Abbasi-style features, Buildings

1. The impact of the Abbasid style on
Kurdistan and its relationship to
architectural preservation
Student name: Payman Bahjat Abdulsamad
Moodle Email: payman.bahjat@gmail.com
Year: 5th
Course: second
Course code: EA5202 Local Architecture
Instructor: Rana Fathi Farhan
Date: 7/3/2020
A report submitted to the
Department of Architecture Engineering,
College of Engineering
University of Duhok

2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENT
HEADING 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................4
1.1 Abbasid architecture features:.......................................................................................................4
1.2 Contracts:.......................................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 Tapered contract:....................................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Clipped contract (civil):............................................................................................................4
1.3 Muqarnas: ......................................................................................................................................5
1.4 Domes: ...........................................................................................................................................5
1.5 Minarets:........................................................................................................................................5
1.5.1 Spiral style:..............................................................................................................................5
1.5.2 cylindrical minarets:................................................................................................................5
HEADING 2 Example of abbasid style projects and specifications:..........................................................7
2.1 Example of Abbasid mosques: .......................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Great Mosque Mosque ...........................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Al-Rusafa Mosque: ..................................................................................................................7
2.1.3 Great Samarra Mosque:..........................................................................................................7
2.1.4 Abu Delf Mosque:....................................................................................................................7
2.2 Example of Abbasid palaces:..........................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Akhdar Palace:.........................................................................................................................8
2.2.2 Al-Belkawara Palace:...............................................................................................................8
2.2.3 Al-Aashaq Palace:....................................................................................................................8
2.3 Example of Abbasid Schools:..........................................................................................................8
2.3.1 Al-Munadhamya school ..........................................................................................................8
2.3.2 Al-Mustansiriya school............................................................................................................8
HEADING 3 Abbasid Architecture (mudhafaria minaret) In Kurdistan And Its Preservation:..................9
3.1 Mudhafaria Minaret:......................................................................................................................9
3.1.1 location:...................................................................................................................................9
3.1.2 The origin of the Mudhafaria minaret: ...................................................................................9
3.2 historical background :...................................................................................................................9
3.3 description:.................................................................................................................................. 10
3.4 Preservation of Mudhafaria minaret: ......................................................................................... 11
3.5 The last restoration and Preservation of Mudhafaria minaret:.................................................. 12
HEADING 4 Abbasid Architecture (dalal bridge) In Kurdistan And Its Preservation: ........................... 14
4.1 Dalal Bridge: ................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2 historical background :................................................................................................................ 14
4.3 Description: ................................................................................................................................. 15

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4.4 Preservation and materials of Dalal Bridge:................................................................................ 15
HEADING 5 (https://www.niqash.org)Abbasid Architecture (great mosque of amadiye ) In Kurdistan
And Its Preservation:............................................................................................................................. 17
1.5 Great Mosque of Amadiya .......................................................................................................... 17
5.2 historical background :................................................................................................................ 17
1.3 description................................................................................................................................... 17
5.4 Restoration and preservation ..................................................................................................... 18
HEADING 6 proposal ............................................................................................................................. 19
HEADING 7 conclution........................................................................................................................ 21
References............................................................................................................................................. 22

