Medya drugs

1
Dr. Pathirage Kamal Perera (PhD)
Senior Lecturer/ Department of Ayurveda Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics,
Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo
Consultant - National Ayurveda Teaching Hospital, Borella, Sri Lanka
Contact: drkamalperera@yahoo.com
Medhya Dravya
Intellect promoting mediators/ Nootropics
Lecture notes - purpose for solely lecturing

Dr.Pathirage Kamal Perera (PhD) 2
Medhya Dravya
1. Aindri - Bacopa monnieri L
2. Mandukaparni - Centella asiatica L.
3. Shankapushpi- Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.
4. Jyothishmathi- Celastrus panniculatus Willd.(Duhundu).
5. Kushmanda- Benincasa hispida Thumb.
6. Usthukhudus- Lavandula stoechas L.
7. Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi)
8. Vacha (Acorus calamus)

Medhya drugs Synonyms and Dosha Karma
Properties
Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka
Mandukaparni (Centella
asiatica Linn. Family –
Umbelliferae)
Manduki, Twastri, Divya, Mahausadhi. Dosha karma – Kapha-Pitta shamak. Tikta Laghu Sita Madhur
Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra
Linn., Family – Fabaceae)
Yas-timadhuk, Klitaka. Dosha karma – Vata- pitta shamak Madhur Guru,
Snigdha
Sita Madhur
Guduchi (Tinospora
cordifolia Willd. Miers, Family
– Menispermaceae)
Amrita, Madhuparni, Chinnamula, Cakra-lakshanika, Amrita-valli, Chinna, Chin-
nodhbhava, Vatsadani, Jivanti, Tantrika, Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Dheera, Vi-shalya,
Rasayani, Candrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali, Deva-nirmita, Dosha karma – Tri-dosha
shamak
Tikta,
Kasaya
Guru,
Snigdha
Usna Madhur
Shankhapushpi(Convolvulus
pleuricaulis Chois. Family –
Convolvula-ceae):
Ksheerpushpi, Mangalyakusuma. Dosha karma – Vata- pitta shamak Tikta Snigdha,
Picchil
Sita Madhur
Aindri (Bacopa monniera Linn.
Family – Scrophulariaceae)
Tikta Laghu Usna Katu
Jyothishmati(Celastrus
panniculataWilld. Family –
Celastraceae):
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kanguni, Paravatpadi, Pinya, Lata, Kakundani, Mal-kangani. Dosha
karma – Vata-kapha sha-mak
Katu, Tikta Tikshna Usna Katu
Kushmanda(Benincasa
hispidaThunb. Cogn. Family –
Cucurbitaceae)
Puspaphala, Pitapushpa, Brihatphala. Dosha karma – Pitta shamak Madhur Laghu,
Snigdha
Sita Madhur
Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.,
Family – Araceae)
Vacha, Ugragandha, Sadhgrantha, Golomi, Satparvika, Khudra-patri, Mangalya, Jatila,
Ugra and Lomasha, Dosha karma – Kapha-Vata shamak8
Katu, Tikta Laghu,
Tikshna
Usna Katu
Jatamamsi(Nardostachys
jatamansi DC., Family –
Valerianaceae)
Bhutjata, Jatila, Tapas-vini and Mansi. Dosha karma – TriDosha shamak Tikta,
Kasaya
Madhur
Laghu,
Snigdha
Sita Katu

Role in ageing brain ( Ref: Molecular targets of common Ayurvedic herbal antioxidants, J. Ayu. Herb. Med.2017; 3(1):
33-37 )
Yashtimadhu
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Spatial learning and passive avoidance, preliminary free radical scavenging, cerebral ischemia and antioxidant capacity
towards LDL oxidation.
Guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia)
Strong free radical scavenging properties against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species diminishing the expression of
iNOS gene, reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and an increase in reduced glutathione catalase and
superoxide dismutase (anti-oxidant)
Shankhapushpi(Convolvulus
pluricaulis)
Anxiolytic, memory enhancing and mood elevating effect, retard brain aging, help in regeneration of brain cells and in
Dendritic arborization which is the neuronal basis for improved learning and memory, increase in AGhE activity in CA1
with AS and CA3
Mandukaparni
(Centella asciatica)
Neuronal dendritic growth stimulating property, effective in reducing brain regional lipidperoxidation (LPO) and protein
carbonyl (PCO) levels and in increasing anti-oxidant status, improve the altered levels of neurotransmitters such as 5HT,
acetylcholine, epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and Glutamate, improve the mental
ability and fatigability of subjects under stress, inhibit the formation of beta amyloid plaques owing to the oxidative
stress and activation of glial cells and thereby delay neuronal apoptosis.
Brahmi
(Bacopa monnieri)
Positive implications for improved neurotransmission and repair of damaged neurons via enhanced regeneration of
nerve synapses via changes in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex (areas critical to memory function) and hypothalamus
regions of the brain.
Ashwagandha
(Withania Somnifera)
GABA-like activity, owing to its anxiolytic effect, increase in the levels of three natural antioxidants superoxide
dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase.
Kapikachu
(Mucuna Pruriens)
Contain significant quantity of L-Dopa which could be the basis for its anti- Parkinsonism effect.
Jyotishmati(Celastrus
paniculata) and Tagara (Valer
iana wallichii)
Role in brain and memory disorders in the elderly.

