Gom β 2,3 4 9,2
Phormidium foveolarum Gom β - o 1.7 5 8,5
Pseudanabaena constricta a - p 2,5 2 5
Ankistrodesmus minutissimus Korsch
β 2,2 2 4,4
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii var reinhardtii Dang α 3,1 3 9,3
Chlorella vulgaris var vulgaris Beijerinck, a - p 3,0 3 9
Cladophora glomerata Kutz β 1,7 4 6,8
Chlamydomonas monadina Stein β 2.3 4 9,2
Oocustis lacustris β 1,6 5 9
Pediastrum simplex Meyen o- β 1,5 4 6
Pediastrum boryanum Meyen β 1,9 3 5,7
Scenedesmus quadricauda var.quadricauda β 2,1 4 8,4
Scenedesmus acuminatus var. biseriatus β 2,2 1 2,2
Ulothrix zonata var. zonata o - α 1,8 3 5,4
Euglena hemichromata Skuja β 2,0 3 6
Euglena acus β 2,25 4 9
Cyclotella comta, var comta Kutz β - o 1,7 4 6,8
Gomphonema capitatum Ehrb. β 2,2 3 6,6
Hantzschia amphioxys var amphioxys (Ehr) β - o 1,7 5 8,5
Navicula cruptocephala var veneta Kutz - o 0,5 4 2
Nitzschia paleacea grun β 2,2 5 11
Fragilaria capucina var. (Kutz) β - o 1,5 3 4,5
Из видов индикаторных микроводорослей поли- альфасапробов (р-α) – 2, альфа-мезосапробов (α) – 3,
бета-альфа-мезосапробов (β) – 1, бета-мезосапробов (β) – 16, олиго-альфа –мезосапробов (о–α) – 2, олиго-
бета-мезосапробов (о-β) – 6, ксено-альфамезосапробов (χα) – 1 (рис. 2) .

Рисунок 2. Индикатор-сапробные виды микроводорослей обнаруженные в озеро Зеренда
Так, состав видов - индикаторов микроводо-
рослей в озере Зеренда характеризует водоем как β
-мезосапробную зону органического загрязнения.
Индекс сапробности по методу Пантле – Букка S =
2,01. Основными представителями индикаторных
микроводорослей в реке Иртыш являются β –мезо-
сапробные виды - Pediastrum boryanum Meyen.
Scenedesmus acuminatus var. biseriatus. Scenedesmus
acutus var. quadricauda. Merismopedia glauca (Ehr )
Nag, Euglena spathirhyncha Skuja Amphiprora palu-
dosa W. Sm.
Список литературы
1. Биоиндикация и биотестирование природ-
ных вод. // Тез. Докл. Всесс. конф. – Ростов, 1986. –
С. 198.
2. Дружинин Г.В. Основные закономерности
строения берегов озер Северного Казахстана. – Л.:
Наука, 1990. – 145 с.
3. Сиренко Л.А., Сакевич А.И., Осипов Л.Ф.,
Лукина Л.Ф. и др. Методы физиолого-биохимиче-
ского исследования водорослей в гидробиологиче-
ской практике. – Киев: Наукова думка, 1975. – 247
с.
4. Музафаров А.М., Эргашев А.Э., Халилова
С.Х. Определитель сине-зеленых водорослей Сред-
ней Азии. – Ташкент: Фан, 1988. – Т.1-2. – С. 406-
815.
5. Определитель пресноводных водорослей
СССР / Отв. ред. М.М. Голлербах. – Л.: Наука, 1951.
– С. 498.
6. Эргашев А.Э. Определитель протококко-
вых водорослей Средней Азии. - Ташкент: Фан,
1979. – Т1-2. – 343 с.
7. Баринова С.С., Медведева Л.А. Атлас водо-
рослей – индикаторов спаробности (Российский
Дальний Восток). – Владивосток: Дальнаука, 1996.
–364 с.
8. Унифицированные методы исследования
качества вод // Методы биологического анализа
воды. Приложение І. Индикаторы сапробности. –
М.: СЭВ, 1977. – С. 11-42.

CHEMICAL SCIENCES
NONIONIC COOLIGOMERIC AND COPOLYMERIC SURFACTANTS BASED ON EPOXY
COMPOUNDS
Abilova A.
Post-graduate researcher of laboratory of surfactants of Institute of Petrochemical Processes (IPCP) of
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Abstract
The composed review includes materials on surfactants of polymeric and oligomeric nature containing in the
chain monomeric units of two different epoxy compounds. In the considered surfactants, the backbone chain is
composed up by units of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide or propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin. Methods of
their synthesis, main physico-chemical characteristics and applied properties are described. It is shown that such
oligomers based on propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin and higher monocarboxylic acids exhibit high effectiveness
as petrocollecting agents.
Keywords: surfactant, epoxy compounds, polymers, oligomers, petroleum-collecting
An importance of surfactants for mankind is well
known. They are irreplaceable materials for practically
all branches of national economy, medicine, science
and everydays life of humans. For production of most
nonionic and many ionic surfactants, epoxy compounds
are widely used. Among such surfactants, those based
simultaneously two epoxy compounds are of special in-
terest because they possess very unique properties. The
present article is devoted to most interesting represent-
atives of this type of surfactants.
The most popular and well-known copolymer
based on two epoxy compounds is ABA block copoly-
mer produced from ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene
oxide (PO). It has the the following general formula:
In industrial scale, this copolymer is produced by
Eurane-Europeene du Polyurethane S. A. (France) [1].
The ratio of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
varies throughout the series.
The compounds are for sale under the name
"PLURONIC" surfactants 1
and are also referred to as
poloxamers. The compounds can be characterized by
their cloud points in 10% aqueous solution [2]; these
are recorded in Table 1. The compounds are arranged
in this table in sequences according to molecular weight
and hydrophilic content.
1
PLURONIC is a trade name of Wyandotte Chem-
icals. The Pluronic copolymers are designated by a let-
ter (F, L, P depending on whether they are flake, liquid,
or powder) and by two digits, the first being indicative
of molecular weight and the second the percentage of
EO groups in the molecule (see Table I).
Table 1
Cloud Points of Pluronic Copolymers as 10% Aqueous Solutions a
Copolymer
(10% oxyethylene)
Cloud point (C) Copolymer
(20% oxyethylene)
Cloud point
(C)
L 61 24
L81 20
L101 15
(40% oxyethylene)
L42 37
L62 32b
L92 26
(50% oxyethylene)
L44 65
L64 58
P65 82
P85 85
a
Copolymers with 80% oxyethylene content F68,
F88, and F98 have cloud points >100C. The molecular
weight of the polyoxypropylene hydrophobic group is
as follows in the L42,44 series it is 1200 in the L62,
64 series - 1750 and in the P85, F88 series, it is 2250.
b
Double cloud points of 24 and 32 were observed
for this compound in agreement with the work of Wong
and McDonald [3].
The surface tension of aqueous solutions of a
range of ABA polyoxyethylene (POE)–
polyoxypropylene (POP) nonionic copolymers has
been measured over a wide range of concentrations [1].
The surface tension versus concentration plots show an
inflection typical of that shown by conventional surfac-
tants, but this occurs at very low concentrations [(0.5-
5)x10-6
M] and it is thought to be the result of monomo-
lecular micelle formation. At higher concentrations (0.5
x 10-4
to 1.5 x 10-2
M) polymolecular aggregation prob-
ably takes place. The extent of uptake of benzopurpu-
rine and iodine in aqueous solutions increases at high
concentrations but the inflection points do not agree
with any observable in the surface tension plots. Areas
per molecule calculated using the simple form of the
Gibbs' equation considerable folding of the polymers at
the air-water interface. For a given hydrophobic POP
block, increasing the size of the hydrophilic POE
chains causes an increase in interfacial molecular area.
Increasing the length of the central hydrophobic moiety
allows the molecule to fold more extensively and re-
sults in a decrease in the occupied area per molecule.