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HEADING 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABBASID ARCHITECTURE FEATURES:
The history of Abbasid architecture spanned from 132 AH , 750 CE until the fall of Baghdad
in the hands of the Mongols in 656 AH,1258 CE. This architecture was distinguished by the
following:
 Attention to urbanism and the establishment of new cities (Hashemite, Baghdad,
Samarra, Al-Rafqa, ...)
 Paying attention to the architecture of mosques, palaces, schools, and others.
 Affected by Sassanid architecture.
 The emergence of the importance of the iwan.
 Using all kinds of bricks and bricks in the Abbasid buildings and decorating them.
 The phenomenon of horizontal expansion of Abbasid cities and their buildings.
 Adopting pointed arches and paying attention to the various beautiful domes
architecture.
 The emergence of a minaret isolated from the block of the Jame 'building in
Samarra and Al-Katae'e.
 He sang buildings of Abbasid architecture with stucco decoration and wall
paintings.
 The aesthetic of Abbasid buildings in one floor in general.
 The influence of Abbasid architecture reached the countries of North Africa
through the mediation of Ahmed Ibn Tulun and the Aghlabids.
(https://islamstory.com)
1.2 CONTRACTS:
Types of contracts that were used in the Abbasid architecture, including:
1.2.1 Tapered contract:
The architecture has mastered the innovation of two types of it, a two-center tapered contract
and a four-pointed tapered contract. The pointed contract is one of the favorite and popular
contracts of the Iraqi architecture in building most contracts for religious and civil buildings
that were erected in Iraq during the Abbasid era and other eras.
1.2.2 Clipped contract (civil):
Means the necklace that cut his upper lobe and made it into a straight line. This type of
contract was common in buildings that were erected in the Abbasid era, as we find it on the
front walls of the Al-Mustansiriya School overlooking the Tigris River, and on the inner walls
of the Imam al-Douri shrine in 478 AH, and sometimes the line of the contract is convex, as is
the case in the door of the prayer house door in The Ahmadiyya Mosque and Al-Haydarkhana
Mosque.

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1.3 MUQARNAS:
Muqarnas has a decorative function, as it exudes joy in addition to its architectural function to
reduce weight.
The oldest example of the beginning of the use of muqarnas in Iraq is seen in the General
Gate in Samarra, and in the construction of the Al-Akhdar Palace Mosque.
Several full buildings were erected in the corners of the building, as in the dome of Emerald
Khatun, and there is also a type of prismatic muqarnas, as in the construction of the minaret of
the Caliphs Mosque in Baghdad.
Muqarnas is a lunar minaret that dates back to the last Abbasid era, as it consists of a single
row of small pointed arches whose heads are slightly bent towards the outside and topped by a
frame that is based on the heads of these contracts and protrudes with their emergence
forming a star-like star.
1.4 DOMES:
Hemispherical domes erected during the Abbasid period, but these domes werezsmall in size.
It was represented in the domes of the Qublani Mosque, 575 AH, and in the domes of the
Khafafian Mosque.
1.5 MINARETS:
The minaret is considered one of the most important architectural elements that give to the
mosque that was erected in the Umayyad and Abbasid era.
Types of minarets in Iraq, including:
1.5.1 Spiral style:
It is one of the most funny Islamic elements, not only in Samarra, the minaret of the Friday
Mosque in Samarra, and the Abu Delf Mosque in Mutawakkiliya, north of Samarra, except
the minaret of Ibn Tulun Mosque in Egypt.
1.5.2 cylindrical minarets:
Cylindrical minarets throughout the Abbasid era and beyond, except that the oldest cylindrical
minaret erected in Iraq is the minaret of the Hajjj Mosque, the minaret of the Khafafin
Mosque in Baghdad, and the minaret of the Al-Sagha Mosque.
Cylindrical minarets, we find its cylindrical body, standing on the floor of the walls on a
square or octagonal base.
In northern Iraq, it was common to build a type of minaret that differed from the minarets of
Baghdad in terms of form and building material, including the minaret of the Nuri Mosque in
the city of Mosul known as Manarat al-Hadba (566 AH / 1117AD).

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This minaret was distinguished by its decorative beauty and the great height of its height,
reaching a height of 55 feet.
Perhaps the most prominent thing in this minaret is the style of brick decorations covering the
body and the upper part of the prismatic base, as the artist adopted the brick decoration by
placing it at different levels to obtain the decorative pattern for each of the seven areas of the
body and the four sides of the prismatic base. As a result of the difference in paving bricks
between horizontal, upright and oblique, paving levels differed between the two surfaces to
give through the shadows their decorative forms. This style of minarets had its effect on
contemporary and subsequent minarets in Mosul and its vicinity. This effect was evident in
the construction of the minaret of Arbil, Sinjar and Daquq in Kirkuk (630-580 AH), and the
construction of some of the later minarets of Mosul, including the minaret of the Mosque of
the Aghawat, which was built in the year (1112 AH / 1713AD),
Stones and plaster were used in the construction of all these minarets, except for the Mosul
minaret, where the bricks and stones were used in.
(http://www.bonah.org)