Medhya Rasayana
It is a group of 4 medicinal plants that can be used singly or in
combinations.
I. Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica Linn.),
II. Yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra Linn.),
III. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Wild) Miers)
IV. Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis Chois)

Mode of action
Withanolide-A isolated from
root of root of Ashwagandha
(withania somnifera)
Neuritic regeneration, synaptic reconstruction, axon extension dendrite extension synaptogenesis memory improvement
Withanolide IV
(Withania somnifera)
Axon extension dendrite extension synaptogenesis memory improvement
Withanolide IV Axon extension dendrite extension synaptogenesis memory improvement
Bramhi
(Bacopa monnieri Linn)
Memory enhancement, cognitive function, Reduce amyloid levels in PSAPP mice, effect on cholinergic system, prevent aluminium
neurotoxicity i.e., protect brain from oxidative damage resulting from aluminium toxicity.
Sankhapushpi
(Convolvulus pluricaulis)
Anxiolytic and memory enhancing, mood elevating, retard brain aging
Mandukaparni
(Centella asiatica)
Useful in treating mental retardation (improvement in performance IQ), Social Quotient, immediate memory span and reaction
time, asiatic acid (AA), a pentacyclic triterpene in Centella asiatica- attenuates glutamate-induced cognitive deficits of mice and
protects SH-SY5Y cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis in-vitro, influence the neuronal morphology and promote the higher
brain function of juvenile and young adult mice, cognitive enhancement, prevent oxidative stress, enhance neuronal dendrites,
dendritic growth in the hippocampal CA3 neurons in adult rats.antidepressant activity.
Guduchi
(Tinospora cordifolia)
Enhanced verbal learning and memory and logical memory (of immediate and short term type), enhances cognition (learning and
memory) in normal rats and cyclosporine induced memory deficit, anti-stress, anti-depressant and anxiolytic properties,
improvement in sensile memory impairment
Ashwagandha
(Withania somnifera)
Mood stabilizer in clinical conditions of anxiety and depression., clearance and reverses the behavioral deficits and pathology seen
in Alzheimer's disease models.
Jyothismati
(Celastrus paniculatus)
Affects learning and recall of memory, significant decrease in the AChE activity assayed from hypothalamus, frontal cortex and
hippocampus of the rat brain treated with 400 mg/kg body weight. With CP oil i.e., Jyothismati oil from seeds of Celastrus
paniculatus (CP))
Vidanga
(Embelia ribes)
Defence against MCAO- induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats and exhibits neuroprotective activity, useful adjunct in the
treatment of stroke.
Kushmanda Ghrita
(Benincasa hispida)
Increased immediate memory, possess antidepressant activity

SAK MAL : Canscora diffusa
Evolvulus alsinoides
Vishnukranthi – Albino type
Substitutes - Knowledge – Dr. Piyal Marasinghe

Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi) is
an erect perennial aromatic herb with
long, stout, woody, greyish,
rhizomatous, tail-like rootstock covered
with reddish-brown hairs or tufted
fibrous remains of the petioles of
withered radical leavesand belongs to
Valerianaceae family. Rhizome is used
for medicinal purposes as it
is Bhutaghna or Manasa
Doshahara (relieves of psychiatric
problems) and Medhya.. Roots and
rhizomes of N. jatamansi are used to
treat hysteria, epilepsy, and
convulsions[ Ref: Kulkarni R, Girish K J,
Kumar A. Nootropic herbs (Medhya
Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update.
Phcog Rev 2012;6:147-53] .

