Geog210N12016Final.ppt

Topic 1: Introduction To Earth
 What is Physical Geography?
 Importance of Physical geography
 Earth and The Solar System
- The Solar System
- The Terrestrial Planets
- The Jovian Planets
 Shape and Size of Planet Earth
- Size of the Earth
- Shape of the Earth

Topic 1: Introduction To Planet Earth
 The Geographic Grid System
- The Great and Small Circles
- Latitude:
* Main Features
* Important Latitudes and Zones
- Longitude:
*Main Features &The Prime Meridian
*Measuring Longitude
*Longitude and Time
- International Dateline

 Earth-Sun Relations and The Seasons
 Movements of the Earth
- Earth’s Rotation on its Axis
* Inclination of Earth’s Axis
* Physical Effects of Earth’s Rotation
- Earth’s Revolution Around the Sun
* Polarity of Earth’s Axis
* Physical Effects of Earth’s Revolution

 Earth-Sun Relations and The Seasons
 Movements of the Earth
* Physical Effects of Earth’s Rotation
* Polarity of Earth’s Axis
* Physical Effects of Earth’s Revolution:
=> The Annual March of Four Seasons

* Physical Effects of Earth’s Revolution:
The Annual March of Four Seasons
=> June Solstice (Summer season)
=> September Equinox (Fall Season)
=> December Solstice Winter Season)
=> March Equinox (Spring Season)
*Latitudes Receiving Vertical Rays of the
Sun
* Length of Daylight

What is Geography?
Geography is the study of the spatial
and temporal distributions of:
- all physical elements and
- all human elements
on the earth surface

Physical & Human Elements of Earth Surface
Physical Elements Human Elements
Rocks Population
Minerals Settlements
Landforms Economic Activities
Soils Transportation networks
Fauna (animals) Recreational Activities
Flora (plants) Religion
Climate Languages
Water Political Systems, etc

What is Geography?
 It involves a clear understanding of:
- why physical & human elements are
located where they are
- how they interact in space & time to
give character to our landscape
- how interactions among places
organize the earth surface into spatial
forms and patterns

What is Geography?
- the processes responsible for & continually
changing the spatial distributions &patterns
of all geographic elements on earth
 Hence, geographers are interested in:
- "where" information or
- place or location information and
 - often linked with memorizing “place names”

What is Geography?
 Physical geographers
are interested in the
distribution of all the
physical elements
 These are broadly grouped into four spheres:
- Atmosphere
- Hydrosphere
- Biosphere
- Lithosphere, & labeled as Physical Geography

What is Geography?
 Today, the increasing role of human
actions in changing the physical
environment is becoming critical

The Importance of Physical Geography
 The course meets SIUE general education
requirements
 Improves our understanding of the
physical environment and how it works
 Help us to understand that the physical
environment is both a resource as well as
a source of natural hazards

The Importance of Physical Geography
 Improves our landscape appreciation and
awareness
 A useful guide to environmental planning
and management

Earth And The Solar System
 The universe is organized into clusters of
stars called Galaxies
 We have billions of galaxies in the universe
 There are over 100 billions of stars in some
galaxies
 Our sun is one of such stars in our galaxy
called The Importance of Physical
Geography the Milky Way Galaxy

Milky Way Galaxy: Thin Disk with a Central Bulge
 The Universe is about 12-15 billion years old

Earth And The Solar System
 The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, disk-shaped
with a central bulge
 It is about 100,000 light years across
 One light-year is 5.875trillion miles or 9.4
trillion kilometers per year
 Our sun is located on one of the spiral arms
called Orion arm

The Solar System
The Solar System consists of:
 The sun (the center) and eight planets
 Four inner planets called terrestrial planets:
(Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars)

The Solar System
The Solar System Consists of:
 The 4 Terrestrial planets are separated from
the 4 Jovian planets by the Asteroid Belt
 >500,000 asteroids in the Asteroid Belt

The Solar System: Asteroid With Impact Craters

The Solar System
 meteorites (pieces of rocks and minerals frozen
in gases)
 Hale-Bopp Comet
as seen in 1997
with long glowing
tail caused by
ice vaporization.
It follows an
elongated orbit

The Solar System
 natural satellites or the moons (>150 moons)
 all the components of the solar system,
including the 8 planets, were formed same time
from the same gases and dust particles called
nebula
 The 8 planets move in counterclockwise
direction in elliptical orbits around the sun

