Introduction to Anatomy Key Terms
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It includes the General terminology used in Medical Courses
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Introduction to Anatomy Key Terms
- 2. Definition It is a Greek word ( Ana-Tome): meaning cutting up. Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
- 3. SUBDIVISIONS • Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy • Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) • Developmental Anatomy (Embryology) • Living Anatomy • Clinical Anatomy (Applied) • Neuroanatomy • Surface (Topographic) Anatomy • Radiographic Anatomy • Comparative Anatomy • Sectional Anatomy
- 4. Gross Anatomy Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
- 5. Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues
- 6. Developmental Anatomy Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth
- 7. Specialized Branches of Anatomy Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level
- 11. Some Anatomical Directions Superior and Inferior Anterior and Posterior Dorsal and Ventral Proximal and Distal Medial and Lateral
- 12. Anatomical Position The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the anatomical position, the subject stands (Figure 1.5). standing upright facing the observer, head level eyes facing forward feet flat on the floor arms at the sides palms turned forward (ventral)
- 13. Positions and Directions Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another. It usually along one of the three major body planes
- 14. ANATOMICAL POSITION Standing up right Looking straight towards horizon Upper limbs hanging by the side of body Palms facing forwards Lower limbs are parallel with toes pointing forwards Anatomy
- 15. 1. MID SAGITTAL (Median Plane): A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left equal halves. 2. SAGITTAL: A vertical plane which is parallel to the sagittal plane. TERMS OF PLANES Anatomy
- 16. 3. CORONAL PLANE (Frontal Plane): A vertical plane which is at right angles to the median plane dividing the body into an anterior and a posterior part. 4. TRANSVERSE PLANE: A plane at right angles to the sagittal / coronal plane dividing the body into an upper and lower part. TERMS OF PLANES Anatomy
- 17. TERMS OF PLANES • HORIZONTAL PLANE: A plane parrallel to the ground. • OBLIQUE PLANE: Any plane other than of aforementioned planes.
- 18. TERMS OF POSTURE Anatomy Supine Prone Left Lateral Right Lateral Lithotomy Erect Upside Down
- 19. Anterior = Ventral Intermediate = Middle Posterior = Dorsal TERMS OF POSITION Anatomy
- 20. • Lateral • Intermediate • Medial • Median TERMS OF POSITION Anatomy
- 21. For solid organs: -Superficial -Deep For hollow organs: -Interior -Exterior For indicating the side: -Ipsilateral -Contralateral OTHER TERMS Anatomy
- 22. Superior = Cephalic Inferior = Caudal TERMS OF POSITION Anatomy
- 23. Proximal Distal Radial Ulnar Tibial Fibular Preaxial border Postaxial border TERMS FOR LIMBS Anatomy
- 24. Skull - Inferior surface is called as Base Hand - Posterior surface - Dorum of Hand - Anterior surface - Palmar surface TERMS OF POSITION Anatomy
- 25. TERMS OF POSITION Anatomy Foot - Superior surface - Dorsum of Foot - Inferior Surface - Plantar Surface
- 26. Combination of Terms: - Supero medial - Infero lateral - Postero superior - Antero inferior TERMS OF POSITION Anatomy
- 27. Flexion: - Moving part is carried forwards - Movement on the transverse axis Extension- Moving part is carried backwards - Movement on the transverse axis. Circumduction: Moving part forms the base of a cone TERMS OF MOVEMENT Anatomy
- 28. Abduction: - Moving part is carried away from the body/ reference line. - Movement on antero – posterior axis. Adduction: - Moving part is carried towards the body / reference line. -Movement on antero – posterior axis. TERMS OF MOVEMENT Anatomy
- 29. Medial Rotation – -Moving part is rotated towards the mid line. - Movement on vertical axis. Lateral Rotation – - Moving part is rotated away from the mid line. - Movement on vertical axis. TERMS OF MOVEMENT Anatomy
- 30. LEG: Flexion – A movement on knee joint in which leg is carried backwards. Extension – A movement on knee joint in which leg is carried forwards. TOES: Abduction – Toes move away from the long axis of 2nd toe. Adduction – Toes move towards long axis of the 2nd toe. SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT Anatomy
- 31. NECK: - Flexion - Extension ROTATION: - Right - Left - LATERAL FLEXION - Right - Left SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT Anatomy
- 32. FINGERS: ABDUCTION – Fingers move away from the long axis of middle finger. ADDUCTION – Fingers move towards the long axis of middle finger. SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT Anatomy
- 33. Anatomy SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT Thumb: Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Opposition Forearm: Pronation – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces towards ground. Supination – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces above. Mid Prone Position
- 34. Anatomy SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT FOOT – Inversion – Sole of the foot faces medially. Eversion – Sole of the foot faces laterally. Dorsiflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot comes closure to the front of leg. Plantarflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot goes away from the front of leg.
- 35. Anatomy SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT Trunk: Extension Flexion Rotation - Left
- 36. Anatomy Rotation - Right Lateral Flexion - Right - Left SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
- 37. Movements Retraction Moving a part backward Protraction Moving a part forward Elevation Raising a part Depression Lowering a part
- 38. Movements Rotation Turning on a single axis Circumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline External rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline
- 39. Movements of the Foot Inversion Turning the sole of the foot inward Eversion Turning the sole of the foot outward Dorsiflexion Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin Plantarflexion Ankle movement pointing the foot downward
- 40. Movements of the Wrist & Thumb Radial Deviation Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side. Ulnar Deviation Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side. Opposition Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.
- 41. Additional Range of Motion
- 42. The End