According to Ayurveda „Pranavayu‟ is responsible for the transmission of sensory inputs from sense object
to their target site (i.e. Manas) where various Manovishayas are involved in the due processing of stimuli
[1/2].
At the level of locus coeruleus the Chintyavishay of Manas is worked for selection of relevant stimuli and
rejection of irrelevant sensory objects.
Ref: 1] CharakSamhitaSharirasthan chapter 1/22,.CharakaSamhita with “Vidyotini” Hindi commentary by Pt. KashinathShastry and Dr.GorakhnathChaturvedi, Part
1, ChaukhambhaBharati Academy, 1996.
[2] CharakSamhitaSharirasthan chapter 1/20,.CharakaSamhita with “Vidyotini” Hindi commentary by Pt. KashinathShastry and Dr.GorakhnathChaturvedi, Part 1,
ChaukhambhaBharati Academy, 1996.
NB: The locus coeruleus is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved
with physiological responses to stress and panic.

Sadhaka Pita
• Prana Vata
Bodhaka
Kapha
Udana
vata
Buddhi (intellect),
Ahankara (Ego)
Utsaha (Energy)
Dhriti
Is the power which controls the
orientation of attitude;
it is the regulator of the functions of
Mana
Smriti
Capacity of recollect the past
experienced knowledge;
Vachaspatyam and
Asampramoha of the internal
impression in the mind about the
moments of the past
Dhi - Mati or Buddhi Mati - reasoning or
consideration of pros and cons (Dalhana Su.Su-
3/53, Utt.-63/5)
Mati discusses positive and Negative points of a
problem - Manobodhana
Dhi – intellect
Dhriti – regulation
Smriti – memory
Eg: Sadhaka Pitta Prana Vayu, and Udana Vayu can lead to Kshinamati in
patients of Kampavata (Parkinson’s disease) Dementia generally occurs late in
Parkinson’s disease

1. Bacopa monnieri
(Brahmi/Lunuvila/ ऐन्द्री )

Sanskrit Names: Aindri, ऐन्द्री ,Jala Nimbha, Jal Brahami, Laghu Brahami,
English Name: Indian Pennywort/ Water hyssop
Hindu Name: Barami
Botanical Name: Bacopa monnieri (L) Pennell
Synonyms : Herpestis monniera (L) Kunth
Other names: Brahmi
Family: Scrophulariaceae

Description
• Bacopa monniera, a member of the Scrophulariaceae family, is a small,
creeping herb with numerous branches, small oblong leaves, and light purple
flowers. In India and the tropics it grows naturally in wet soil, shallow water,
and marshes.
• The herb can be found at elevations from sea level to altitudes of 4,400 feet,
and is easily cultivated if adequate water is available.
• Flowers and fruit appear in summer and the entire plant is used medicinally.

Introduction
• Bacopa monniera, has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries. Traditionally, it was
used as a brain tonic to enhance memory development, learning, and concentration, and to provide relief
to patients with anxiety or epileptic disorders.
• The plant has also been used in India and Pakistan as a cardiac tonic, digestive aid, and to improve
respiratory function in cases of bronchoconstriction.
• Recent research has focused primarily on Bacopa’s cognitive-enhancing effects, specifically memory,
learning, and concentration, and results support the traditional Ayurvedic claims.
• Research on anxiety, epilepsy, bronchitis and asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastric ulcers also
supports the Ayurvedic uses of Bacopa. Bacopa’s antioxidant properties may offer protection from free
radical damage in cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer

Rasa
(taste)
Guna
(quality)
Virya
(potency)
Vipaka
(post digestive effect)
Prabhava
(Special quality)
Tikta (bitter) Laghu
(light)
Ushna (hot) Katu (pungent) Medhya
Dhatus
(tissues)
Rasa, Rakta, Majja, Shukra
Srotas
(channels)
Manovaha, Shukravaha

Dr.Pathirage Kamal Perera (PhD)
16
Dosha Karma Kapha,Vata Shamaka
Sansthanika Karma
Bahiya shotha hara, Vedanasthapana, Vishaghna
Abhyantara
Nadi Medhya , Akshepahara
Pachana Dipana , Pachana, Anulomana
Raktavaha Raktashodaka , Shothahara , Hrd uththejya, Hrdya
Shwasana Kaphghna, Kantya
Muthra Muthrala
Prajanana Arthavajanana , Garbhadarana
Thavaca Svedajanana, Kushtaghna, Kandughna
Karma (Pharmacological Action)

Prayoga (Therapeutics)
Dosha prayoga Kaphavataja roga
Sansthanika Karma
Bahiya Shotha -Vedanayuktha : Pralepa
Abhyantara
Nadi Unmada, Apasmara,
Pachana Agnimandya, Amadoshahara
Raktavaha Raktavikara, Hrddaurbalya
Shwasana Kasa, swarabheda
Muthra Mutrakuchcha
Prajanana Kashtarthava, Vandyathva
Thavaca Kushta , Kandu
Part used: Panchanga
Dose: Swarasa- 30ml

