Waveroller Study

1. CONTENTS
Page No.
Cover page 1
Title page 2
Approval of guide and external examiner 3
Acknowledgements 4
Declaration by the student 5
List of figures 6
List of tables 8
List of abbreviations 9
Contents 10
CHAPTER
NO
NAME PAGE
NO
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1) Wave Energy
1.1.1) What is a wave?
1.1.2) What is a medium?
1.1.3) What is Particle-to-Particle Interaction?
1.1.4) Wave Terminology
1.1.5) How are waves formed?
1.1.6) Types of waves
1.1.7) What is Wave Energy?
1.1.8) Advantages of Wave Energy
1.1.9) Disadvantages of Wave Energy
1.2) Wave Energy Converters
1.2.1) What are Wave Energy Converters?
1.2.2) Categorization of WECs
1.2.3) Detailed WECs

2. Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1) Wave Energy Sector
2.1.1) Potential of Wave Energy
2.1.2) Benefits of Wave Energy
Chapter 3 MARKET SURVEY
3.1) Wave Energy Market
3.1.1) Global Wave Energy Market
3.1.2) Categorization of Global Wave Energy Market
3.1.3) Key Benefits for Stakeholders
3.1.4) Key Market Segments
Chapter 4 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
4.1) Pulley
4.2) Types of Pulley
4.3) Theory of Operation
4.4) Applications of Pulley
4.5) Problem Identification of Project
4.6) Design of Pulley
Chapter 5 DEVELOPMENT/FABRICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
5.1) Faceplate
5.2) Lathe Dog
5.3) Mandrel
5.4) Square Head Screw
5.5) Assembly Drawing
Chapter 6 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS/APPRATUS USED IN EXPERIMENTAL
WORK
6.1) Vernier Caliper
6.1.1) Mitutoyo Absolute Digimatic Caliper 0-450mm
6.2) Surface Roughness Measurement Instrument

3. 6.2.1) Portable Surface Roughness Measurement Surftest SJ-210
Chapter 7 RESULTS AND SUMMARY
7.1) Results
7.2) Summary
Chapter 8 CONCLUSIONS
8.1) Conclusions
Chapter 9 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
9.1) Scope for Future Work
Chapter 10 REFERENCES
10.1) References

4. CHAPTER 1

5. INTRODUCTION
1.1) WAVE ENERGY
1.1.1) What is a Wave?
Definition of a Wave:
A disturbance or variation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a medium and
that may take the form of an elastic deformation or of a variation of pressure, electric or magnetic
intensity, electric potential, or temperature.
The most important part of this definition is that a wave is a disturbance or variation which travels
through a medium. The medium through which the wave travels may experience some local
oscillations as the wave passes, but the particles in the medium do not travel with the wave. The
disturbance may take any of a number of shapes, from a finite width pulse to an infinitely long sine
wave.

6. 1.1.2) What is a medium?
Medium:
A medium is a substance or material that carries the wave. You have perhaps heard of the
phrase news media. The news media refers to the various institutions (newspaper offices, television
stations, radio stations, etc.) within our society that carry the news from one location to another. The
news moves through the media. The media doesn't make the news and the media isn't the same as
the news. The news media is merely the thing that carries the news from its source to various
locations. In a similar manner, a wave medium is the substance that carries a wave (or disturbance)
from one location to another. The wave medium is not the wave and it doesn't make the wave; it
merely carries or transports the wave from its source to other locations. In the case of a water wave
in the ocean, the medium through which the wave travels is the ocean water.

