introduction to robotics

1. Ans to the Question No: 1
The term completed system refers to a system that takes input and processes it
into the Right Output. We can say that Robots have some processes. Basically,
Robots must be programmed once they receive the program input from Humans
and process it to act. Robots maintain a few rules within their processing units,
like mechanical units, sensors, there are units for calculating and supervising. It
becomes a complete system, as long as robots adhere to all these rules. Animal
life can be synthesized with robots that mimic human and animal behavior.
Ans to the Question No: 2
Functional Unit of Robot is one type of unit in the system, but this type of unit is
not alone like the other four types of units present in the system.
1. Actuation units
2. Mechanical units
3. supervision units.
4. Sensor units
There are Robots with Arms in these mechanical units, and you can program them
to use them.
Generally, robots have four mechanical parts:
1. Actuators
2. Reduction gears
3. Encoders
4. Transmission
These sensors measure the geometric properties of robots, as well as their
physical properties.
Components are being measured by this Actuation unit. For example a motor.
Motor control.
Here, the supervisory unit completes both planning and controlling, as well as
being intelligent and reasoning.

2. Ans to the Question No: 3
DOF: A mechanical device or system can move in specified, defined ways called
degrees of freedom. As the number of independent displacements or aspects of
motion increases, there are more degrees of freedom. There is always more than
three degree of freedom for a machine operating in two or three dimensions. Its
motion capabilities are commonly referred to as its degrees of freedom. For
example, imagine a robot arm that mimics human movements.
Ans to the Question No: 4
The following are some characteristics of Measurement systems:
1. Accuracy: accordance between measured results and a given standard
2. Repeatability: The ability to reproduce.
3. stability: The ability to maintain the same measurements over time
4. Linearity Error: Approximately 1% of the output measurement range.
5. Offset Error: the output measured when Zero is being input
6. Resolution Error: Either an absolute or percentage error.
Ans to the Question No: 5
A lot of sensors are available in the Robotics system. Here are a few that are
mentioned.
1. Infrared Sensor: The change in signal strength that is caused by distance.
2. Kinect: Robotics is one of the most important fields. Grasping the object
requires evaluating your surroundings, finding the object, assessing the
surrounding environment and obstacles, and assessing your actions. Use
the known environment to manipulate the object.
3. Proximity / Distance Sensor: Distance affects the received intensity. I use an
IR sensor.
4. Vision: A system in which light energy is converted to electrical energy

3. 5. Polaroid Ultrasound Sensor: Used in extreme conditions to detect
obstacles.
6. Force/ Torque and Deformation: An electronic sensor measures rotational
force, detects linear force, monitors acceleration, and records displacement
Ans to the Question No: 6
Among the Robot joints we learned were,
1. DC motors: Magnetic fields are generated by the stator and drive the
armature to rotate. To achieve this alignment, a coil of wire is wound
through a set of magnets in the stator and a current is passed through it to
generate an electromagnetic field.
2. DC Gear Motors: Electricity is converted into mechanical energy by DC
motors.
3. Robot Joints: The mechanical movement of Robots is produced by
actuators. Step motors connected to each joint are rotated by the
computer causing the robot to move.
4. Brushless Motor & Brushed Motors: Electromagnetism governs both
brushless and brushed motors.
5. Ac motors: Digital signals generated from AC motor motion.
6. Motors: Robots move with the help of motors. A robot's wheels can be
powered by motors.
7. Electrical Motors: In order to create motion, it converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
8. Servo Motors: These motors are controlled by motion controllers.
9. Stepper Motors: Depending on the system, the stepper motor can move
half or fully forward and reverse, as well as change its speed in RPMs or
move a set amount of steps.
Ans to the Question No: 7
Afterwards, I'll briefly explain what I learned from the video.

4. 1. Analog Sensors: Calculating devices that output analog output in
accordance with the quantity being calculated. Analog output signals are
available for several sensors.
2. Read data from the analogue sensor: You can connect various sensors and
devices to the Arduino's analogue and digital I/O pins. In contrast to digital
sensors, analogue sensors collect readings. Digital sensors only read HIGH
or LOW signals, not over a range of values. Under the "Tools" menu, click
on the "Serial Monitor" option to get sensor readings. An analogue value of
0 will correspond to 0 volts on the analogue pin, while an analogue value of
1023 will correspond to 5 volts.
3. Analog sensor program:
The following step can be completed with Arduino now,
A. Connect the sensor
B. Include the code.
C. Read the values
D. Convert the values
4. Classification of analog sensors:
A. Accelerometers.
B. Analog Temperature Sensor.
C. Sound Sensors.
D. Digital Temperature Sensor.
E. Digital Accelerometers.
F. Light Sensors.
G. Pressure Sensor.
H. Digital Sensors.
5. Transitive sensor: In a way, these components are like phototransistors
and reflectance sensors, which act as water faucets. When the signal is
received, the voltage is generated.
6. Resistive sensor: Sensors with resistive analogue properties, such as bend
sensors and potentiometers, change with environmental conditions.