Solar Systems
 Pluto is no longer regarded as a planet of the solar
system


The Solar System
 Pluto is no longer a member of the solar system
because of:
- its unique oblique orbital plane and
- its relatively higher density, given its location

The Solar System
 This diagram is the current composition of the
solar system
 All 8 planets move around the sun on the same
orbital plane as that of the sun’s equatorial
plane called the ecliptic plane

The Solar System: Its Origin
 The Nebula theory is the most accepted
explanation of how the solar system is formed:

 According to the Nebula hypothesis:
- solar system evolved from rotating cloud of
dust and gases called nebula
- nebula contained mainly hydrogen and
helium produced by the Big Bang
- nebula began to contract at about 5 billion
yrs ago

- nebula became flat and disk-shaped with
the protosun at the center
- inner planets began to develop from
condensed rocky and metallic clumps with
high melting point
- strong solar winds removed the lighter
gases like hydrogen and helium from the
inner planets

- larger outer planets began to form from the
lighter gases with a high percentage of
ices or frozen gases – water, carbon dioxide,
ammonia, and methane

Glowing nebula clouds of gases and dust
particles become concentrated to form stars

Gravitational collapse of nebula
causing its inward contraction
Nebula contracted into a rotating
disk and heated up as gravitational
energy converts into heat energy
Cooling nebula condenses
to form tiny rocky and
metallic solid particles
Collision of dust-size particles join to
form asteroids and accrete to form the
planets

Common Features of The 8 Planets
Planets Rotation Time
(Days)
Equatorial
Diameter (km)
Mean Density
(g/sq. cm)
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
Mercury 58.7 4,880 5.43
Venus 243 12,104 5.24
Earth 1 12,760 5.52
Mars 1.03 6,787 3.98
JOVIAN PLANETS
Jupiter 0.41 142,796 1.33
Saturn 0.43 120,660 0.69
Uranus 0.72 51,200 1.27
Neptune 0.67 49,500 1.76
OTHER
Pluto 6.39 2,300 2.03

The Terrestrial Planets
 Terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth &
Mars
 Composed of minerals and rocky materials
 more dense (>3gm/cm3)
 Less oblate in shape (more nearly spherical)
 Slower in rotation and Smaller in size

The Jovian Planets
 consist of: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus Neptune
 much larger in size
 composed entirely of gases and less dense
 much more oblate and rotate more rapidly
 dense and turbulent atmospheres

Shape of The Earth
 Ancient Greek Scholars always believed that
the earth is spherical in shape
 In 200 B.C., Eratosthene estimated the
circumference of the earth
 The spherical shape of the earth is supported
by:
- lunar eclipse
- circular horizon around the earth
- satellite photographs of the earth
- variations in the force of gravity around
the earth, etc

Shape of The Earth
 The spherical shape of the earth is
caused by the gravitational attraction of
earth’s materials
 But the centrifugal force of earth’s
rotation has distorted the shape from a
perfect sphere
 Hence, the earth bulges at the equator
and flattens at the poles, a shape
described as oblate spheroid

Shape of The Earth
 The oblate spheroidal shape is
supported by:
- a polar diameter that is shorter
than the equatorial diameter by 27
miles or 42 km
- a relatively lower value of gravity at
the equator and a higher value at
the poles

Shape of The Earth: Oblate Spheroid

Size of the Earth
 Earth’s polar diameter: 7900 mi
(12,714 km)
 Equatorial diameter: 7927 mi
(12,756 km)
 Polar circumference: 24,819 mi
(39,943 km)
 Equatorial circumference 24,902 mi
(40,0076 km)
 Equatorial diameter is longer by 27mi
or 42 km

Shape of The Earth: Eratosthene’s
Measurement of Earth’s Circumference
 Eratosthene made his measurements in Egypt
 Based his measurement on the geometric
properties of a sphere
 Measured an arc of a circle around the earth
by measuring the distance between Alexandria
and Syene (5000 stadia)

 He measured the angle subtended by the arc
at the center of the earth by using:
- solar elevations at Alexandria & Syene
taken on summer solstice at noon
- the properties of parallel lines
 Solar elevation at Alexandria was 7.2o and
vertical (90o) at Syene on the Tropic of
Cancer (why?)