7. 1.1.3) What is Particle-to-Particle Interaction?
Particle-to-Particle Interaction:
To fully understand the nature of a wave, it is important to consider the medium as a collection of
interacting particles. In other words, the medium is composed of parts that are capable of
interacting with each other. The interactions of one particle of the medium with the next adjacent
particle allow the disturbance to travel through the medium. In the case of a sound wave in air,
the particles or interacting parts of the medium are the individual molecules of air. And in the case
of a stadium wave, the particles or interacting parts of the medium are the fans in the stadium.
A Wave Transports Energy and Not Matter:
When a wave is present in a medium (that is, when there is a disturbance moving through a medium),
the individual particles of the medium are only temporarily displaced from their rest position. There
is always a force acting upon the particles that restores them to their original position. In a water
wave, each molecule of the water ultimately returns to its original position. And in a stadium wave,
each fan in the bleacher ultimately returns to its original position. It is for this reason, that a wave is
said to involve the movement of a disturbance without the movement of matter. The particles of the
medium (water molecules, slinky coils, stadium fans) simply vibrate about a fixed position as the
pattern of the disturbance moves from one location to another location.
Waves are said to be an energy transport phenomenon. As a disturbance moves through a medium
from one particle to its adjacent particle, energy is being transported from one end of the medium to
the other.
Waves are seen to move through an ocean or lake; yet the water always returns to its rest position.
Energy is transported through the medium, yet the water molecules are not transported. Proof of this
is the fact that there is still water in the middle of the ocean. The water has not moved from the
middle of the ocean to the shore. If we were to observe a gull or duck at rest on the water, it would
merely bob up-and-down in a somewhat circular fashion as the disturbance moves through the water.
The gull or duck always returns to its original position. The gull or duck is not transported to the
shore because the water on which it rests is not transported to the shore. In a water wave, energy is
transported without the transport of water.

8. In a slinky wave, a person imparts energy to the first coil by doing work upon it. The first coil
receives a large amount of energy that it subsequently transfers to the second coil. When the first coil
returns to its original position, it possesses the same amount of energy as it had before it was
displaced. The first coil transferred its energy to the second coil. The second coil then has a large
amount of energy that it subsequently transfers to the third coil. When the second coil returns to its
original position, it possesses the same amount of energy as it had before it was displaced. The third
coil has received the energy of the second coil. This process of energy transfer continues as each coil
interacts with its neighbour. In this manner, energy is transported from one end of the slinky to the
other, from its source to another location.
In conclusion, a wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium, transporting
energy from one location (its source) to another location without transporting matter. Each
individual particle of the medium is temporarily displaced and then returns to its original
equilibrium positioned.

9. 1.1.4) Wave Terminology:
1. Wave Crest: The highest part of a wave.
2. Wave Trough: The lowest part of a wave.
3. Wave Height: The vertical distance between the wave trough and the wave crest.
4. Wave Length: The distance between two consecutive wave crests or between two
consecutive wave troughs.
5. Wave Frequency: The number of waves passing a fixed point in a specified period of time.
6. Wave Period: The time it takes for two successive crests (one wavelength) to pass a
specified point. The wave period is often referenced in seconds, e.g. one wave every 6
seconds.
7. Fetch: The uninterrupted area or distance over which the wind blows (in the same direction).
The greater the fetch, the greater the wave height.

10. 1.1.5) How are waves formed?
Looking out at the ocean, one often sees a seemingly infinite series of waves, transporting water
from one place to the next. Though waves do cause the surface water to move, the idea that waves
are travelling bodies of water is misleading.
Waves are actually energy passing through the water, causing it to move in a circular motion. When
a wave encounters a surface object, the object appears to lurch forward and upward with the wave,
but then falls down and back in an orbital rotation as the wave continues by, ending up in the same
position as before the wave came by. If one imagines wave water itself following this same pattern, it
is easier to understand ocean waves as simply the outward manifestation of kinetic energy
propagating through seawater. In reality, the water in waves doesn’t travel much at all. The only
thing waves do transmit across the sea is energy.
The idea of waves being energy movement rather than water movement makes sense in the open
ocean, but what about on the coast, where waves are clearly seen crashing dramatically onto shore?
This phenomenon is a result of the wave’s orbital motion being disturbed by the seafloor. As a wave
passes through water, not only does the surface water follow an orbital motion, but a column of
water below it (down to half of the wave’s wavelength) completes the same movement. The
approach of the bottom in shallow areas causes the lower portion of the wave to slow down and
compress, forcing the wave’s crest higher in the air. Eventually this imbalance in the wave reaches a
breaking point, and the crest comes crashing down as wave energy is dissipated into the surf.
Where does a wave's energy come from? There are a few types of ocean waves and they are
generally classified by the energy source that creates them. Most common are surface waves, caused
by wind blowing along the air-water interface, creating a disturbance that steadily builds as wind
continues to blow and the wave crest rises. Surface waves occur constantly all over the globe, and
are the waves you see at the beach under normal conditions.
Adverse weather or natural events often produce larger and potentially hazardous waves. Severe
storms moving inland often create a storm surge, a long wave caused by high winds and a continued
low-pressure area. Submarine earthquakes or landslides can displace a large amount of water very
quickly, creating a series of very long waves called tsunamis. Storm surges and tsunamis do not
create a typical crashing wave but rather a massive rise in sea level upon reaching shore, and they
can be extremely destructive to coastal environments.