ऐन्द्री
• ऐन्द्न्द्र तु जरननम्फाख्म नतक्तोष्णा दीऩनी सया
भेधमा ह्रद्मा च कु ष्ठघ्नी ज्वयघ्नी कपवातन्द्जत
18Dr.Pathirage Kamal Perera (PhD)

Chemical constituents
• Alkaloids, saponins and sterols.
• Many active constituents – the alkaloids, Brahmine and herpestine,
saponins, d-mannitol and hersaponin, acid A, and monnierin – were
isolated in India over 40 years ago.
• The compounds responsible for the memory enhancing effects of Bacopa
monniera are triterpenoid saponins called "bacosides".

Major therapeutic chemical constituents
BACOSIDE A (Levorotatory)
BACOSIDE B (Dextrorotatory)

Composition of the leaves of Bacopa monniera
Component Analytical results
Moisture 88.4 g/100g
Protein 2.1 g/100g
Fat 0.6 g/100g
Carbohydrate 5.0 g/100g
Crude fiber 1.05 g/100g
Ash 1.9 g/100g
Calcium 202 mg/100g
Phosphorus 16 mg/100g
Iron 7.8 mg/100g
Ascorbic acid 63 mg/100g
Nicotinic acid 0.3 mg/100g
Energy 38 cal/100g

Mechanism of action
• The mode of action of brain cell protective effects is due to the
antioxidants that suppress neuronal oxidative stress and the
acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities.

Amyloid beta (Aβ)

Alzheimer‟s disease (AD) is a progressive age-related
neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive
cognitive deficits and behavioral disturbances. Several complex
pathogenic pathways have been found to be involved in the
disease development and progression, including plaque
formation, inflammatory cascade, cholinergic deficit, oxidative
stress, etc.1 Formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles remain the most important neuropathological hallmarks
of AD. Senile plaques are the major constituent of toxic amyloid
beta (Aβ) peptide, which is surrounded by dystrophic neurites
and activated microglia. Aβ accumulates as a result of altered
proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-
secretase and γ-secretase

Mechanisms- enhance cognitive function
• The triterpenoid saponins and their bacosides are responsible for Bacopa’s ability to enhance nerve impulse
transmission.
• The bacosides aid in repair of damaged neurons by enhancing kinase activity, neuronal synthesis, and restoration of
synaptic activity, and ultimately nerve impulse transmission.
• Loss of cholinergic neuronal activity in the hippocampus is the primary feature of Alzheimer’s disease. Based on
animal study results, bacosides appear to have antioxidant activity in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and striatum.
• Animal research has shown Bacopa extracts modulate the expression of certain enzymes involved in generation and
scavenging of reactive oxygen species in the brain.
• In vitro research has shown Bacopa exerts a protective effect against DNA damage in astrocytes and human
fibroblasts.

Ref : Nathan PJ, Clarke J, Lloyd J, et al. The acute effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahm) on cognitive
function in healthy normal subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16:345-351.
Aim
• Bacopa monniera has been studied clinically for its acute and chronic effects on cognitive
function.
Method
• In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 38 healthy volunteers (ages 18-60), subjects were given a single dose of 300
mg Bacopa monniera extract (standardized to 55-percent combined bacosides A and B) or placebo.
• Subjects were tested two hours after drug administration, coinciding with maximum pharmacodynamic effect.
• Parameters assessed included attention, working and short-term memory, verbal learning, decision making, memory
consolidation, executive processes, planning and problem solving, speed of information processing, and motor
responsiveness.
Conclusion
• Acute administration of this dose of Bacopa extract resulted in no significant changes
in cognitive function when compared to baseline values.

Ref 3: Sharma R, Chaturvedi C, Tewari PV. Efficacy of Bacopa monnieri in revitalizing intellectual functions in
children. J Res Edu Indian Med 1987;Jan-June:1-12.
Aim
• Cognitive enhancing benefits in administration of Bacopa extracts
in children
Method
• Forty children from rural India (ages 6-8) were divided into treatment and placebo groups of 20 children each. Children
in the treatment group received one teaspoon Bacopa syrup (350 mg Bacopa powder/teaspoonful) three times daily for
three months. The placebo group received Syrup Simplex (details not available).
• A series of tests measuring visuomotor and perceptual abilities and memory span were administered at baseline and at
the end of treatment.
Results
/Conclusi
on
• Significant improvements were noted in strengthened exploratory drive (as measured by maze learning),
improved perceptual images of patterns, and increased perceptual organization and reasoning ability (as
measured by reaction time).