 Found the angle subtended by the arc at the
center of the earth to be 7.2o
 By extrapolation, he calculated earth
circumference to be 250,000 stadia or 43,000 km
(if one Attic stadium measured 184 m or 407 ft)
 Earth’s actual circumference is 40,000km or
25,000 miles

The Geographic Grid System
 The geographic grid system is also
referred to as the Graticule

The Geographic Grid System
 The purpose of the geographic grid system
is for the precise location of a place
 The natural reference points for location are:
- North Pole
- South Pole
- equator

Locating Points Using a Grid system

Latitude
 Latitudes are imaginary lines following the true
east-west direction on the earth surface

Latitude
 Latitudes are also called:
- parallels of latitude
because they don’t
meet
 - Circles of latitude
because they go
round the globe to
form a full circle
 The circle of lat. 0o (The Equator) is located
halfway between the poles and forms the largest
circle a Great Circle. Others are Small Circles

Latitude: Measuring Latitudes
 Latitudes are measured in angular degrees
north or south of the equator:

Latitude: Measuring Latitudes
 Hence, Latitudes are numbered 0o – 90o North
or South of the Equator

Important Latitudes
 Arctic Circle (66½o N)
 Antarctic Circle (66½o S)
 Tropic of Cancer (23½o N)
 Tropic of Capricorn (23½o S)
 North Pole (90oN)
 South Pole (90o S)
 Edwardsville (38o 49’ N)

Important Latitudinal Zones
 Low Latitude (0 - 30oN & S)
 Midlatitude (30 - 60o N &S)
 High Latitude (>60o N & S)
 Temperate (30o - 66½o)
 Equatorial (5o N - 5o S)
 Tropical (23½o N - 23½o S)
 Subtropical (25o - 30o N & S)
 Polar (66½o - 90oN & S)

The Distance of Each Degree of Latitude
 The north-south distance of each degree
of latitude is about 111km or 69miles
space apart
 This value varies slightly because of
Earth’s curvature and flattening at the
poles (see table)

The Distance of One Degree of Latitude & Longitude
Distance of One Degree of
Latitude
(measured along a parallel)
Distance of One Degree
of longitude
(measured along a parallel)
Latitudes Miles Km Miles Km
0o 68.703 110.567 69.172 111.321
20o 68.789 110.705 65.026 104.649
40o 68.998 111.042 53.063 85.396
60o 69.235 111.423 34.674 55.802
80o 69.387 111.668 12.051 19.394
90o 69.407 111.699 0 0

The Distance of One Degree of Latitude:
2 Bonus Points
 Calculate the distance (in miles) between
St. Louis, MO (39o & 90oW) and New
Orleans LA (30o N & 90oW) as the crow
flies (Hint: a degree of latitude is spaced
about 111 km (69 mi) space apart)
 First determine how many degrees of
latitudes separate the two cities
 Answer: _______(km)

The Longitude
 Longitudes are also called meridians
(mid-day lines) because all places on the
same longitude
have the same
mid-day
 It runs north-south
from pole-to-pole
and crosses all
latitudes at 90o o
right angles

The Longitude: Measuring Longitude
 Longitude is an imaginary line running from
the North Pole to South
Pole
 It is measured in angular
degrees west and east of
the Prime Meridian
 Hence, Longitudes have
values from 0o – 180o West or East of the Prime
Meridian

- lines of longitudes are widest apart at
the Equator and progressively closer
to one another towards the poles
- Each meridian is half a Great Circle; two
opposite meridians form a Great Circle
(Examples: 0o & 180o or 60oE &120oW)

Longitude and Standard Time Zone
- Before 1884, communities set their
local clock to its local solar noon
- keeping appointment was difficult to
coordinate because each community
kept different local time
- In 1884, 24 standard time zones (each
15 degrees of longitude wide) were
established

A Sundial: Oldest Time Measuring Device
(Used in Babylon in 2,000 B.C.)
Gnomon

- local solar time of the Prime Meridian
was chosen as the standard for the
entire system
- it became the center of a time zone
that extends 7.5 degrees of longitude
to the west and east of it
- 23 other standard meridians (multiples
of 15o) were established

- Boundary of each standard time zone
has been adjusted to follow state or
administrative boundaries
- United States has six time zones,
whereas, the continental United States
has four
- International Date Line (IDL) follows
long. 180o