11. 1.1.6) Types of waves:
Waves come in many shapes and forms. While all waves share some basic characteristic properties
and behaviors, some waves can be distinguished from others based on some observable (and some
non-observable) characteristics. It is common to categorize waves based on these distinguishing
characteristics.
One way to categorize waves is on the basis of the direction of movement of the individual particles
of the medium relative to the direction that the waves travel. Categorizing waves on this basis leads
to three notable categories: transverse waves, longitudinal waves, and surface waves.
A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to
the direction that the wave moves. Suppose that a slinky is stretched out in a horizontal direction
across the classroom and that a pulse is introduced into the slinky on the left end by vibrating the
first coil up and down. Energy will begin to be transported through the slinky from left to right. As
the energy is transported from left to right, the individual coils of the medium will be displaced
upwards and downwards. In this case, the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the
direction that the pulse moves. This type of wave is a transverse wave. Transverse waves are always
characterized by particle motion being perpendicular to wave motion.

12. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the
direction that the wave moves. Suppose that a slinky is stretched out in a horizontal direction across
the classroom and that a pulse is introduced into the slinky on the left end by vibrating the first coil
left and right. Energy will begin to be transported through the slinky from left to right. As the energy
is transported from left to right, the individual coils of the medium will be displaced leftwards and
rightwards. In this case, the particles of the medium move parallel to the direction that the pulse
moves. This type of wave is a longitudinal wave. Longitudinal waves are always characterized by
particle motion being parallel to wave motion.
Waves traveling through a solid medium can be either transverse waves or longitudinal waves. Yet
waves traveling through the bulk of a fluid (such as a liquid or a gas) are always longitudinal waves.
Transverse waves require a relatively rigid medium in order to transmit their energy. As one particle
begins to move it must be able to exert a pull on its nearest neighbor. If the medium is not rigid as is
the case with fluids, the particles will slide past each other. This sliding action that is characteristic of
liquids and gases prevents one particle from displacing its neighbor in a direction perpendicular to
the energy transport. It is for this reason that only longitudinal waves are observed moving through
the bulk of liquids such as our oceans.

13. While waves that travel within the depths of the ocean are longitudinal waves, the waves that travel
along the surface of the oceans are referred to as surface waves. A surface wave is a wave in which
particles of the medium undergo a circular motion. Surface waves are neither longitudinal nor
transverse. In longitudinal and transverse waves, all the particles in the entire bulk of the medium
move in a parallel and a perpendicular direction (respectively) relative to the direction of energy
transport. In a surface wave, it is only the particles at the surface of the medium that undergo the
circular motion. The motion of particles tends to decrease as one proceeds further from the surface.

14. Different Types of Sea Waves
The sea waves are categorized based on their formation and behaviour. The commonly used
classification of ocean waves is based on the wave period.
Here are all the different types of sea waves:
1. Breaking Waves
The breaking waves are formed when the wave collapses on top of itself. The breaking of water
surface waves happens anywhere on the surface of the seawater.
However, one can see breaking water surface waves most commonly on a coastline since wave
heights are normally amplified in the shallower water areas.
When waves approach the shore, their profile is modified by the resistance offered by the sloping
seafloor. The seafloor obstructs the motion of the base (or trough) of the wave, while the top part (or
crest) continues to move at its usual speed. As a result, the wave begins to lean forward as it
gradually approaches the shore.
Types of Breaking Waves:
1. Spilling waves
2. Plunging waves
3. Surging waves
4. Collapsing waves
2. Deep Water Waves
Deepwater waves, as the name suggests, have their origin where the depth of the water in the ocean
is significant, and there is no shoreline to provide any resistance to their motion.
Technically speaking, they are formed in areas where the depth of the water is more than half of the
wavelength of the wave. The speed of the wave is a function of the wavelength of the wave.
They are long and travel in straight lines, and have enough energy to traverse much greater distances
as compared to other waves like breaking waves. The major force of causation is wind energy, which
can be from local or distant winds. They are also known as stokesian waves or short waves.