Raising the temperature causes an increase in solution
viscosity, especially near the lower consolute tempera-
ture (cloud point) of the system, a further indication of
polymolecular association in these systems.
There is considerable confusion in the literature on
the surface chemical and colloidal properties of POE-
POP-POE (ABA) type block copolymers [4-10]. No re-
port has been published in which the properties of a
large series of these surfactant materials are compared
over a wide range of concentrations, although reviews
on the properties of nonionic block copolymers have
appeared [11,12]. There is particular disagreement o
such an issue as if these materials form copolymers in
aqueous solution. Significantly differing values of crit-
ical micelle concentrations (CMC) have been reported,
obtained either by surface-tension or by dye-solubiliza-
tion techniques.
Mankowich [8] came to conclusion from light-
scattering studies that the copolymers of EO do not
form micelles, this being in agreement with the findings
of Dwiggins [7] who investigated this issue by ultra-
centrifugation.
Others have suggested that micelles do form but
only at high concentrations [9]. There is a little agree-
ment between apparent CMC values measured by dif-
ferent methods and rarely an accord between the results
obtained in different laboratories is observed. Some of
these discrepancies arise because of batch-to-batch var-
iability in polymeric substances of this type; some arise
because limited and different concentration ranges have
been investigated by different groups.
In [9], a detailed study of the surface activity of a
series of ABA POE-POP copolymers in aqueous sys-
tems is reported.
The complexity of their surface tension profiles
over the wide range of concentrations studied, namely
10 -8
to 10 -1
mole liter -1
suggests that the choice of nar-
row concentration ranges is probably a paramount case
for disaccord between results from different research
groups. There are close similarities in interfacial prop-
erties and behavior between the copolymers reported
on here and the polydimethylsiloxanepolyoxyethylene
copolymers studied by Kanellopoulous and Owen [13].
In several systems, two breaks or points of inflection in
the surface-tension versus concentration plots have
been revealed.Their appearance is explained by the for-
mation of monomolecular aggregates in dilute solution
and multimolecular aggregates in concentrated solu-
tion. However, many aspects of their behavior need fur-
ther detailed investigations.
The hydrophobic properties of the POP chain have
been utilized for many years in the preparation of sur-
factants [14]. The POP fragments stipulate all the hy-
drophobicity of the surfactant or only a part of it, e.g.,
when forming the hydrophobic part of surfactant to-
gether with a hydrocarbon chain [15-18]. The latter
class of compounds includes the block copolymer sur-
factants obtained by the addition of PO to monofunc-
tional initiators (e.g., carboxylic acids), followed by the
addition of EO. These compounds were named mono-
functional all-block nonionics of the RPE type, where
R is a monofunctional initiator; P and E are POP and
POE chains. All the compounds described were poly-
disperse with respect to POE as well as to the POP
chains. It was established that POP grouping caused
CMC of the RPE surfactants to decrease, and that the
equivalent decrease of the CMC associated with one
CH2 aliphatic group was brought about by ~ 2.5 oxy-
propylene units for n-hexyl, n-heptyl and 1,3-dialkoxy-
2-propanols derivatives [19].
In this work, the surface activity of block copoly-
mer nonionic POP-POE surfactants (RPE) has been de-
termined, i.e., CMC, surface excess concentration (Γ),
surface area per molecule (A), surface tension at CMC
(γCMC) [19]. A linear decrease of ln[CMC] vs number
of the oxypropylene units in copolymer molecule was
observed. The change in the work of cohesion per oxy-
propylene group when passing from molecular into mi-
cellar state, calculated from the Shinoda equation, was
0.43kT for the studied compounds.
RPE block copolymer surfactants studied in this
work have the following structure where R=C12H25,
C13H27; m=0, 1, 2, 3 and 4; z~ 8.
Attempts were made to establish the exact rela-
tionship between the CMC and the number of PO units
contained in the surfactant molecule.
"RPE" block copolymer surfactants obtained by
the addition of EO to n-hexyl and n-heptyl ethers of
mono- to tetrapropylene glycol are described in
[20,21]. The CMC of the copolymers in aqueous
solution were determined by surface tension and
dyeabsorption method. A linear decrease of log[CMC]
vs the number of PO units in copolymer molecule was
observed. The change of work of cohesion per
oxypropylene group when it passes from molecular into
micellar state, calculated from the Shinoda equation,
was 0.43 and 0.42kT for n-hexyl and n-heptyl
derivatives, respectively.
The effect of the incorporation of PO units
between the aliphatic hydrocarbon radical and POE
chain may be compared with that of the lengthening of
the hydrocarbon radical. As was established in [21], the
polydisperse RPE block copolymers showed lower
CMC values than corresponding alcohol ethoxylates,
and, for low PO/alcohol ratios, the relation between
CMC and the mean number of PO units in the
surfactant molecule was nearly linear. This fact enabled
the author to make the assumption that a CH2 aliphatic
group was equivalent to ca. 3 oxypropylene units with
reference to the change of CMC.
The dynamic surface tensions of two homogene-
ous POE alkyl ether nonionic surfactants with terminal
hydroxy group (C12EOx, where C12 is a dodecyl chain
and x characterives the length of the EO chain; x=6, 8)
and two homogeneous POP-POE alkyl ether nonionic
surfactants (C12EOxPO3, where PO3 is a trioxypropyl-
ene chain inserted between the EOx and the terminal
hydroxy group) were measured using the maximum
bubble pressure method [22]. The effects of POE chain
length, the presence or absence of the PO3 chain, and
the surfactant concentration on the maximum rates of

