DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE GLAND

1. DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE
GLAND
PAULINE TEMBO-RN/BSC

2. THE PROSTATE GLAND

3. • The prostate gland (walnut shape)is located just below
the bladder in men and surrounds the top portion of
the tube that drains urine from the bladder (urethra).
• The urethra runs through the center of the prostate,
from the bladder to the penis, letting urine flow out of
the body.
• The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and
protects sperm. During ejaculation, the prostate
squeezes this fluid into the urethra, and it’s expelled
with sperm as semen.
• The prostate's primary function is to produce the fluid
that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).

5. PROSTATITIS

6. • Def: Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate
gland.
• Prostatitis is often caused by systemic Bacterial
infections and auto immune.

7. Risk factors
• Infection of the urinary or reproductive system
• HIV infection or AIDS
• Use of a urinary catheter inserted into the urethra
to drain the bladder /during cystoscopy
• Diagnostic sampling of prostate tissue (biopsy)

8. Symptoms
• Pain or burning sensation when urinating (dysuria)
• Difficulty urinating, such as dribbling or hesitant urination
• Frequent urination, particularly at night (nocturia)
• Urgent need to urinate
• Cloudy urine
• Blood in the urine
• Pain in the abdomen, groin or lower back
• Pain in the area between the scrotum and rectum (perineum)
• Painful ejaculation
• Fever, chills, muscle aches

9. Complications
• Bacterial infection of the blood (bacteremia)
• Pus-filled cavity in the prostate (prostatic
abscess)
• Sexual dysfunction, such as the inability to get
and maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction)
• Changes in sperm and semen that may cause
infertility

10. PROSTATE CANCER

11. Define prostate cancer
• Prostate cancer is the cancer that occurs in the
prostate – a small walnut – shaped gland in men that
produces seminal fluid that nourishes and transports
sperm.

13. TYPES OF PROSTATE CANCER
• 1. Acinar Adenocarcinoma – are cancers that develop in
the gland cells that line the prostate gland. They are the
most common type of cancer.
• 2. Ductal adenocarcinoma – starts in the cells that line the
ducts (tubes) of the prostate gland. It tends to grow and
spread more quickly than Acinar Adenocarcinoma.
• 3. Transitional cell (urothelial) cancer- starts in the cells
that line the tube carrying urine to the outside of the body
(urethra).
• 4. Squamous cell cancer – these cancers develop from the
flat cells that cover the prostate. They tend to grow and
spread more quickly than adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

14. CAUSES
• The cause of prostate cancer is unknown,
although some studies have shown a
relationship between high dietary fat
intake and increased testosterone levels.

15. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Prostatic cancers may not cause symptoms until it is
advanced. Signs include;
• Blood in semen
• Discomfort in the pelvic area
• Dribbling
• Urine retention and Bone pain
• trouble urinating
• Erectile dysfunction

16. INVESTIGATION
• Digital rectal examination may reveal a small hard
mass or nodule
• Biopsy
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Computerized tomography scan
• Urine for culture and sensitivity
• Blood urea examination
• Haemoglobin estimation, grouping and cross matching
• Pelvic xray

17. • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA):The prostate makes a
protein called PSA, which can be measured by a
blood test. If PSA is high, prostate cancer is more
likely
• Prostate ultrasound (transrectal ultrasound): An
ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum, bringing
it close to the prostate.

18. Treatment
• Medical treatment
• The drugs Lupron or Zoladex are also being used to block
the production of testosterone.
• Estramistine (anti- cancer chemotherapy drug) is used to
treat prostate cancer that has progressed.

19. SURGERY
• Removal of prostate gland (radical
prostatectomy) is often recommended for
treatment of stage A and B prostate cancers.

20. • Radiation therapy is used in combination
with drug therapy.