15. 3. Shallow Water Waves
These waves have their origin where the depth of the water is much lesser. They typically travel in
waters which have depths lesser than 1/20th of the wavelength of the wave.
But unlike deep water waves, the speed of the wave has nothing to do with the wavelength of the
wave, and the speed is a function of the depth of water.
This means that waves in shallow waters traverse faster than waves in deeper waters. More
specifically, the speed is equal to the square root of the product of the depth of water and the
acceleration due to gravity.
Speed = √ (g * depth)
(g = gravitational constant, 9.8m/s2; D = depth in metres)
They are also known as lagrangian waves or long waves.
Types of Shallow Water Waves:
Tidal waves
They are caused due to astronomical forces like the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon on the
ocean water. You can think of the high and low tides as the traversing of a wave with a time period
of 12 hours.
Tsunamis
Tsunami is a Japanese word, as Japan is possibly the country most frequently affected by tsunamis.
The word ‘tsunami’ finds it’s the origin in two different words; ‘tsu’ which means harbour, and
‘nami’ which means wave.
So, it roughly translates to “harbour waves”. Most of the tsunamis (about 80%) result from large
scale underwater earthquakes.
The rest 20% is generated by underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions and even meteorite impacts.
They travel at very high velocities, so are highly dangerous and devastating.
They are considered shallow-water waves, because a typical tsunami wavelength is several hundred
miles long, as an example let’s say 400 miles, while the deepest part of the ocean is 7 miles deep.

16. Inshore Waves
The length of these waves is less than the depth of the water they enter, which decreases the velocity
of the waves. This results in the decrease of the wavelength and increase in the height, eventually
breaking the wave.
These waves drain the beach as a backwash.
Internal Waves
They are one of the largest waves in the ocean but are barely noticeable on the surface due to their
formation in the internal layers of the water.
Ocean water is composed of different layers because the more saline and colder water has a tendency
to sink beneath the less salty warmer water. When the interface between these distinct layers is
disturbed due to external forces like tidal movements, internal waves are generated.
Kelvin Waves
Kelvin waves are large scale waves, which are caused by a lack of wind flow in the Pacific Ocean.
Kelvin waves are a special type of gravity waves that are influenced by the Earth’s rotation and get
trapped at the Equator or along lateral vertical boundaries such as coastlines or mountain ranges.
Progressive Waves
For a progressive wave, the amplitude is equal to overall points and has net energy flow. In other
words, it’s a form of a wave in which the ratio of an instantaneous value at one point to that at any
other point is constant. There are three types of progressive waves such as longitudinal, transverse,
and orbital waves.
Capillary Waves
Capillary waves closely resemble ripples in their structure. The restoring force involved is
capillarity, which is the binding force that holds together the water molecules on the surface of the
ocean.
Their particularly wavy structure is caused due to light breezes and calm winds that blow at small
speeds of about 3-4 metres per second, at a reference level height of 10 metres from the surface of
the water.

17. Refracted Waves
Refracted waves travel in shallow water when they approach the shore and the shallowness decreases
the power of the wave and causes a curve. These are usually seen near headlands and bays.
Seiche Waves
Seiche waves or simple a seiche (pronounced ‘saysh’) are standing waves that form in a confined or
partially confined body of water. Standing waves, in general, can form in any type of semi-enclosed
or enclosed body of water.
In general, terms, when water sloshes back and forth in a swimming pool, a water tub or even a glass
of water, it is a seiche on a much smaller scale. On a larger scale, they are formed in bay areas and
large lakes.

18. 1.1.7) What is Wave Energy?
Wave energy (or wave power) is the transport and capture of energy by ocean surface waves. The
energy captured is then used for all different kinds of useful work, including electricity generation,
water desalination, and pumping of water. Wave energy is also a type of renewable energy and is the
largest estimated global resource form of ocean energy. Wave energy converters (WECs) capture the
energy contained in ocean waves to generate electricity.