Anxiety and Depression
Ref 5: Bhattacharya SK, Ghosal S. Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in an
experimental study. Phytomedicine 1998;5:77-82.
Aim
• Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in an
experimental study
Method
• Research using a rat model of clinical anxiety demonstrated a Bacopa extract of 25-percent
bacoside A exerted anxiolytic activity comparable to Lorazepam, a c o m m o n b e n z o d i a z
a p e n e a n x i o l y t i c d r u g .
Results
• The Bacopa extract did not induce amnesia, side
effects associated with Lorazepam, but instead had a
memory-enhancing effect.

Ref : Singh RH, Singh L. Studies on the anti-anxiety effect of the Medyha Rasayana drug,
Brahmi (Bacopa monnieraWettst.) – Part 1. J Res AyurSiddha 1980;1:133-148.
Aim
• Studies on the anti-anxiety effect of the Medyha Rasayana drug, Brahmi
(Bacopa monnieraWettst.)
Method
• A one-month, limited clinical trial of 35 patients with diagnosed anxiety
neurosis demonstrated that administration of Brahmi syrup (30 mL daily in two
divided doses, equivalent to 12 g dry crude extract of Bacopa)
Result
• significant decrease in anxiety symptoms, level of anxiety, level of disability, and mental fatigue,
and an increase in immediate memory span.
• Other changes noted were increased body weight, decreased respiration rate, and decreased
systolic blood pressure

Epilepsy
• Bacopa has been indicated as a remedy for epilepsy in Ayurvedic medicine, research in animals shows
anticonvulsant activity only at high doses over extended periods of time.
• E a r l y r e s e a r c h i n I n d i a d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t hersaponin (an active constituent)
exhibited protection against seizures in mice.
• A more recent Indian study also examined the anticonvulsant properties of Bacopa extracts in mice and
rats.
• Researchers determined that intraperitoneal injections of high doses of Bacopa extract (close to 50
percent of LD50) given for 15 days demonstrated anticonvulsant activity.
• Wh e n a dmi n i s t e r e d acutely at lower doses (approaching 25 percent of LD50), anticonvulsant
activity was not observed.
Ref : Ganguly DK, Malhotra CL. Some behavioural effects of an active fraction from Herpestis monniera,
Linn. (Brahmi). Ind J Med Res 1967;55:473-482.
Ref :Martis G, Rao A. Neuropharmacological activity of Herpestis monniera. Fitoterapia 1992;63:399-404

Bronchitis and Asthma
• A n i m a l s t u d i e s h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d Bacopa extracts have a relaxant effect on chemically-induced
bronchoconstriction, probably via inhibition of calcium influx into cell membranes. In vitro study demonstrated the
broncho-vasodilatory activity of B. monniera on rabbit and guinea pig trachea, pulmonary artery, and aorta (Ref 9).
• Methanol subfractions of Bacopa extracts were given to anesthetized rats prior to induction of bronchoconstriction
with carbachol, an acetylcholine analogue.
Nearly all of the Bacopa extract subfractions inhibited carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction, hypotension, and
bradycardia in this animal model (Ref 10).
• An in vitro study also demonstrated a methanol extract of Bacopa possessed potent mast cell stabilizing activity
comparable to disodium cromoglycate, a commonly used allergy medication.These studies indicate the potential
usefulness of Bacopa extracts in bronchoconstrictive and allergic conditions, and warrant human studies (Ref 11)
Ref 9: Dar A, Channa S. Relaxant effect of ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera on trachea, pulmonary artery and aorta from rabbit and guinea-pig. Phytother Res1997;11:323-325
Ref 10: Channa S, Dar A, Yaqoob M, et al. Bronchovasodilatory activity of fractions and pure constituents isolated from Bacopa monniera. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;86:27-35.
Ref 11: Samiulla DS, Prashanth D, Amit A. Mast cell stabilizing activity of Bacopa monnieri. Fitoterapia 2001;72:284-285.

Bacopa monnieri and fertility issues
Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse.
Contraception. 2009. Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Brahmi on fertility of male
laboratory mouse. The treatment had no effect on levels of testosterone, alanine aminotransferase,
aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine in blood serum, hematological parameters and on liver and
kidney histoarchitecture.
• In Bacopa treated males, libido remained unaffected, but fertility was notably suppressed. The
alterations caused in the above reproductive endpoints by the plant extract were reversible, and by 56
days of treatment withdrawal, the parameters recovered to control levels. The results in mice thus
suggest that Bacopa extract treatment causes reversible suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility,
without producing apparent toxic effects.