United States Six Standard Time Zones
Standard Time Zones Standard Meridians
Eastern Standard Time 75oW
Central Standard Time 90oW
Mountain Standard Time 105oW
Pacific Standard Time 120oW
Alaska-Hawaii standard Time 150oW
Bering Strait standard Time 165oW

The Standard Time Zones For The
United States

International Date Line (IDL)
- places to the immediate west or east of
IDL have 24 hours time difference
- Cross the IDL from east to west
GAIN a day
- Cross from west to east LOSE a day

Earth-Sun Relations and The Seasons
Movements of the Earth
 Two main types of Earth’s movements:
 Inclination of Earth’s
axis during Earth’s
movement

Inclination of Earth’s Axis During Movement

Earth-Sun Relations and The Seasons:
The Plane of the Ecliptic

Earth’s Rotation on Its Axis
 Rotation is the movement of the earth
around it’s axis as:
- Earth axis points towards Polaris
- Inclined at 66½o from the ecliptic plane
 Rotation is from west to east as observed
from the side
 Counterclockwise as observed from the
North Pole

 All points on the earth surface move in a
circle around the axis (except the pole)
during rotation
 The circle of rotation defines the latitude
of the point
 The earth completes one full rotation
around its axis in 24 hours (one solar day)

 The earth completes one full rotation
with respect to the star in 23 hours 56
minutes and 4.099 seconds (sidereal day)
 The maximum speed of earth’s rotation
is 465 m/sec or 1040 mi/hr or 1670km/hr
at the equator
 The speed is 0 mi/hr or 0 km/hr at the
poles

Speed of Rotation at selected Latitudes
Latitudes Miles per Hour Kilometers per Hour
0o 1037.6 1669.9
20o 975.4 1569.7
40o 795.9 1280.9
60o 520.1 837.0
80o 180.8 291.0
90o 0 0

Physical Effects of Earth’s Rotation
 Earth’s rotation axis defines the North
Pole and South Pole
 The circle of rotation of a point defines its
circle of latitude
 Rotation in and out of sunlight causes:
- day and night
- diurnal variations in temperature,
humidity, and wind movements
 Causes the oblate spheroidal shape of the Earth

Physical Effects of Earth’s Rotation: Coriolis Effect
 Rotation in the same direction causes
apparent deflection of the flow path of
air and water bodies called Coriolis
effect
 Coriolis effect causes the flow path of
air and water to be deflected to the
right in the northern hemisphere and to
the left in the southern hemisphere

Physical Effects of Earth’s Rotation: Coriolis Effect

Physical Effects of Earth’s Rotation: Tides
 Rotation brings any point on the earth surface
in and out of the increasing and decreasing
gravitational pulls of the moon and sun to cause
the rise and fall of tides or water levels

Earth’s Rotation Causing Rise and Fall of Tides

Earth’s Revolution Around the Sun
Inclination of Earth’s Axis

Polarity of Earth’s Axis During Revolution

 Polarity of Earth’s Axis During Revolution

 Revolution is earth’s movement around the
sun
 Path of Earth’s revolution is called the orbit
 The orbit is elliptical in shape such that:
- on January 3, the earth is at the
Perihelion or near the sun position (or
147.5 million km or 91.5 million miles
from the sun)

Earth’s Elliptical Orbit
Jan. 3
July 4

Earth’s Revolution
- On July 4, the earth is at the aphelion
(far away) position on the orbit (or
152.5 million km or 94.5 million miles
from the sun
 The earth moves in a counterclockwise
direction and completes one full
revolution in 365¼ days (Tropical Year)

Earth’s Revolution
 The ¼ day adds up to one full day every
four years, to give a leap year (366 days)
 Earth’s axis points always at the Polaris
during revolution (Polarity or Parallelism
of the earth’s axis)

Polarity or Parallelism of Earth’s Axis During
Revolution

Physical Effects of Earth’s Revolution
 Defines the northernmost limit of
overhead sun at noon as the Tropic of
Cancer (lat. 23½o N)
 Defines the southernmost limit of
overhead sun at noon as the Tropic of
Capricorn (lat. 23½o S)
 Defines the Tropics as where the sun is
overhead (subsolar point) twice a year