surface-tension reduction and diffusion coefficient
were investigated. The C12EO6PO3 surfactant exhibited
the fastest rate of surface-tension reduction of the four
systems studied, despite its complex hydrophobic-al-
kyl-chain/hydrophilic-POE-chain/hydrophobic-POP
chain structure that differs from that of conventional
POE alkyl ether surfactants. The diffusion coefficients
obtained from short and long time analyses indicate that
surfactant diffusion to the subsurface is faster for the
C12EOxPO3 surfactants than for the C12EOx surfactants
(short time data), while surfactant adsorption from the
subsurface to the air/water interface is faster for the
C12EOx surfactants than for the C12EOxPO3 surfactants
(long time data).
The adsorption dynamics at the air/water inter-
faces of C12EOxPO3 and C12EOx (x=6, 8) surfactants
were investigated through the measurements of their
dynamic surface tensions using the maximum bubble
pressure method.
The effects of POE chain length, the presence or
absence of the POP chain, and surfactant concentration
on the adsorption dynamics were studied using the ad-
sorption model and Rosen's approach, and diffusion co-
efficients were obtained for short and long times.
Homogeneous POP−POE alkyl ether type
nonionic surfactants comprising alkyl, POE, and POP
chains with identical chain length distributions (CnEOx-
POy; alkyl chain length n = 10,12,14, or 16; EO chain
length x = 4, 6, or 8; and PO chain length y= 1, 2, or 3)
were synthesized from homogeneous POE alkyl ether
bromide and monosodium POP by Williamson ether
synthesis [23]. The adsorption and aggregation proper-
ties of these surfactants were characterized (cloud
point, surface tension, dynamic light scattering, small
angle X-ray scattering, polarization microscopy, and
cryogenic transmission electron microscopy) and com-
pared to those of conventional homogeneous POE alkyl
ether type nonionic surfactants (CnEOx). The introduc-
tion of a POP chain to the POE terminal group of the
CnEOx species lowered the cloud points, especially for
x = 6. Contrary to expectations of the authors, the
CnEOxPOy surfactants adsorbed efficiently at the
air/water interface, despite their complex structure (hy-
drophobic alkyl chain/hydrophilic POE chain/hydro-
phobic POP chain). They also displayed excellent mi-
celle-forming ability in solution. Furthermore, the
CnEOx species formed small micelles in solution at low
concentrations and the structures transformed to hexag-
onal liquid crystals as the surfactant concentration in-
creased. Conversely, CnEOxPOy maintained a micellar
structure even at high concentrations. Notably, the in-
troduction of a POP chain into the CnEOx surfactant
controlled the formation of aggregates with a higher-
order structure (hexagonal liquid crystals).
New nonionic surfactants were obtained on the ba-
sis of lauric acid (LA), PO and epichlorohydrin (ECH)
[24-28]. The synthesis was carried out in two ways. In
the first direction, initially, ester of LA with PO was
obtained, then, ECH was reacted (Scheme 1, steps 1
and 2). In the second way, first, ester of LA with ECH
was synthesired, then, PO was reacted (Scheme 2, steps
1 and 2):
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Step 1
Step 2
Step 1

Condensation reactions in both cases were per-
formed at 150-160 C in the presence of triethyl amine
catalyst.
Synthesis of new surfactants was realized in two
directions (Scheme 1 and 2). In the first direction, ini-
tially, LA was propoxylated with PO (Step 1). Then,
the obtained propoxy-ester was reacted with ECH (Step
2).
Colloidal-chemical parameters of both surfactants
have been determined (Table 2). As is evident from Ta-
ble 2, when LA adds PO, then ECH, CMC becomes
smaller than that for the opposite case (addition of PO
and then ECH to LA). CMC of LA propoxy-ester hav-
ing n3 (C12P3) is 2.56104
moldm3
[29].This value is
smaller than that for C12EP2 and larger than the one for
C12P2E. From Table 2, it is seen that CMC of C12P2E is
smaller than that for C12EP2 whose CMC value is 32.0
mN/m whereas, for C12P3 CMC is 33.0 mN/m [29].
Table 2
Colloidal-chemical parameters of the nonionic surfactants based on LA, PO and ECH (25 C)
Surfactant CMC104
,
moll3
max1010
,
molcm2
Amin102
,
nm2
pC20 CMC CMC,
mNm1
Gmic,
kJmol1
Gad,
kJmol1
C12P2E 2.3 1.71 97.1 4.47 30.3 41.7 -20.76 -23.19
C12EP2 24 2.01 82.6 3.66 32.0 40.0 -14.95 -16.94
Thin petroleum films are ecologically hazardous
for the environment because they worsen life-activity
conditions for marine inhabitants disordering gas
(mainly, oxygen and carbon dioxide) and energy bal-
ance at the hydrosphere-atmosphere border. These
films cannot be removed using mechanical ways and
may be liquidated only applying colloido-chemical
methods which, first of all, include an application of
petrocollecting agents. The results of laboratory tests of
the obtained nonionic surfactants on petrocollecting ca-
pacity are given in Table 3.
Table 3
Results of tests of C12P2E and C12EP2 esters on petrocollecting capacity (crude oil; from Pirallahy oil field near
Baku; thickness of film -0.17 mm)
Surfactant Distilled water Fresh water Sea water
, hours K , hours K , hours K
Unthinned surfactant
C12P2E 0
1-96
168
50.6
60.8
50.6
0-1
21-96
168
60.8
30.3
11.5
0-1
21-96
168
45.5
30.3
55.2
C12EP2 0-6
24
48
120
144
30.3
86.8
76.0
22.7
11.2
0
4-6
24
48
120
144
60.8
76.0
86.8
101.3
15.2
11.5
0
4-6
24
48
120
144
17.2
40.5
60.8
76.0
60.8
55.2
5 % wt. aqueous dispersion of surfactant
C12P2E 0
1
21
168
9.4
20.3
60.8
40.5
0-1
21
168
33.3
60.8
76.0
0-1
21
168
66.7
45.5
76.0
C12EP2 0
4
2.0
Spilled
0-168 No action 0
4
24
20.2
2.0
Spilled
As is evident from this table, the synthesized rea-
gents are exclusively effective petrocollectors. When
applied in unthinned state, they display very high pet-
rocollecting capacity in all three used waters (distilled,
fresh and sea) having various degrees of salinity. For
C12EP2, respectively, in three waters, the maximum
value of petrocollecting coefficient - Kmax (indicating
the ratio of the surface area of the initial oil slick and
the surface area of the thickened oil spot formed under
the impact of a reagent) equals 86.8, 101.3 and 76.0, 
(time of retceing petrocollecting effect) exceeding 6
days. When the reagents are used as 5 % wt. aqueous
solution (in dispersed form), C12P2E is more effective.
In the three used waters, Kmax respectively equals, 60.8,
76.0 and 76.0,  being longer than 7 days.
Surfactants based on myristic acid (MA), ECH
and PO were obtained in two ways [28,30,31]. In the
Step 2