Interaction with other supplements
Drug/Botanical Interactions
• Bacopa has been noted in animal models to decrease the toxicity of morphine and phenytoin.
• Slight sedative effect, so caution is advised in combination with other known sedatives.
• It appears to stimulate T4 activity in animals at high doses, it is theorized it may potentiate the activity
of thyroid-stimulating drugs or inhibit the effect of thyroid-suppressant drugs.

Side Effects and Toxicity
• Therapeutic doses of Bacopa are not associated with any known side effects, and Bacopa has been used
safely in Ayurvedic medicine for several hundred years.
• A double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial of healthy male volunteers investigated the safety of
pharmacological doses of isolated bacosides over a four-week period.
• Concentrated bacosides given in single (20-30 mg) and multiple (100-200 mg) daily doses were well
tolerated and without adverse effects.
• The LD50 of Bacopa extracts administered orally to rats was 5 g/kg for aqueous extracts and 17 g/kg of
the alcohol extract. Neither extract resulted in gross behavioral changes at these concentrations.

Free radical
• Radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms, molecules, or
ions with unpaired electrons on an open shell configuration.
• Free radicals may have positive, negative, or zero charge.
• With some exceptions, the unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly
chemically reactive.
• Radicals, if allowed to run free in the body, are believed to be involved in
degenerative diseases , senescene (the aging process), and cancers.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen.
• Examples include oxygen ions and peroxides. Reactive oxygen species are highly
reactive due to the presence of unpaired valence shell electrons.
• ROS form as a natural by product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have
important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis.
• However, during times of environmental stress (e.g., UV or heat exposure), ROS levels
can increase dramatically
• This may result in significant damage to cell structures

2. Centella asiatica L.
(Mandukaparni /Gotu kola)

Sanskrit Names: Mandukaparni / भण्डूकऩनी
Hindu Name: Bengsag, Brahmi
Botanical Name: Centella asiatica L.
Synonyms : Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
Trisanthus cochinchinensis (Lour).
Family: Apiaceae or Umbelliferae Carrot Family

Description
• Herbaceous annual plant
• The stems are slender, creeping stolons , green to reddish green in color,
interconnecting one plant to another. It has long-stalked, green, reniform leaves with
rounded apices which have smooth texture with palmately netted veins.
• The rootstock consists of rhizomes, growing vertically down. They are creamish in color
and covered with root hairs.
• The flowers are pinkish to red in color, born in small, rounded bunches (umbels) near
the surface of the soil.
• The crop matures in three months and the whole plant, including the roots, is
harvested manually.

Introduction
• Centella grows along ditches and in low wet areas.
• In Indian and Southeast Asian centella, the plant frequently suffers from high levels of bacterial
contamination, possibly from having been harvested from sewage ditches. Because the plant is aquatic,
it is especially sensitive to pollutants in the water, which are easily incorporated into the plant
• Gotu kola is a mild adaptogen, is mildly antibacterial, anti viral, anti-inflammatory , anti-ulcerogenic,
anxiolytic , a cerebal tonic, a circulatory stimulant, a diuretic, nervine and vulnerary.
• Centella asiatica may be useful in the treatment of anxiety and may be used as a promising anxiolytic
agent in the future

Rasa
(taste)
Guna
(quality)
Virya
(potency)
Vipaka
Prabhava
(Special quality)
Tikta (bitter) Laghu
(light)
Sheetha
(cold)
Madhura
(sweet)
Medhya
Dhatus
(tissues)
Rasa, Rakta, Shukra
Srotas
(channels)
Manovaha, Shukravaha

42
Dosha Karma Kapha,Pitta Shamaka – Tikta rasa
Sansthanika Karma
Bahiya Increase Raktasanvahana
Abhyantara
Nadi Medhya , Mastiska dharana, Mastiska shamaka
Pachana Agni Dipana
Raktavaha Raktapitta shamaka , Shothahara , Hrdya
Shwasana Kaphghna, Kantya
Muthra Pramehaghna
Prajanana Sthanya janana, Sthanya shodana
Thavaca Vrana Shodana, Ropana

Dosha prayoga Kaphapitta roga
Sansthanika Karma
Bahiya Charma roga : Pralepa
Abhyantara
Nadi Masthiska daurbalya, Unmada, Apasmara,
Pachana Agnimandya, Grahani
Raktavaha Raktavikara, Hrddaurbalya, Raktapitta
Shwasana Kasa, Swasa
Muthra Prameha
Prajanana Sthanya janana, Sthanya shodana
Thavaca Kushta
Part used: Panchanga
Dose: Swarasa- 30ml