19. 1.1.8) Advantages of Wave Energy:
1. Renewable
The best thing about wave energy is that it will never run out. There will always be waves crashing
upon the shores of nations near the populated coastal regions. The waves flow back from the shore,
but they always return. Unlike fossil fuels, which are running out, in some places in the world, just as
quickly as people can discover them.
Unlike ethanol, a corn product, waves are not limited by a season. They require no input from man to
make their power, and they can always be counted on.
2. Environment Friendly
Also, unlike fossil fuels, creating power from waves creates no harmful byproducts such as gas,
waste, and pollution. The energy from waves can be taken directly into electricity-producing
machinery and used to power generators and power plants nearby. In today’s energy-powered world,
a source of clean energy is hard to come by.
3. Abundant and Widely Available
Another benefit of using this energy is its nearness to places that can use it. Lots of big cities and
harbors are next to the ocean and can harness the power of the waves for their use. Coastal cities tend
to be well-populated, so lots of people can get used to wave energy plants.
4. Variety of Ways to Harness
A final benefit is that there are a variety of ways to gather it. Current gathering methods range from
installed power plants with hydro turbines to seafaring vessels equipped with massive structures that
are laid into the sea to gather the wave energy.
5. Easily Predictable
The biggest advantage of wave power as against most of the other alternative energy sources is that it
is easily predictable and can be used to calculate the amount that it can produce. The wave energy is
consistent and proves much better than other sources that are dependent on wind or sun exposure.

20. 6. Less Dependency on Foreign Oil Cos
Dependence on foreign companies for fossil fuels can be reduced if energy from wave power can be
extracted up to its maximum. Not only will it help to curb air pollution, but it can also provide green
jobs to millions of people.
7. No Damage to Land
Unlike fossil fuels, which cause massive damage to land as they can leave large holes while
extracting energy from them, wave power does not cause any damage to the earth. It is safe, clean,
and one of the preferred methods to extract energy from the ocean.
8. Reliable
Wave energy is a very reliable source of energy. It is because waves are almost always in motion.
Although there are ebbs and tides, the average motion always remains. Thus, energy can be
harnessed continuously. It is a fact that the amount of energy that is produced and transported
through the waves varies from season to season and from year to year. However, energy production
is continuous.
9. Huge Amounts of Energy can be Produced
The amount of power that can be produced from the waves is absolutely enormous. It is so huge that
just along the shore, the power density is approximately 30kW to 40kW per meter of a wave. Now,
as we go further deeper into the ocean, the power density increases to approximately 100kW. It is
truly enormous.
10. Offshore Harnessing of Wave Power
Wave power can be harnessed offshore as well. The power plants harnessing the power could be put
offshore. These could help in solving the problem of the powerplants being too close to the land.
When the power plants are placed offshore, the energy potential of the waves increases too.
Since there is a lot of flexibility in the placement of the offshore plants, therefore, the negative
effects on the environment decrease too. The only possible problem with offshore power plants is
that they are very expensive. But for the better of the environment, it is essential that we try taking
this step.

21. 1.1.10) Disadvantages of Wave Energy:
1. Suitable to Certain Locations
The biggest disadvantage to getting your energy from the waves is location. Only power plants and
towns near the ocean will benefit directly from it. Because of its source, wave energy is not a viable
power source for everyone. Landlocked nations and cities far from the sea have to find alternate
sources of power, so wave energy is not the clean energy solution for everyone.
2. Effect on Marine Ecosystem
As clean as wave energy is, it still creates hazards for some of the creatures near it. Large machines
have to be put near and in the water to gather energy from the waves.
These machines disturb the seafloor, change the habitat of near-shore creatures (like crabs and
starfish) and create noise that disturbs the sea life around them. There is also a danger of toxic
chemicals that are used on wave energy platforms spilling and polluting the water near them.
3. Source of Disturbance for Private and Commercial Vessels
Another downside is that it disturbs commercial and private vessels. Power plants that gather wave
energy have to be placed by the coastline to do their job, and they have to be near cities and other
populated areas to be of much use to anybody.
However, these are places that are major thoroughfares for cargo ships, cruise ships, recreational
vehicles and beachgoers. All of these people and vessels will be disrupted by the installation of a
wave energy gathering source. This means that government officials and private companies that want
to invest in wave energy sources have to take into account and consider the needs of those they may
be disturbing.
4. Wavelength
Wind power is highly dependent on wavelength, i.e., wave speed, wavelength, wavelength and water
density. They require a consistent flow of powerful waves to generate a significant amount of wave
power. Some areas experience unreliable wave behaviour, and it becomes unpredictable to forecast
accurate wave power and, therefore, cannot be trusted as a reliable energy source.