first way, by interaction of MA with ECH, ester was
synthesized, then, PO was added and the reaction was
conducted eventually obtaining MA chloropropoxy-
propoxy ester. In the case of the synthesis according to
the second way, MA was first reacted with PO, then,
with ECH obtaining propoxy – chloropropoxy ester. In
both cases, the reactions were carried out at 150-160 °C
using triethyl amine as a catalyst. The obtained chloro-
propoxy-propoxy and propoxy-chloropropoxy esters of
MA are nonionic surfactants.
Two steps of the first general direction are
described below:
Two steps of the 2-nd general direction are deseribed below:
Determining surface activity, a character of a
change of colloidal-chemical indices of the surfactants
depending on the sequence of the ECH and PO – based
units was found. To determine the values of CMC,
tensiometric (measurement of surface tension) method
was applied. The results of these measurements are
given in Table 4.
Table 4
Colloidal-chemical parameters (25 C) of the nonionic surfactants based on MA, PO and ECH
Surfactant max1010
,
molcm2
Amin102
,
nm2
CMC105
,
moldm3
pC20 CMC,
mNm1
CMC Gmic,
kJmol1
Gad,
kJmol1
C14ЕР 1.87 88.7 21.1 4.88 45.4 26.6 -20.97 -23.39
C14РЕ 1.53 108.3 10.5 5.56 43.0 29.0 -22.70 -25.50
As is noticeable from the table, when ECH is first
added to MA, the CMC is larger. As is seen from the
table, the surface pressure of C14EP is higher than that
for C14PE (respectively 45.4 and 43.0 mN/m).
In Table 4, the pC20 values for the synthesized
nonionic surfactants are given. As is obvious from the
table, pC20 for C14PE is larger than for C14EP. The
values of Gibbs free energy changes for micellization
and adsorption processes of the obtained surfactants are
shown in Table 4. As is evident from the table, the
mentioned values for both processes are negative. It
mean that both processes take place spontaneously.
The results of laboratory tests on petrocollecting
capacity of the nonionic surfactants based on MA, ECH
and PO are presented in Table 5. It is noticed from this
table, that these surfactants have quite a high
petrocollecting capacity. If they are applied in
unthinned state, the highest petrocollecting capability
in all three (distilled, fresh and sea) waters is
manifested by C14EP (the maximum values of
petrocollecting coefficient – K are, equal to
respectively, 40.5, 40.5 and 30.3, the period of time of
retention of reagent action -  being 144 hours). When
the synthesized surfactants are applied in the media of
distilled and fresh waters as 5 % wt. aqueous
dispersion, the highest petrocollecting coefficient is
exhibited by C14EP (in both waters Kmax=40.5, =144
hours). In the case of the sea water, C14PE is more
effective (Kmaks=30.4, =75 hours).

Table 5
The results of laboratory tests on of petrocollecting capacity of C14EP and C14PE (Pirallahy crude oil, thickness
of the oil film - 0.17 mm)
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230-232