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HEADING 2 EXAMPLE OF ABBASID STYLE PROJECTS
AND SPECIFICATIONS:
2.1 EXAMPLE OF ABBASID MOSQUES:
2.1.1 Great Mosque Mosque
The Caliph Al-Mansour built the Great Mosque Mosque in the middle of its capital, Baghdad,
adjacent to its palace: (Palace of Gold). Its building was distinguished by its walls of milk and
its columns of wood. , And the building of this mosque remained standing until the eighth
century AH.
2.1.2 Al-Rusafa Mosque:
After Mansour established the Rusafa Palace on the eastern side, it was attached to it
A mosque in the mosque where the collection was held.
2.1.3 Great Samarra Mosque:
The Great Mosque of Samarra is considered one of the most beautiful Abbasid architectural
structures. It was built on a rectangular land with dimensions
of 260 m × 180 m. Its building is based on pillars of
octagonal ribs, and is surrounded by a wall supported by
round towers, as in the mosque mosques, and the minaret is
built Mallawi outside the wall in the form of a spiral tower
they climb from the outside like the Babylonian
constellations known as the Zigurat, and it is sufficient to
explain the importance of this
Figure 2-1 . Great Samarra Mosque
mosque to recall the opinion of some researchers that it
"represents religious architecture in the Abbasid era, the Great Samarra Mosque and
the Abu Delf Mosque."
2.1.4 Abu Delf Mosque:
The layout of this mosque is similar to the plan of the Great
Mosque of Samarra, and it has a similar minaret, which has a
spiral slope but is a little smaller, and its roof is based on
pointed arches that extend up to the qibla wall.
Figure 2-2. Abu Delf Mosque

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2.2 EXAMPLE OF ABBASID PALACES:
2.2.1 Akhdar Palace:
A fishing palace near Karbala at a distance of 120 miles in the
southeast of Baghdad, dating from (164 AH = 780 CE), has a
rectangular shape, and a high external fence supported by
prominent semicircular towers, and has an entrance in the
middle of each side.
Figure 2-3. Akhdar Palace
2.2.2 Al-Belkawara Palace:
Built by Al-Mutawakel by his proud son near Samarra, in the style
of Qasr Al-Heera, it has several courtyards and halls extending
along its length, with facades consisting of three decades, and on
the right and middle of it, there are porticoes in which dozens of
dwellings each have a private patio, and this all ends with a park
heading towards the Tigris River.
Figure 2-4 . Al-Belkawara Palace
2.2.3 Al-Aashaq Palace:
On the West Bank of the Tigris River, a smaller palace resembles it in its architectural
planning.
2.3 EXAMPLE OF ABBASID SCHOOLS:
2.3.1 Al-Munadhamya school
Nizam al-Mulk - Malikshah - built the Al-Munadhamya school in 459 AH,.
2.3.2 Al-Mustansiriya school
School is the only remaining Abbasid school. It was
opened to teaching in 631 AH , 1234 AD, and when the
Mongols seized Baghdad, this school was not spared
from aggression.
(https://islamstory.com)
Figure 2-5. Al-Munadhamya school

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HEADING 3 ABBASID ARCHITECTURE (MUDHAFARIA
MINARET) IN KURDISTAN AND ITS PRESERVATION:
3.1 MUDHAFARIA MINARET:
Location : Erbil , Iraqi Kurdistan
Architecture :
type : effected by abbasid minaret
Specifications:
Minarets: one
Minaret height: less than 10 meters high
Figure 3-1. Mudhafaria Minaret
3.1.1 location:
Al- Mudhafaria minaret (Jules Minarasi) or (minaret of Jolly) is located in the southwestern
side of the Citadel of Erbil and is about one kilometer away from it. The minaret was built on
a wide, flat land. In the past, there was a mosque next to it, and the mosque was built 200
years before the minaret was built.
(http://www.bizturkmeniz.com)
3.1.2 The origin of the Mudhafaria minaret:
Sultan Muzaffar al-Din Kawkuburi builds great buildings and Masoud inscribed on some of
the timeless minaret parts in the heart of Erbil
Al-Muzaffariya minaret is considered one of the ancient and important monuments in the city
of Erbil, and it is the symbol of Erbil after its ancient castle.
This ancient minaret was built in the time of Sultan Muzaffar al-Din Kawkaburi during the
years (576 AH - 632 AH). The most important thing in the city of Arbil is its ancient castle
and its triumphant beacon (Al-kaff Mosque)
(http://www.bizturkmeniz.com)
From the era of the Abbasid Islam, which is now called ( Al- makroma minaret), which is
located near the castle from about two kilometers.
((History of Iraq Book (Ancient Iraq History))
3.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND :
Before the construction of this minaret , there was a mosque and a religious school built in
Rabd al-Qalaa in the time of the Umayyad Caliphate and called (Al-Aatiq Mosque).
The date and construction of the Al-Muzaffariya minaret in Erbil