22. 5. Weak Performance in Rough Weather
The performance of wave power drops significantly during rough weather. They must withstand
rough weather.
6. Noise and Visual Pollution
Wave energy generators may be unpleasant for some who live close to coastal regions. They look
like large machines working in the middle of the ocean and destroy the beauty of the ocean. They
also generate noise pollution, but the noise is often covered by the noise of waves, which is much
more than that of wave generators.
7. The Costs of Production
Although wave energy is good on almost all sides, one of its crucial side effects is the enormous cost
of production. Energy production from the waves requires a huge setup. Also, the lifespan of the
technology used is quite uncertain in these cases. Since the waves are quite uncertain.
Sometimes the waves can be so strong that they might severely and irreparably damage the
equipment. The cost of repairing, as well as acquiring such machinery, is immense. Not just that, to
set up a power mill to harness this energy, would mean acquiring immense costs. Also, just setting
up a mill will not do. There is maintenance to be taken care of. All these costs are really very high.

23. None of this is to say that wave energy cannot be useful, but those interested in using it to create
power have to look at both sides of the equation. They should consider the positives and negatives of
this new energy source and consider who and what they may be disturbing. Who knows what the
future holds for this newly-discovered energy source?
The future of wave energy is very bright. This form of energy has a lot of potential. With all the
awareness growing among the masses regarding renewable and non-renewable resources, it is
essential that the masses lean more towards the more sustainable resources of energy.

24. 1.2) WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER
1.2.1)What are Wave Energy Converters?
Waves have the potential to provide a completely sustainable source of energy, which can be
captured and converted into electricity by wave energy converter (WEC) machines. These WECs
have been developed to extract energy from shoreline out to the deeper waters offshore.
1.2.2)Categorization of WECs:
The Wave Energy Converters are categorized as given below:

26. 1.2.3)Detailed WECs:
We have identified eight main types of WEC:
A) ATTENUATOR
An attenuator is a floating device which operates parallel to the wave direction and effectively rides
the waves. These devices capture energy from the relative motion of the two arms as the wave passes
them.
B) POINT ABSORBER
A point absorber is a floating structure which absorbs energy from all directions through its
movements at/near the water surface. It converts the motion of the buoyant top relative to the base
into electrical power. The power take-off system may take a number of forms, depending on the
configuration of displacers/reactors.

27. C) OSCILLATING WAVE SURGE CONVERTER
Oscillating wave surge converters extract energy from wave surges and the movement of water
particles within them. The arm oscillates as a pendulum mounted on a pivoted joint in response to the
movement of water in the waves.
D) OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN
An oscillating water column is a partially submerged, hollow structure. It is open to the sea below
the water line, enclosing a column of air on top of a column of water. Waves cause the water column
to rise and fall, which in turn compresses and decompresses the air column. This trapped air is
allowed to flow to and from the atmosphere via a turbine, which usually has the ability to rotate
regardless of the direction of the airflow. The rotation of the turbine is used to generate electricity.

28. E) OVERTOPPING/TERMINATOR DEVICE
Overtopping devices capture water as waves break into a storage reservoir. The water is then
returned to the sea passing through a conventional low-head turbine which generates power. An
overtopping device may use ‘collectors’ to concentrate the wave energy.
F) SUBMERGED PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
Submerged pressure differential devices are typically located near shore and attached to the seabed.
The motion of the waves causes the sea level to rise and fall above the device, inducing a pressure
differential in the device. The alternating pressure pumps fluid through a system to generate
electricity.