EARTH SCIENCES
ORGANIZATION OF THE TOURIST-COGNITIVE TOUR DEDICATED TO THE TITLES OF NAME
OF KHOJA AKHMET YASAWI
Ayapbekova A.
Candidate of geographical sciences, docent
Turan-Astana University, Nur-Sultan
Seisenbayeva G.
University of Foreign Languages & Business Career, Almaty
Jangeldlna D.
Candidate of geographical sciences, docent
Kazakh University of Technology and Business
Abstract
The article considers the role and functioning of the poetry of Srednevekov, the poetry of the Sufi poetry in
the Turkic world, the spiritual teacher and the leader of all East Moslems - Hodja Ahmet. Neo-geographical dis-
tinctions are the result of their exodus. They are anthropons. There are many anthroponyms with historic, known
personalities. Today, it is possible to name geographical places in the name of the outgoing contemporaries.
Tourist-tourist tourism today is a very important object, as it is a large complex of domestic and universal
economics. Kazakhstan is a landlocked eurozone, attracting tourists and local historians to their historic and cul-
tural heritage. Wherever a tourist-friendly tourism is in the path to development all over the country.
At Akhmed Yasawi 's research institutes and educational institutions. This is a requirement and requires a
great deal of experimental research in the bush. Exceptional objects are portrayed by the portraits of the original,
characterized by their lifestyles and deeds. all in all, it is interesting to know the history of their predecessors. It is
a great blessing for the cultivation of the spirit of the ointment, the nationalistic heritage, the history of the history,
the culture and the virtue of being renewed.
Keywords: travel-cognitive tourism, excursion, thinker, teacher, poet, shezhire, labor, researcher, testament,
mausoleum.
Tourism is one of the most powerful glob в. An-
notation In the article describes the life and work of an
outstanding poet of the Middle Ages, the founder of the
Sufi poetry in the Turkic world, spiritual teacher and
leader of all the Muslims of the East — Khoja Ahmed
Yasawi. Assesses his chief poetic genius creation —
«Diwani Hikmet». Author expressed the wish to work
Yasavi took a firm place in anthologies and anthologies
Kazakh poetry, and the study of its artistic heritage in-
cluded in the curricula of schools and universities. Pro-
vides information about the mausoleum of Khoja Ah-
med Yasavi in Turkestan, which became the center of
pilgrimage for all the Turkic peoples.al industries in
modern times. Its first aim is to acquaint tourists with
our country. A guide translator, excursion guides who
are in direct contact with tourists. They are the mirror
of our country, focusing on the spheres of traveling-
cognitive tourism. Today the traveling industry is an in-
tegral part of the population with cultural and educa-
tional work [1. p. 62]. As a means of enhancing their
cultural and intellectual level, they help shape the out-
look, expand the outlook of a person, and improve his
mental abilities. Tourist-cognitive tourism has long
been an independent and demanding destination. Its ba-
sis is the historical and cultural potential of the country
or region, including the social environment, traditions
and customs, and household peculiarities. Excursions
can include cognitive and recreational goals.
Travel-cognitive tourism is an important object to-
day, as it is an important complex of domestic and
world economics [2. p. 123]. Kazakhstan is a treasure
of Eurasia, attracting tourists and local historians with
its rich historical and cultural heritage. That is why
traveling-cognitive tourism is on the way to develop-
ment across the country. Over the past five years, tour-
ism and tourists have become more interested in travel-
ing and cognitive tourism. Presently, perspectives are
developing in such areas as organization and develop-
ment of author's excursions, thematic excursions and
creation of new forms of traveling activity.
At present the tourism industry attracts many tour-
ists. When traveling the first ever tourist, the visitor
wants to get acquainted with its history. That is, history
has long been closely linked to a kind of traveling-cog-
nitive tourism. In this regard, focus on thematic excur-
sions and tours. Thematic excursions are conducted ac-
cording to a specific topic. They reveal the subject in
depth and depth. Thematic excursion allows tourists to
get acquainted with the theme and any objects than in
an excursion.
In many countries around the world, thematic ex-
cursions take place and take on a special place. The
names of the Turkic-Islamic civilization, named after
Khoja Akhmed Yasawi, can be used for traveling-cog-
nitive tourism, thematic excursions and tours [3. p. 85].
The great life and activities of the great people are
always combined with the life of the Motherland. The
modernization of the modern world, some political
systems will change, but the integrity and unity of the
great people and the country will not be separated.
Our Ahmet Yasawi was born in the second half of
the ХІ th century, preserved by the people as a strong,
thought-provoking reverberant of the Moslem light.
The time of Yasawi's life was not a good thing for the

Khalifat of the Islamic history. At the end of XI and
early XII century, the power of the Caliphate weak-
ened, and in the Central Asia individual Khanates be-
gan to emerge [4. p. 53]. The writing of Yasawi's works
coincided with the strengthening of the Karakhan
Khaganate. His works served to promote the develop-
ment of the whole world with his philosophical
thoughts. His famous book, Diwan Hikmet, called for
wisdom, justice, tolerance, friendship, and human rela-
tionships.
According to Ahmet Yasawi, Sufism is a true path
of truth: ethical preservation, loss of humanity, love for
humanity, no possibility to move, to convey the truth to
the people, deeper understanding of the content and
content.
The Way to Know the Truth: Shariah, Truth.
Ahmet Yasawi is considered to be a saintly, honest
preacher and a saint in the Muslim world, especially
among Turkic peoples. He concentrates on his talent to
formulate talents and work to strengthen Islam [4. p.
58]. The people says «in Mecca, Prophet Mohammed,
and in Turkestan as Ahmet Yasawi».
Ahmet Yasawi has a vast, knowledgeable and
energetic way of working. It is a great source of
knowledge and experience that draws us from the
source of our spiritual renewal, recognizes our roots,
deepens our historical treasures, and promotes our
culture and our emotional well-being. Famous scientist
Mekemtas Myrzakhmetov suggests to name the city
streets, schools, and various institutions to honor
honorable people. The reason for this is the fact that
after the death of a well-known person in the «Concept
of State Onomastic Work in the Republic of
Kazakhstan», approved by the Decree of the
Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated
January 21, 2005, No.45, names of objects were named.
His name is a great poet with a special place in the
history of the indigenous peoples, philosopher,
scientist, saint, by the name of Ahmed Yasawi in the
Republic:
International Kazakh-Turkish University named
after Khoja Ahmed Yasaui (IKTU) [5. p. 248];
UNESCO World Heritage Site - Hodzha Ahmed
Yasawi Mausoleum, symbol of the country; secondary
education institutions (Kozha Akhmet Yesasayeva123
school-gymnasium, Almaty); «TurkestanAhmet
Jasauy» Professional College; Mosque of Khoja
Akhmet Yassawi (Karasay district of Almaty region);
Street named after Yasaui (Almaty); Yasawi street
(Nur-Sultan).
Many nations are proud of the names of their great
ancestors, such as the special ambassador of their
country [6]. For example, world-renowned individuals
like Tutankhamen, Confucius, Alexander the Great,
Shakespeare, Goethe, Pushkin and George Washington
are now considered an invaluable symbolic capital of
their states and promote effective advancement of those
countries on the international arena. In the article of the
First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
N.Nazarbayev «Seven sides of the Great Steppe», Al-
Farabi and Yassawi, Kultegin, Baybars, Az-Tauke and
Ablai, Kenesary and Abai and many other great
persons:
Educational Encyclopedia Park «Great Names of
Great Steppe»;
to create, to capture the most important gallery of
the great thinkers, poets, and people-dominated figures
in the field of literature, music and theater and fine arts;
broadly covering the historical stages of the
country, which is based on the need to organize and
intensify the dissemination and dissemination of
scientific series «Face of the Great Steppe» [6].
In this direction, it is possible to create an
international multilateral team, with Kazakhstan
scientists as well as foreign experts. As a result, the life
and activities of our heroes will be well-known not only
in our country, but also abroad.
At the present time geographical science has the
task of protecting geosystems and creating its own
scientific basis for effective use of its resources. In one
of the new areas of tourism development, we offer a
geographical name for historic cultural tourism
complexes. A new direction for tourism, which is
aimed at maintaining its future capabilities, taking into
account the interests of the region in the region, which
will enable to meet the needs of tourists today. The
Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized by its rare
tourist potential. Among them are «Mausoleum of
Khoja Akhmet Yasaui». Amir Temir was the first to
organize pilgrimage in the country, and various forms
of social tourism have been implemented in different
locations throughout his life. Thus, in 1399, the
mausoleum of the mausoleum built on the tomb of
Hodja Ahmet Yasaui, was built on the order of Amir
Temir.
Titles have their own place in science, geography,
history, and language. It is necessary to use long-term
historical and geographical, archaeological research
and research results to form the names of tourism
industry in the direction of tourist productions.
Excursion-cognitive tourism is based on the needs of
the clients and the requirements of the modern world to
succeed, to produce and to professionally produce
scientific knowledge [4. p. 81]. The first step in the
grouping of land titles in the context of tourism was
made. As a result of the groupings it is based on the
accumulation of tourist knowledge of the population
group, which is characterized by the features of local
tourist objects in the region's toponymy.
Local tourists and tourists today, travelers and
travelers, are valuable sources of information. Yasawi's
name is abundant and majestic. The problem of youth
education is one of the most urgent issues of our
relevance. That is why the historical and cultural
resources of tourism are especially important for
historical purposes, historical monuments and objects
to demonstrate the ancient, new history of our country
for the cognitive purposes, to develop national
patriotism, to show the people's development and
originality.
The title of the theme «The titles of name of Khoja
Akhmet Yasawi who is the Researcher of Turkic-
Islamic civilization» consists of several tours (table 1).