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The history of the construction of the Al-Muzaffariya minaret is well known. All historians
agree that this Al- minaret The antiquities were built in the time of Sultan Muzaffar al-Din
Kawkaburi between the years (1190 AD / 576 AH-1230 AD / 630 AH). It was recently
registered with the Iraqi Department of Antiquities in the Wilayat of Erbil, under No. 1465
dated (17-10-1935), and the recording board is now in front of the minaret Prison.
It is mentioned that the architecture (the builder who built this minaret was his name (Masoud
Saad), but there are those who say that the minaret was built by (Masoud Murad) so that the
meditator on the western side of the lighthouse and above the western door of the lighthouse
there is the name of the building engraved on one of the rivers is (Masoud).
And he recalls the ancient historical books, when Sultan Muzaffar al-Din Kawkaburu visits
Baghdad to visit the Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah, he passes by Daqqa - and the Sultan sees the
lighthouse in the city of Daquq and admires it a lot, and asks the building to be built in Arbil
like it.
(http://www.bizturkmeniz.com)
3.3 DESCRIPTION:
The triumphal minaret or (Jules Minarah) has two doors, each separate door has no
relationship to the other door, and each door has its own staircase and the visitor can go up to
the minaret through the two stairs and it is worth noting that two people can climb to the top
of the minaret from the two doors without seeing each other.
The diameter of the circumference of the minaret is 21 feet. As for the length of each side of
its ribs, 9 feet and 10 sides of its base are a triangle. In the past the two walls were the wall of
the mosque.
The base of the minaret at the bottom along the height of the
two walls was five in its three walls. It was a blind honor and
was carved in green and blue ceramics.
But due to erosion and climatic fluctuations, these motifs fell
over the five-pointed base. The second part turns into an
octagon starting from above the end of these two walls, and it
also has eight blind honors that were decorated with ceramic
motifs, and parts of this green and blue ceramics remain to
this day.
The walls are 16 feet high, the four sides are less than 10
meters high, and above the eastern door of the minaret there
are nets made of iron.
Figure 3-2. Mudhafaria Minaret2
At the end of the eight wall of the minaret there is a fence made of iron on the upper side of
the fence of the upper minaret. There are two doors, one of which opens to the southern side
and the other opens to the western side.
As for the foreign historian (Strech), he wrote a valuable research on the minaret, in which he
says:

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(Most of the minaret inscriptions are built of bricks, their base is octagonal, their legs are
exquisitely carved in a wonderful artistic manner, and these beautiful inscriptions are
decorated with blue and green ceramics, and these inscriptions are due to erosion and weather
fluctuations, especially during the past 200 years.
The octagonal base comes the cylindrical shape of the lighthouse, which is four parts and
between each meter one of these parts there is a specific inscription and the upper side of the
minaret is called (thick) and engraved with a special inscription, and between each strip of the
minaret lighthouse see the same inscriptions.
Historians say: These inscriptions and drawings in the four parts are formed between each
part of the lighthouse and the inscriptions of some parts of the minaret are scattered to its feet
by the factors of erosion and weather fluctuations. As for the top of the minaret, it shows signs
of the fall of part of it due to rain and thunder. It is said that the cylindrical part of the minaret
consists of four Parts These parts are built of brick and between the four parts of the minaret
there are strips engraved in the past. The four striped parts were engraved in blue and green
ceramics, but due to erosion, parts of it fell off.
The first part of the minaret bar is carved in letter form
The second tape is engraved in the form of the word Muhammed, the name of the Holy
Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) in two rows. T
he lower part is normal, the upper part is inverted and exquisitely beautiful. The third tape is
also engraved in the form of a letter.
On the western side of the minaret, in the middle of the second and third parts there are two
small holes, one in the second and the other in the third part of the minaret. As for the
southern side in the fourth part of the minaret pillar, there is one hole.
(http://www.bizturkmeniz.com)
3.4 PRESERVATION OF MUDHAFARIA MINARET:
Currently, after the restoration of the minaret, the door of the minaret was renovated, and two
iron doors were made, the first on the western side, on the eastern side, and above the door of
the lighthouse there were two iron nets. A good contemplator of the shape of the lighthouse
finds a clear inclination of the lighthouse, and it is mentioned that the amount of this
inclination is estimated at (80 cm) and the reason for the lighthouse's resilience during these
ancient times is due to the durability of its solid octagonal base. The upper side of the
lighthouse is built in a cylindrical shape and its base is made of brick and plaster. The
thickness of the two walls of the base is about 175 centimeters, and this became the direct
reason for the lighthouse to remain throughout this long period and its resistance to erosion
and natural changes until it compounds the causes of time.
The views of the General Directorate of Iraqi Antiquities on the lighthouse after its
maintenance in 1960
After the lighthouse was restored and maintained, and the remains of its old mosque were
identified and the maintenance team was unable to identify the basis of the mosque’s
construction, because the building bricks were stolen by some people. After researching and

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excavating the walls and building of the mosque, it became clear that the construction of the
mosque was of brick and clay. The campus of the mosque was built of brick and plaster, but
the floor of the mosque’s courtyard was tiled from square bricks.
The bricks used to construct the mosque and the minaret were different, and the late historian
Zubair Bilal Ismail mentioned in his book Arbel that the size of the bricks of the minaret was
(24245 cm), but the building bricks were measured (25255 cm).
After the uprising took place in all of Iraq, Erbil was one of the cities that were uplifted, but
because of the poverty, the poverty and the lack of means of life for the residents, so a group
of teenagers stole a number of the bricks of the minaret, especially from the octagonal base of
the lighthouse due to the harsh economic conditions of people and the economic blockade of
Iraq so they were They take the minaret bricks and make electric heaters from it. Then I got to
a situation until the Pope of the minaret took off, and this minaret became a place for children
and imprudent youth.
This archaeological minaret, which has historical significance for Erbil after the castle, and in
that period neglected the minaret completely, even in the year 1996 the Erbil Archeology
Directorate built a brick wall around the minaret.
As long as the people of Erbil were waiting for the government and the authorities concerned
with antiquities in Erbil, the government would build a mosque adjacent to the minaret
because the minaret since ancient times is the symbol of the mosque, except that (everything
one desires is not perceived by the wind as the ships do not desire) evaporation of the dreams
of the Erbilians in achieving this wish
Recently, a park was built in the name of Al-Manara Park, and the outskirts of the minaret
were identified with a wall of brick. But to this day there are honorable people from the
people of Erbil who wish to see a mosque near the minaret (called the Erbil Great Mosque) or
Al-Mudhafarye Mosque because this mosque has an ancient and brown history In the time of
the Umayyad caliphate and the fulfillment of this wish, it is the right of the Erbil to fulfill it
by the regional government.
(http://www.bizturkmeniz.com)
3.5 THE LAST RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION OF
MUDHAFARIA MINARET:
Mr. Talib, in the Department of Archeology at the University of Salah ad-Din, who was a
member of the (Belgian Arte Chemistry Company Group) said that the group of engineers of
this company, working in 2006 with Geo Physique devices, in the first step, they searched and
explored the land located around the base of the minaret, in order to get to know the The
reason for the inclination of the minaret and they started to restore the minaret in May 2009,
when the restoration was completed, it was handed over to the Ministry of Travel and
Antiquities.
It is worth noting that Mr. Abdul Majeed agrees with Mr. Muhammad Talib about the use of
raw materials in the restoration of this minaret, and on the model of tools built from the
minaret.