29. G) BULGE WAVE
Bulge wave technology consists of a rubber tube filled with water, moored to the seabed heading into
the waves. The water enters through the stern and the passing wave causes pressure variations along
the length of the tube, creating a ‘bulge’. As the bulge travels through the tube it grows, gathering
energy which can be used to drive a standard low-head turbine located at the bow, where the water
then returns to the sea.
H) ROTATING MASS
Two forms of rotation are used to capture energy by the movement of the device heaving and
swaying in the waves. This motion drives either an eccentric weight or a gyroscope causes
precession. In both cases the movement is attached to an electric generator inside the device.

30. CHAPTER 2

31. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1) WAVE ENERGY SECTOR
2.1.1) Potential of Wave Energy:
Ocean waves including swells (waves generated by distant weather systems) are derived from solar
energy, through wind, which when blowing over the ocean surface generates the waves. The waves
travel over great distances with very little energy loss, as long as the waves are in deep water
conditions.
The wave energy flux (power level) exhibits significant variation in time and space. It can range
from a few W/m up to MW/m in extreme (stormy) conditions. The wave power level also exhibits a
significant seasonal variation (1:5 in Danish waters), as well as year-to-year variation (±50 % in
Danish waters).
Early estimations of the global available wave power indicate a total potential to be of the order
1-10 TW. Present a more detailed an updated study of the world-wide wave energy potential,
illustrated in Fig. below broken down into regions of the world.

32. The global gross theoretical resource is estimated at about 3.7 TW, 3.5 TW is the resource
computed excluding areas with a benign wave climate (areas with less than 5 kW/m) and the net
resource (where also areas with potential ice cover is excluded) is about 3 TW; the total reduction
from gross to net resource is then about 20 %. In Europe there is a decrease of 25 % from gross to
net resource, mostly a result of ice coverage, the gross and net values being 381 and 286 GW,
respectively. To put these numbers into context, note that the total world consumption in 2008 was
142.300 TWh corresponding to an average power of 16.2 TW. In terms of electricity consumption,
the corresponding numbers are 20261 TWh and 2.3 TW. Thus, the total wave energy resource
exceeds by far the global consumption of electricity.
For Europe it is suggested in that a total of 100 GW install capacity of ocean energy (note—this
includes also a contribution from tidal energy), generating 260 TWh/y, by 2050 is a realistic target.
For comparison it can be noted that in 2005 83 TWh was produced by 40 GW of installed wind
turbine capacity in Europe, and by 2030 these numbers are expected to reach 965 TWh and 300
GW. In other words, wave energy has a significant potential for Europe, but will most likely remain
minor compared to the wind industry. However, as the renewable energy resources cover a larger
and larger share of the electricity consumption, the timing and predictability of the power
production becomes increasingly important, and in this respect will a combination of wind and
wave (in combination with the other renewable energy sources) be far more beneficial compared to
wind alone.
So, to sum up—the potential of wave energy utilization for supplying a significant part of world
electricity needs is there. Next question is then regarding which technologies can be used for this
purpose?

33. 2.1.2) Benefits of Wave Energy Sector:
• It is another sustainable and endless energy source, which could significantly contribute to
the renewable energy mix. In general, increasing the amount and diversity of the renewable
energy mix is very beneficial as it increases the availability and reduces the need for fossil
fuels.
• Electricity from wave energy will make countries more self-sufficient in energy and thereby
less dependent on energy import from other countries (note: oil is often imported from
politically unstable countries).
• It will contribute to the creation of a new sector containing, innovation and employment.
• Electricity from ocean wave can be produced offshore, which thereby does not require land
nor has a significant visual impact.