Table 1
Object of Hodja Akhmet Yasawi
Form of the tour Description of the object
Mausoleum of Khoja Akhmed Yasawi
An architectural building built in Turkestan in the late XIV
century. KozhaAkhmet Yasawi is buried in a small sacred
mazar, where he is known for his greatness. Later this mauso-
leum became a place of mass repression of Muslims.Ahmet
Yasawi Building in Turkestan is an outstanding monument of
medieval architecture. It is placed at the head of the tomb of
the famous Turkic poet, Sophism preacher Ahmet Yasaui
(called Yassi), to the whole East in the twelfth century.
We believe that great ancestor's great work and
heroic example should always be the eternal memory
of the younger generation. Traveling-cognitive tour
«The titles of name of Khoja Akhmet Yasawi who is
the Researcher of Turkic-Islamic civilization». The
development of national ideas and human values,
especially with young people of the Turkic world, in the
minds of local residents. [7. p. 51].
Traveling and cognitive tours results under the
name «The titles of name of Khoja Akhmet Yassawi
who is the Researcher of Turkic-Islamic civilization»:
1. Activates the authority and prospects of
historical and cultural experience of Kazakhstan
2. Adapt tourists, travelers and local history
students and pupils to the national values of the spiritual
life and world outlook of the Kazakh people, to national
upbringing.
3. Traveling and cognitive tour work is a new way
of thinking, that is, advanced technology and science-
technology.
4. The analysis of names gives today's youth a
chance to be in the forefront of the society, to be
creative, to develop their abilities, knowledge, skills,
youthful aspirations for the bright future of our country.
5. The search for the Kazakh people, its culture
and history, ie, the «Kazakhstanology Field», will have
a real, complete spiritual maturity of the Kazakh
people.
6. Abundant in knowledge and insight into our
spirituality, the knowledge of our national origins, the
deep appreciation of historical revival, and the
inculcation of our spirituality and myths.
References
1. Yagofarov G.F., Tincherova Z.V., Saipov А.А.
Excursion. Almaty, 2001. – p 93.
2. Emelyanov B. V. Excursion: The textbook. -
3rd ed., redesigned and supplemented. - М .: Soviet
sport, 2002. – p 216 .
3. Ayapbekova A.E. Toponyms of geosystems:
The textbook. - Astana: «Turan-Astana», 2018. - p116
.
4. Askarov A. The Sons of the Great Turan.
Almaty. «Nurly Alem», 1999 – p 408.
5. Encyclopedia - Almaty. Publishing house
«Arys», 2005.- p 486.
6. Nazarbayev N.A «Seven sides of the Great
Steppe» [Electron. resource]. 2018.URL: http:
//asa.zhambyl.gov.kz (date of occurrence: 25.11.2018).
7. Nazarbayev N.A Orientation for the future:
spiritual revival. Methodological manual on
informational and explanatory work. - Astana, 2017. -
p 106.