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He says in this project, we changed the minaret 's bricks, and we installed the minaret with
special nails between the bricks until the minaret tilted to fix. During the work of this group in
its restoration, an iron plate was installed on the northern side of the minaret and it was
written on it ((Presidency of the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq / Ministry of
Tourism and Antiquities, Project Name: Installing and Restoring a Jolly minaret Amount of
the amount: ($ 1373,000) Project duration - one year.
The implementation agency and the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, the project
executing agency - Arakat Al-Jiky Chemistry Company). It is mentioned that this company
spent a period of one year in its restoration, and I, as a writer interested in the heritage of
Erbil, and at the same time inhabited me 200 meters from the minaret, every day I was in
front of the minaret and a love for surveying, and every day I took a picture of the status of
the minaret during the restoration.
In the end, it became clear to me that this geek group had installed the Al-Manara building,
and I could see the workers working and fixing the beams continuously around the minaret to
implement their project, and every day, workers from the Al-Manara workers digging dirt
between the building bricks. Block blanks This group work was drilling and fixing the bricks
of the outer wall of the base and the upper parts of the minaret at the beginning when I saw
the group I thought that this company would restore the ceramic inscriptions in the blind
porches of the base and the upper cylindrical part of the lighthouse but in the end we did not
sense a significant external change of the minaret.
Restoring the old and meditating luster of the restoration, we see that the upper wall of the
base of the two sides of the triangle restored the brick located in that part of the minaret, but
with all regret the brick used to restore this part of the lighthouse is a new brick of light color
and discordance that does not match the color of the old brick used in the parts of the minaret.
So this part affected the foot and aesthetics of the old lighthouse, as the surrounding part of
the minaret floor was tiled with square bricks, as well as plagators at the bottom and the
minaret fence for the minaret lighting at night. Really this enlightenment gave a good
aesthetic to the minaret.
The minaret, and the contemplative of the minaret after reconstruction, is an artwork that
raises the attention of visitors, knowing that the amount allocated to the minaret restoration is
much more compared to this simple restoration ....
(http://www.bizturkmeniz.com)

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HEADING 4 ABBASID ARCHITECTURE (DALAL BRIDGE) IN
KURDISTAN AND ITS PRESERVATION:
4.1 DALAL BRIDGE:
Location : zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan
Architecture :
type : Islamic Architecture
(Abbasid)
Specifications:
Span : 114 meters
height: 15.5 meters
Figure 4-1. Dalal Bridge
The Abbasid bridge or the "Dalal" bridge, as the locals call it in the city of Zakho, gives a
special feeling. Its ancient rocks have changed color due to climatic factors.
4.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND :
Its stone arches, devoid of any inscriptions, made options open to historians and those
interested in archeology to delve into the origins of this bridge. Some of them trace it back to
BC and others connect it to Roman civilization and a third team connects it with the Abbasids.
As for the unique style of architecture that was used to construct it in a curved way, gives the
rest of the feeling a pleasure while crossing the Abbasik neighborhood towards the district of
Braikri. This bridge was of great importance in the past centuries, being the only crossing On
the Al-Khabour River, convoys of raisins, cotton, and crowds of armies crossed over to the
other side of the city.
This bridge was of great importance in the past centuries, being the only crossing On the Al-
Khabour River, convoys of raisins, cotton, and crowds of armies crossed over to the other side
of the city.
The researcher Saeed Haji Sadiq, who wrote two books on the history of the city of Zakho,
said that "the stones that were used in building the bridge vary in size, with some reaching
more than a meter in length and 80 cm in width. Also, lime was used in the building because
it turns into a part of the stone over."
The steadfastness of the bridge for many decades is justified by the researcher by the strength
of the foundation on which the bridge was built on both sides and says that it is "based on
large rock blocks that gave it strength in steadfastness, unlike the rest of the bridges that were
built on other nearby rivers such as the Bishok Bridge, which was built on the Hazel River at
a distance (7 km) ) From the Dalal Bridge, which was demolished because it was supported
on a sandy side in one of its sides.