34. CHAPTER 3

35. MARKET SURVEY
3.1) WAVE ENERGY MARKET
3.1.1) Global Wave Energy Market:
The global wave energy market size was valued at $43.8 million in 2019, and is projected to reach
$141.1 million by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 17.8% from 2020 to 2027. Wave energy is the energy
generated from the up and down movement of ocean waves. The ocean waves are generated from wind
energy. Further, wave energy converters are used to extract the energy from these ocean waves, which
in turn is used to generate electricity with the help of turbine and generators. This sector is still in the
development stage and thus, there is need to increase the investment and R & D in the upcoming years.
Wave energy can be extracted with the help of technologies including oscillating body converters,
oscillating water column and overtopping converters.
Covid-19 pandemic has limited impact on the global wave energy market, owing to the restricted
operations, shutdown of plants, and halted construction of new projects across the world.
Rapid development in the renewable energy sector and rise in demand for electricity from the marine
industry are the key factors that drive the growth of the market during the forecast period. However,
high capital investment in installing wave energy power infrastructure are the key factors restraining
the growth of the market in the upcoming years. On the contrary, increase in government initiatives
and investments in the renewable energy sector is anticipated to create opportunity for the key players
in the wave energy industry globally.
The global wave energy market is segmented on the basis of technology, location, application, and
region. Based on technology, it is categorized into oscillating water column, oscillating body
converters, and overtopping converters. On the basis of location, it is bifurcated into onshore, offshore
and near-shore. On the basis of application, it is segmented into power generation, water desalination,
pumping of water, and environmental protection. Based on region, the market is analysed across North
America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.
The key players operating in the global wave energy market are Ocean Power Technologies, Eco Wave
Power, Sinn Power GmbH, Nemos GmbH, Ocean Energy Systems, AWS Ocean Energy Ltd., Wave
Swell Energy Ltd, Carnegie Clean Energy Limited, Aquamarine Power Ltd., and Amog Consulting.

36. Other players operating in the market of wave energy are CorPower Ocean, Aquagen Technologies,
Atlantis Resources Ltd., D.E. Energy Ltd., Marine Current Turbine Ltd., Ocean Renewable Power
Company LLC, and Others.
The key players are adopting numerous strategies such as product launch, partnership, and acquisition,
to stay competitive in the wave energy market.
3.1.2) Categorization of Global Wave Energy Market:
1. Wave Energy market, by Technology:
By technology, the oscillating body converter segment held the largest wave energy market share in
2019, owing to the key characteristics of oscillating body converter such as high operating efficiency,
small size, reliability and others.
By Technology
Oscillating Body Converters Wave Energy is projected as the most lucrative segment

37. 2. Wave Energy market, by Location:
On the basis of location, the near-shore segment dominated the global market in 2019, in terms of
share, owing to the gaining importance of the near-shore installations from power generation and water
desalination applications across the globe.
By Location
Nearshore is projected as the most lucrative segment
3. Wave Energy market, by Application:
By application, in 2019, the power generation segment held the largest market share, this is owing to
increase in investment in the renewable energy sector across the globe. In addition, increase in demand
for power from the marine industry drive the growth of the market across the globe.
By Application
Power Generation is projected as the most lucrative segment

38. 4. Wave Energy market, by Region:
Europe garnered the highest share in the year 2019, in terms of wave energy market revenue, and is
anticipated to maintain its dominance throughout the forecast period. This is attributed to the large
number of key players and rise in wave energy generation in the region. In addition, rise in investment
and government initiatives toward development of ocean wave energy technology is anticipated to
drive the wave energy market growth in this region.
By Region
Europe holds a dominant position in 2019 and would continue to maintain the lead over the
forecast period
3.1.3) Key Benefits for Stakeholders:
• The report includes in-depth analysis of different segments and provides market estimations
between 2020 and 2027.
• A comprehensive wave energy market analysis of the factors that drive and restrict the market
growth is provided.
• Porter’s five forces model illustrates the potency of buyers & sellers, which is estimated to
assist the market players to adopt effective strategies.
• Estimations and wave energy market forecast are based on factors impacting the market
growth, in terms of value.
• Key market players are profiled to gain an understanding of the strategies adopted by them.
• This report provides a detailed analysis of the current global wave energy market trends and
future estimations from 2020 to 2027, which helps identify the prevailing market opportunities.

39. 3.1.4) Key Market Segments:
By Technology
• Oscillating Water Column
• Oscillating Body Converters
• Overtopping Converters
By Location
• Onshore
• Offshore
• Near-shore
By Application
• Power Generation
• Water Desalination
• Pumping of Water
• Environmental Protection
By Region
• North America
o U.S.
o Canada
o Mexico
• Europe
o Germany
o France
o UK
o Italy
o Spain
o Rest of Europe
• Asia-Pacific
o China
o Japan
o India
o Australia
o South Korea
o Rest of Asia-Pacific
• LAMEA
o Brazil
o Saudi Arabia
o South Africa
o Rest of LAMEA