ОБЗОР ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ГРУНТОВ В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЯХ В
СЕЙСМИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ РАЙОНАХ
Серебренников С.П.
Джурик В.И.
Брыжак Е.В.
Институт земной коры, СО РАН, Россия
AN OVERVIEW OF GROUND BEHAVIOR UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN
SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS
Serebrennikov S.
Dzhurik V.
Bryzhak E.
IEC SB RAS (Irkutsk)
Аннотация
В статье представлен обзор влияния трансформации приповерхностных слоев мерзлых и талых грун-
тов на интенсивность сейсмических сигналов от сильных землетрясений. Проработана возможность сфор-
мировать обобщенную базу данных скоростей сейсмических волн по комплексам грунтов при проведении
проектных и инженерно-изыскательских исследований в регионах развития мерзлоты.
Abstract
The article provides an overview of the effect of the transformation of the near-surface frozen and thawed
ground layers on the intensity of seismic signals generated by strong earthquakes. Consideration has been given
to the possibility of compiling a generalized database of seismic wave velocities along the soil complexes during
the project studies and engineering survey in permafrost areas.
Ключевые слова: сейсмическая опасность, инженерная сейсмология, сейсмограммы, грунтовые мо-
дели, грунты.
Keywords: seismic hazard, engineering seismology, seismograms, ground models, grounds.
Актуальность изучения особенностей поведе-
ния грунтов в различных климатических условиях
повышенного уровня сейсмической опасности
тесно связано с проблемами, возникающими при
проведении проектных и инженерно-изыскатель-
ских исследований в регионах развития мерзлых
грунтов.
Основные факторы, влияющие на изменение
сейсмических сигналов, можно классифицировать
как природные и техногенные. Техногенные при-
чины, вызванные деятельностью человека, как пра-
вило, ограниченны в пространстве и имеют гра-
ницы. Природные обстоятельства могут быть вы-
званы изменением климатических условий на
территории обширных областей в течение, как дли-
тельных, так и относительно кратковременных ин-
тервалов. Результатом воздействия любого из пере-
численных факторов на грунты в различных клима-
тических зонах приведет к возможной
трансформации их сейсмических и физико-механи-
ческих параметров. На такую возможность указы-
вают как исторические факты, так и данные послед-
них исследований грунтов в районах с различной
климатической обстановкой.
Научная проблема и ее обоснование. Иссле-
дования особенностей трансформации состояния
грунтов в среде «мерзлые грунты – талые грунты»,
приведенные в статье, основываются, прежде
всего, на анализе большого объема геофизических
измерений приповерхностной зоны распростране-
ния инженерно-геологических комплексов в мерз-
лом и талом состоянии. Авторам представляется
возможным осуществить прогноз изменения исход-
ных сейсмических сигналов в разных геологиче-
ских объединениях при влиянии на них техноген-
ных и экстремальных криосферных явлений.
Методика исследований. Переход к оценкам
основных параметров сейсмических воздействий
для грунтов в естественных условиях, может быть
осуществлен через изучение основных параметров
геофизических полей на участках перехода всевоз-
можных сочетаний рыхлых грунтов от мерзлого к
талому состоянию.
При выполнении теоретических расчетов по-
казана значительная изменчивость влияния припо-
верхностных слоев мерзлых и талых отложений на
интенсивность и частотный состав сейсмических
сигналов от сильных землетрясений. Такая оценка
осуществляется через расчет спектральных харак-
теристик, акселерограмм и спектров ускорений, ко-
торые используются для определения преобладаю-
щих периодов, длительности сейсмических воздей-
ствий и максимальных ускорений [1,3,4].
Результаты. Изучение сейсмичности при про-
ектировании, строительстве и эксплуатации объек-
тов инфраструктуры во многом обуславливается
взаимодействием системы грунт-сейсмичность-со-
оружение. Если при рассмотрении двух последних
положения этой триады можно снести на счет нор-
мативных документов, то положение «грунт» явля-
ется основой будущего объекта строительства.
Задача прогноза степени трансформации сей-
смического риска для конкретных условий отдель-
ных территорий и площадок решаться путем изуче-

ния сейсмичности, практических и эксперимен-
тальных геофизических измерений, теоретических
расчетов и моделирования [2,5,6].
Для выполнения поставленной задачи, осу-
ществлен ряд мероприятий для соответствия теоре-
тических построений, экспериментальных данных
(полигоны) и натурных измерений. Данный ком-
плекс работ позволяет представить трансформацию
резонансных свойств талых и мерзлых грунтов раз-
личного гранулометрического состава.
Проведенные геофизические измерения при-
поверхностной зоны обобщены и их результаты
представлены в форме таблиц состояния грунтов в
естественных и искусственных средах.
Для прогноза изменения инженерно-геоло-
гических условий немаловажное значение имеет
опыт освоения в аналогичных природных усло-
виях. В настоящее время опыт проектирования,
строительства и эксплуатации железнодорожных
и автомобильных дорог, объектов гражданской
инфраструктуры предоставляет возможность
прогноза изменений геологической среды и усо-
вершенствования существующих подходов для
прогноза изменения сейсмической (техногенной)
опасности на территории развития многолетне-
мерзлых грунтов[5,7].
Методика районирования сейсмической и тех-
ногенной опасности в пределах развития криолито-
зоны опирается на выполнение поэтапных исследо-
ваний. Основные из них следующие: разделение
территорий по уровню техногенной опасности; ана-
лиз сейсмичности, изучение сейсмических свойств
мерзлых и талых грунтов; формирование модели
эталонного грунта; представление набора физиче-
ских и динамических моделей и проведение для
них расчетов сейсмических воздействий при сей-
смических событиях. Опыт изучения объектов по
данной методике позволяет осуществить сейсмо-
прогноз поведения грунтов при мерзлом в талом со-
стоянии. В таблице 1 зафиксированы параметры
моделей рыхлых (1,2) и скальных (3) грунтов.
Оценка техногенной опасности зависит от все-
возможных деформаций поверхности, сопровож-
дающие неизбежную деградацию ММП, зависит
от типов пород, слагающих основные мор-
фоструктурные элементы исследуемых террито-
рий (Табл.2).
Таблица 1
Параметры расчетных сейсмических моделей для обобщенных типовых разрезов в сочетании «мерзлые
грунты – талые грунты»
Талые
воздушно-сухие грунты
Талые водонасышенные
грунты
Мерзлые (t<-20
C)
грунты
1 Vp=500-700 м/с
Vs=200-340 м/с
1 Vp=1500-1800 м/с
Vs=340-580 м/с
1 Vp= 3000- 3600 м/с
Vs= 1650-2100 м/с
2 Vp=600-1100 м/с
Vs=280-510 м/с
2 Vp=1700-2100 м/с
Vs=470-700 м/с
2 Vp= 3200-3900 м/с
Vs= 1770-2200 м/с
Vp=2100-2800 м/с
3 Vs=1000- 1600 м/с
эталонные
Vp=2500-3200 м/с
Vs=1200-1800 м/с
скальные
Vp= 3000 -4400 м/с
Vs= 1700-2400 м/с
грунты
Таблица 2
Границы поведения мерзлых грунтов для обобщенных типовых разрезов с учетом возможного проявле-
ния техногенных факторов
Тип и состояние
грунта
h(м)
Vp
(м/с)
Vs
(м/с)