मण्डूकपर्नी
ब्राह्भी हहभा सया नतक्ता रघु: भेद्मचा च शीतरा
कषमा भधुया स्वादुऩाकामुष्मा यसामनन
स्वमाा स्भृनतप्रदा कु ष्टऩान्द्द्दुभेहास्रकासन्द्जतः
भण्डूकऩनी ll
(बावप्रकाश)

Major Chemical constituents
• Triterpenoid saponins -Asiaticoside, asiatic-acid
• Flavanoids ,tannins ,phtosterol ,amino acids
asiatic-acid

Mechanism of action

Herb-drug interactions
 No reports documenting negative interactions between CA and
medications to date.
 High doses of CA can cause sedation, it was warned that individuals
should refrain from taking this herb with medications that promote sleep
or reduce anxiety.
 CA was postulated to interfere with blood glucose levels and thus also
possibly interfere with the existing hypoglycaemic therapy and cholesterol
lowering agents.

Dosage
• A typical daily dose of CA reported was approximately 600 mg of dried leaves or infusion, single-dose capsules (300
mg to 680 mg, thrice daily), a 10-mg concentrated extract, also available in capsules.
• Other preparations include Madecassol tablets 10 mg 3 times daily, tincture 1 ml, and Emdecassol ointment twice
daily.
• Dried gotu kola leaf as a tea, by adding 1-2 teaspoons (5-10 g) to about 2/3 cup (150 ml) of boiling water and
allowing it to steep for 10 to 15 min and three cups (750 ml) were usually suggested per day and fluid extract (1/2-1
teaspoon equivalent to 3-5 ml/day or a tincture (2-4 teaspoons equivalent to 10-20 ml per day) are sometimes
recommended.
• The standardized CA extract containing up to 100% total saponins (triterpenoids), 60 mg once or twice per day, are
frequently used in modern herbal medicine.

Precautions and safety
• Side effects are rare but may include skin allergy and burning sensations (with external use), headache, stomach
upset, nausea, dizziness, and extreme drowsiness which tend to occur with high doses of the herb.
• The fresh plant may have a low potential for skin irritation. A Contact dermatitis has been reported on a few
occasions using topical preparations.
• Subcutaneous injections can trigger allergic reactions, cause pain at the injection site, or cause discoloration. Side
effects occur less often when using intramuscular injections.
• Orally consuming an excessive amount of CA (i.e., overdose) can cause headaches and transient unconsciousness.
• It is postulated that chronic treatment may prevent women from becoming pregnant by causing spontaneous
abortion.
• The use of CA for more than 6 weeks is not recommended in the literature. People taking the herb for an extended
period of time (up to 6 weeks) should take a 2-week break before taking the herb again.
• The standardized CA extracts and asiaticoside were well tolerated in experimental animals especially by oral route.
Asiaticoside did not show any sign of toxicity up to the dose of 1 mg/kg after oral administration, whereas the toxic
dose by intramuscular application reported for mice and rabbits was 40-50 mg/kg

Cognitive Effects
Ref: Veerendra MHK,Gupta YK. Effect of Centella asiatica on cognition and oxidative stress in an
intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease in rats.Clin Exp Pharmacol
Physiol, 2003,30(5-6):336-42
Aim
• Effect of Centella asiatica on cognition and oxidative stress in an
intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease in rats
Method
•Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) streptozotocin (STZ) in rats has been likened to sporadic AD in humans and the cognitive impairment is associated
with free radical generation in this model. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of an aqueous extract of C. asiatica (100, 200 and 300
mg/kg for 21 days) was evaluated in i.c.v. STZ-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats.
•Male Wistar rats were injected with STZ (3 mg/kg, i.c.v.) bilaterally on the days 1 and 3. Cognitive behaviour was assessed using passive
avoidance and elevated plus-maze paradigms on the days 13, 14 and 21. Rats were killed on the day 21 for estimation of oxidative stress
parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the whole brain upon completion of the behavioural
task.
Results
• Rats treated with C. asiatica showed a dose-dependent increase in cognitive behaviour in both paradigms. A
significant decrease in MDA and an increase in glutathione and catalase levels were observed only in rats
treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg C. asiatica. 5. The present findings indicate that an aqueous extract of C.
asiatica is effective in preventing the cognitive deficits, as well as the oxidative stress, caused by i.c.v. STZ in rats