15. 15
4.3 DESCRIPTION:
The bridge starts when you reach the middle of it which rises from the river for a distance of
(15.5) meters, which fell from its edges some stones, and some other stones eroded, but
people still cross over it to shorten the distance during their transition between the Khabour
river.
The span of the bridge over a distance of 114 meters raises the question and perplexity about
its steadfastness over the past centuries. As for the unique style of architecture that was used
to construct it in a curved way, gives the rest of the feeling a pleasure while crossing the
Abbasik neighborhood towards the district of Braikri.
4.4 PRESERVATION AND MATERIALS OF DALAL BRIDGE:
Although the bridge began to lose its value as a crossing point since the construction of
concrete and iron bridges in other parts of the city of Zakho, but it retained its inherent beauty
in its curved form and its five arches and large limestone, many of which bear numbers set by
one of the
Director of the Department of
Antiquities, Dohuk Governorate, Dr.
Hassan Ahmed "The department has
included the bridge among the
archaeological sites that must be
restored.
He added, "The government contracted
with an Iranian company to carry out
the restoration of this bridge, but the
company did not adhere to its date, so
we asked the government to rescind its
Figure 4-2. Restoration of Dalal bridge
contract and contract with another company that is repairing the bridge according to the
scientific principles recommended by UNESCO, and we are also trying to include the bridge
among the list of global archaeological
sites."
The researcher and writer Saeed Hajji
has a picture of the bridge dating back
to 1899, in which the bridge appears in
all its parts. "So when restoring it, it
must be returned to that original," says
Hajji.
Those who call for the restoration of the
bridge, including the researcher Haji,
Figure 4-3 restoration of Dalal bridge 2

16. 16
assert that the restoration must include removing the concrete wall that the provincial
government built in the 1990s near the bridge, which has been
reduced in length, as well as removing stones that were attached to it by cement at the edges
of the bridge because they are not of the type of stone The original from which the bridge was
built.
The Kurdistan Heritage Protection Society issued an early statement in cooperation with
twenty civil organizations in Dohuk governorate, calling for the bridge to be preserved.
Pavi statement, the president of the association said, "We called for protecting the bridge from
its demise by bringing in foreign specialized companies for its restoration, and we invited the
concerned authorities in the Kurdistan region to organize a law to protect the monuments and
heritage in the region."
The delay in taking a step forward and speeding up the restoration of the "Abbasid Bridge" or
"Dalal Bridge" may ultimately lead to its collapse and clear the myths narrated from the
memory of the population.
(https://www.niqash.org)

17. 17
HEADING 5 ABBASID ARCHITECTURE (GREAT MOSQUE
OF AMADIYE ) IN KURDISTAN AND ITS PRESERVATION:
5.1 GREAT MOSQUE OF AMADIYA
Location : Amadiya, Iraqi Kurdistan
Architecture :
type : Islamic Architecture (Abbasid)
Completed :1177CB
Specifications:
Capacity: 300 worshipers z
Interior area :2.000 square metres
Minarets: one
Minaret height: 30 metres
(https://wikivisually.com)
Figure 5-1.Great mosque of amadiya
5.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND :
The old mosques of Iraq are among the most important historical monuments in the Kurdistan
region of Iraq, where it was built in 573 AH / 1177 CE, at the end of the Umayyad period and
the beginning of the Abbasid era,
5.3 DESCRIPTION
It was restored and rebuilt several times.
and it contains a historic minaret minaret building constructed during the time of Sultan
Hussein the Wali, that is, about six centuries ago, and its height is 30 meters, and the width of
its base is 3 meters, and it has a door With a length of one and a half meters, it has small
windows, and climbs to it by one hundred and three steps built from the lighthouse wall.
)292 ‫صفحة‬ - ‫واألثرية‬ ‫التراثية‬ ‫والمساجد‬ ‫الجوامع‬ ‫دليل‬ - ‫العراق‬ ‫في‬ ‫السني‬ ‫الوقف‬ ‫(ديوان‬
The mosque contains harem and several domes built of plasters and stones; the harem is
divided into two sections. upper and lower, where the upper part was built during the days of
Sultan Husayn al-Wali, and on the sanctuary there is a chapel for women. The mosque as a
whole has an area size of 2,000 square metres and can accommodate up to 300 worshipers