(т/м3
)
∆I
(баллы)
Амах
(см/с2
)
Резонансная ча-
стота F(Гц)
Коренные породы
(мерзлые)
10
∞
2700
3000
1450
1600
2,5
2,6
-1
208
>20
Состояние грунтов в естественных условиях
Рыхлые талые
до 10м. Ниже мерз-
лые
с 20м эталонные
2
8
10
10
∞
600
800
2500
2700
3000
300
400
1300
1450
1600
1,8
1,9
2,1
2,5
2,6
0
434
10,4
Рыхлые
талые до 20м.
Ниже эталонные
2
8
10
10
∞
600
800
900
2700
3000
300
400
450
1450
1600
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,5
2,6
0
480
5,8
Мерзлые
рыхлые,
(Т<-20
C)
Коренные породы
10
20
10
∞
2500
2600
2700
3000
1300
1360
1450
1600
2,0
2,1
2,5
2,6
0
230
15,7
Рыхлые 14 1700 520 2,1 +1 820 0

водонасыщенные
мерзлые (-10
С)
коренные породы
20
10
∞
2600
2700
3000
1360
1450
1600
2,1
2,5
2,6
9
Прогнозируемое состояние грунтов при изменении природной среды
Рыхлые
мерзлые (-10
С)
мерзлые (-20
С)
4
12
22
10
∞
800
2500
2600
2700
3000
400
1300
1360
1450
1600
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,5
2,6
-1 248
14
Рыхлые
мерзлые (-10
С)
9
12
18
10
∞
800
1700
2600
2700
3000
400
520
1360
1450
1600
1,9
2,1
2,1
2,5
2,6
0 510
7
Рыхлые
мерзлые (-10
С)
3
18
20
10
∞
800
1700
2600
2700
3000
400
520
1360
1450
1600
1,9
2,1
2,1
2,5
2,6
+1 860
0
6
При всем разнообразии инженерно-геологиче-
ской ситуации на площадках на стадии проектиро-
вания и строительства промышленных и граждан-
ских объектов, даже с учетом изменения внешних
природных и искусственных факторов можно вы-
делить средний (обобщенный) геологический раз-
рез. Принятие такого типового разреза базируется,
как правило, при анализе общего развития террито-
рий с учетом морфоструктурной обстановки (пони-
женные и равнинные формы рельефа). Границы
трансформации сейсмических скоростей с учетом
плотностных характеристик основных грунтовых
объединений представлены в таблице №3.
Таблица 3
Обобщенные результаты для основных комплексов инженерно-геологических образований при талом
состоянии грунтов
Типовой разрез. h(м) Vp(м/с) Vs(м/с) (т/м3
) ∆I(I)(баллы)
Скальные грунты
(эталон)
10 2400
3000
1300
1600
2,5
2,6
0
Неводонасыщенные рыхлые грунты
Дресвяные отложения, су-
песи
от 5
до 40
500
2700
250
1600
1,8
2,6
+0,96
Суглинки, пески от 5
до 40
600
2800
300
1600
1,9
2,6
+1,26
Суглинки,
дресвяные отложения
от 5
до 40
600-700
3000
250
1600
1,8
2,6
+1,11
Пески, суглинки, щебень,
глыбовые отложения
до 10
до 40
700-800
3000
350-400
1500
1,9-2,0
2,5-2,6
+1,1
Крупнообломочные отло-
жения, пески, суглинки.
до 10
до 20
до 40
700
800-900
2400-3000
350
400
1300-1600
1,8
1,9
2,5-2,6
+1,1
средние грунты
(эталон)
до 10
до 40
720
2400-3000
360
1300-1600
1,9
2,5-2,6
+1,0
Водонасыщенные рыхлые грунты
Рыхлые, УГВ с 5м 5
10
1600
2400-3000
380
1300-1600
2,0
2,5-2,6
+1,36
Рыхлые, УГВ с 3м 3
7
10
720
1600
2400-3000
360
380
1300-1600
1,8
2,0
2,5-2,6
+1,69
«Средние грунты» по со-
ставу, обводненные
до 10
до 40
1700
2400-3000
420
1300-1600
2,0
2,5-2,6
+2,00
Выводы. Представлены варианты влияния
трансформации на состояние приповерхностных
слоев мерзлых и талых отложений (природные и
техногенные факторы) на интенсивность и частот-
ный состав сейсмических сигналов от сильных зем-
летрясений.
Предоставляется возможность сформировать
обобщенную базу данных скоростей сейсмических

волн по комплексам грунтов и предварительной
оценки приращений балльности для участков СМР
в будущем.
Список литературы
1. Серебренников С.П., Джурик В.И., Семе-
нов Р.М., Брыжак Е.В. Методика районирования
линейных сооружений в условиях криолитозоны по
сейсмическим воздействиям на их основания. //Со-
временные технологиию Сиситемный анализ. Мо-
делирование. 2014.№3(43).С.135-141.
2. Ai-lan Che, Zhi-jian Wu, Ping Wang. Stability
of pile foundations base on warming effects on the per-
mafrost under earthquake motions // Soils and Founda-
tions, 2014, vol. 54, no 4, pp. 639-647.
3. Shuangyang Li, Yuanming Lai, Mingyi
Zhang, Wenbing Yu Seasonal differences in seismic re-
sponses of embankment on a sloping ground in perma-
frost regions // Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engi-
neering, 2015, vol. 76, pp. 122-135.
4. Серебренников С.П., Джурик В.И., Брыжак
Е. В., Ескин А.Ю. Концепция прогноза сейсмиче-
ского состояния территорий развития криолито-
зоны//Международный журнал прикладных и фун-
даментальных исследований", №1, 2018. стр.158-
162
5. Dzhurik V. I., Drennov A. F., Serebrennikov
S. P., Bryzhak E. V. A study of the relationships be-
tween the characteristic acceleration frequencies and
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6. Брыжак Е.В., Джурик В.И., Серебренников
С.П., Ескин А.Ю. Сравнительный анализ ампли-
тудно-частотных характеристик верхней части раз-
реза сейсмических станций Прибайкалья, располо-
женных в различных сейсмоклиматических зонах//
Материалы V Всероссийской научно-практиче-
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ститута СО РАН, 2018, с. 71-72
7. Серебренников С.П., Джурик В.И., Брыжак
Е. В., Ескин А.Ю. Концепция прогноза сейсмиче-
ского состояния территорий развития криолито-
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162

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