Cognitive Effects
Ref:Tiwari S, Singh S, Patwardhan K, Gehlot S,Gambhir IS. EFFECT OF CENTELLAASIATICA ON MILD
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT (MCI) AND OTHER COMMON AGE-RELATED CLINICAL PROBLEMS,
Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures , 2008,3(4, 215 - 220
Aim
• EFFECT OF CENTELLA ASIATICA ON MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
(MCI) AND OTHER COMMON AGE-RELATED CLINICAL PROBLEMS
Method
• The present study has conducted in sixty elderly subjects with written consent, registered at the geriatric
out patient clinic at S.S. Hospital, BHU with age group 65 and above. The Centella asiatica extract was
prescribed in dosage of 500mg twice a day (1000 mg daily) for 6 months.
• The Diagnostic tools used in this study were Mini Mental State Examination, Activities of Daily Living,
Instrumental Activities of Daily living and Yesavage Geriatric Depression scale.
Results
• An favorable improvement is observed in depression and other age related
conditions like Hypertension, insomnia, loss of appetite, constipation etc.

3. Celastrus paniculatus willd.
(Jyothishmathi/ज्मोतीष्भती
/Duhundu)

Sanskrit Names: Jyothishmathi
(ज्मोतीष्भती), Katvika, Pitataila
English Name: Staff tree
Hindu Name: Makakangani
Sinhala Name: Duhundu
Botanical Name: Celastrus panniculatus Willd.
Family: Celastraceae

Description
• A large climbing shrub with woody stem and elongate branches.
• Leaves simple, alternate, ovate – obovate, crenulate,
coriaceous
• Flowers greenish white, in terminal panicles.
• Fruits capsules yellow colored, become bright red when ripe,
contain 1-6 brown seeds.

Rasa
(taste)
Guna (quality) Virya
(potency)
Vipaka
Prabhava
(Special quality)
Katu (pungent)
Tikta (bitter)
Tikshna
(pungent)
Ushna (hot) Katu (pungent) Medhya
Dhatus
(tissues)
Rasa, Rakta
Srotas
(channels)
Manovaha

57
Dosha Karma Kapha,Vata Shamaka- Katu, Tikta,Ushna
Sansthanika Karma
Bahiya Vata hara, Vedanasthapana
Abhyantara
Nadi Medhya , Mashtishkashamaka
Pachana Dipana , Anulomana
Raktavaha Raktasanvahana , Shothahara , Hrduththejya
Shwasana Kaphghna, Shirovirechana
Muthra Muthrala
Prajanana Arthavajanana
Thavaca Svedajanana, Kushtaghna

Dosha prayoga Kaphavataja roga
Sansthanika Karma
Bahiya Shotha -Vedanayuktha Vata vikara: Taila Abhyanga
Abhyantara
Nadi Mastishka Roga, Unmada, Apasmara,
Pachana Agnimandya, Vibandha, Gulma
Raktavaha Raktavikara, Hrdyamandata
Shwasana Kasa, Shwasa, Shirovirechana- bija nasya
Muthra Mutrakuchcha
Prajanana Kashtarthava, klaivya
Thavaca Kushta , Kandu
Part used: Bija - taila

Chemical constituents
• The seeds are reported to contain the alkaloids celastrine and paniculatin
• Beta –sitosterol
• Chemical examination of fixed oil from the CP seed showed presence of
fatty acids, viz., oleic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitic, stearic, crude lignoceric
acid, benzoic and acetic acid as volatile acids.
• The aqueous extract of CP seed contained traces of tannins, reducing
sugars but no starch.

Major therapeutic chemical constituents
paniculatin

Ref: Lekha G, Kumar BP, Rao SN, IArockiasamy I, Mohan K. Cognitive enhancement and Neuroprotective effect of Celastrus
paniculatus Willd. seed oil (Jyothismati oil) on male Wistar rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; 2 (2),
2010, 130-138
Aim
• Cognitive enhancement and Neuroprotective effect of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. seed oil (Jyothismati oil)
on male Wistar rats.
Method
• To study effect on learning and memory by using radial arm maze paradigm
Results
• The data indicated enhancement in radial arm maze acquisition with chronic administration of CP oil
(400 mg/kg body weight).
• A decrease in AChE activity was noted in the treated animals leading to increased cholinergic activity
in the brain. There was significant decrease in the AChE activity assayed from hypothalamus, frontal
cortex and hippocampus of the rat brain treated with 400 mg/kg body weight.
• No side effects were observed with administration of the seed oil.
61

Common Biological Parameters in Medhya Dravya
According to Ayurveda Concepts
Rasa
(taste)
Guna (quality) Virya
(potency)
Vipaka
Prabhava
(Special quality)
Tikta (bitter) Medhya

Thank you
Contact: drkamalperera@yahoo.com

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