18. 18
The mosque has a historic madrasa which once used to be the biggest educational institution
in the town. The madrasa used to teach religious related materials, including
the Arabic language,
(https://wikivisually.com)
and Sultan Hussein Al-Wali has renewed its construction and added five sleeping rooms for
students and two masters, and in the south a mosque has been built, whose architecture is
distinguished by arches and domes. .
)292 ‫صفحة‬ - ‫واألثرية‬ ‫التراثية‬ ‫والمساجد‬ ‫الجوامع‬ ‫دليل‬ - ‫العراق‬ ‫في‬ ‫السني‬ ‫الوقف‬ ‫(ديوان‬
5.4 RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION
During the 18th century, the dome of the minaret was damaged during a raid, it was renovated
subsequently after. In 1961, the mosque was hit by Iraqi government airstrikes which
damaged the upper section of the minaret, it was reconstructed using the original stones.
madrasa it was refurbished by the Sultan Hussein. It has a mosque in the south with an arches
and dome, library which stores works related to Fiqh.
https://wikivisually.com
Also harems upper part was built during the days of Sultan Husayn al-Wali, and on the
sanctuary there is a chapel for women.
)292 ‫صفحة‬ - ‫واألثرية‬ ‫التراثية‬ ‫والمساجد‬ ‫الجوامع‬ ‫دليل‬ - ‫العراق‬ ‫في‬ ‫السني‬ ‫الوقف‬ ‫(ديوان‬

19. 19
HEADING 6 PROPOSAL
In this proposal I tried to protect the minaret in its shape and adding a new mosque in the
place of the old destroyed Al- Aatiq mosque in some references like the new history of Iraq
called ( al-Kaff mosque ) , in this step the function of minaret as an element of mosque will
return back .
The minaret seems as an historical sculpture in the city.
This archaeological minaret, which has historical significance for Erbil after the castle, and in
that period neglected the minaret completely, even in the year 1996 the Erbil Archeology
Directorate built a brick wall around the minaret.
As long as the people of Erbil were waiting for the government and the authorities concerned
with antiquities in Erbil, the government would build a mosque adjacent to the minaret
because the minaret since ancient times is the symbol of the mosque, except that (everything
one desires is not perceived by the wind as the ships do not desire) evaporation of the dreams
of the Erbilians in achieving this wish
Recently, a park was built in the name of Al-Manara Park, and the outskirts of the minaret
were identified with a wall of brick. But to this day there are honorable people from the
people of Erbil who wish to see a mosque near the minaret (called the Erbil Great Mosque) or
Al-Mudhafarye Mosque because this mosque has an ancient and brown history In the time of
the Umayyad caliphate and the fulfillment of this wish, it is the right of the Erbil to fulfill it
by the regional government.
Figure 6-2 proposal plan for mosque and
monaret
Figure 6-1 location of minaret

20. 20
Figure 6-3 proposal perspective 1 Figure 6-4 proposal perspective 2
Figure 6-5 proposal perspective 3

21. 21
HEADING 7 CONCLUTION
The historical buildings of a city that are still till now after many decades are specials and
very important and represents the time line in which the city developed during the history,
they give the city its distinctive identity, there existance across the time gives familiarity to
the place, they are combined with common memory of the citizens.
Neglecting this important responsibility may ultimately lead to its collapse and clear the
myths narrated from the memory of the population.
Restoration and protection of historical buildings will let then to live to many others decades
and call many things about their society’s history.
In these days, it is our responsibility to preserve the heritage buildings that remains for us to
give to future generations, the collapse and destruction of projects such as this, which will
erase hundreds of years from the unique architecture of our civilization,
This historical architectural projects gives a look at the level of strength of our civilization
history for the world and, their preservation in order to preserve our identity.
Many architectural style during time developed and changed because of many life style
reasons need it or military , religious, political, …etc. , remaining any archaeological from it
represent that time and tell us the history of that time .
They destroyed by environmental or political or any other purposes so their protection should
be continuously restoration them to not be so dangers to loss them forever.

22. 22
REFERENCES
(History of Iraq Book (Ancient Iraq History).
http://www.bizturkmeniz.com.
http://www.bonah.org.
https://islamstory.com.
https://wikivisually.com.
https://www.niqash.org.
‫العراق‬ ‫في‬ ‫السني‬ ‫الوقف‬ ‫ديوان‬
-
‫واألثرية‬ ‫التراثية‬ ‫والمساجد‬ ‫الجوامع‬ ‫دليل‬
-
‫صفحة‬
292
.