 Summer Solstice, which is the day in June
the sun is overhead at the Tropic of
Cancer in the northern hemisphere; It is
the beginning of Summer in the north or
Winter in
the south

 Winter Solstice is the day on December 21
the sun is overhead at the Tropic of
Capricorn; It is the beginning of Winter in
the north or Summer in the South

 Spring (Vernal) Equinox is the day in
March 21 the sun is overhead at the
Equator; It is the beginning of Spring
season in the north or Fall in the South

 Fall Equinox is the day in September 21
the sun is overhead at the Equator; It is
the beginning of Fall season in the north
or Spring in the South

Effects of Earth’s Revolution: Day Length
 Determines the Length of Daylight:
 12 hours day and 12 hours night at the
equinoxes
 Longest day of the year occurs on
summer solstice
 24 hours of daylight beyond the polar
circles on summer solstices

 12 hours day and 12 hours night at the
equinoxes
 Longest day of the year occurs on
summer solstice
 24 hours of daylight beyond the polar
circles on summer solstices

 24 hours of darkness beyond the polar
circles on winter solstice
 Shortest day of the year occurs on
winter solstice

Day Length At June Solstice, N.H.
Latitudes Day Length Sun Angle at Noon
90o N 24hr 23.5o
80o N 24hr 33.5o
70o N 24hr 43.5o
60o N 18 hr 53 min 53.5o
50o N 16 hr 23 min 63.5o
40o N 15 hr 01 min 73.5o
10o N 12 hr 23 min 76.5o
0o N 12 hr o7 min 66.5o

Day Length At June Solstice, S.H.
Latitudes Day Length Sun Angle at Noon
10o S 11 hr 32 min 56.5o
20o S 10 hr 55 min 46.5o
30o S 10 hr 12 min 36.5o
40o S 9 hr 20 min 26.5o
50o S 8 hr 04 min 16.5o
60o S 5 hr 52 min 6.5o
70o S 0 0
90o S 0 0

Analemma Shows the Latitude of the Vertical Rays of the
Noon Sun (Declination of the Sun) for Every Day of the Year

The Analemma: Used to Determine Solar
Altitude
 What is the declination of the sun on
May 15 or February 10?
 Answer: Lat. 18oN or Lat. ___o S
 Solar Altitude = 90o – Arc Distance
 Arc distance is the number of degrees of
latitude between the location in
question and the declination of the sun

The Analemma: Used to Determine
Solar Altitude
 Arc distance if location in question is in the
same hemisphere as the declination of the sun:
- subtract the smaller from the larger
latitude
 Arc distance if location in question is in the
different hemisphere from the declination of
the sun:
- add both latitudes together

5 Points Bonus Assignment
 Calculate the solar altitude at Edwardsville
on the following dates using the analemma:
- March 20
- June 21
- September 23
- December 21
 Is it true that the angle of sun at noon is
highest on summer solstice?
 When is the angle of the sun at noon lowest?

Review Questions
Topic One Review Questions

1) Which term properly describes the shape of
Earth?
A. Perfect Sphere
B. Perfect Ellipse
C. Perfect Spheroid
D. Oblate Ellipse
E. Oblate Spheroid
Figure 1-7

1) Which term properly describes the shape of
Earth?
A. Perfect Sphere
B. Perfect Ellipse
C. Perfect Spheroid
D. Oblate Ellipse
E. Oblate Spheroid
Explanation: The diameter of Earth between
the poles is shorter than the diameter of Earth
that intersects the equatorial plane. The shape must be
an oblate spheroid.
Figure 1-7

2) The South Pole is nearest the Sun during which of
these events?
A. March Equinox
B. September Equinox
C. December Solstice
D. June Solstice
E. Solar Eclipse

2) The South Pole is nearest the Sun during which of
these events?
A. March Equinox
B. September Equinox
C. December Solstice
D. June Solstice
E. Solar Eclipse
Explanation: During the December Solstice, the Southern Hemisphere is directed
towards the Sun. As a result, the South Pole is nearest the Sun during
the December Solstice.
Figure 1-19

3) If Earth rotated at one-half its current rotational
speed, which of the following would be true?
A. Months would last longer than 31 days
B. Years would be shorter than 365 ¼ days
C. Days would be exactly 24 hours
D. Days would be exactly 12 hours
E. Days would be exactly 48 hours
Figure 1-9

3) If Earth rotated at one-half its current rotational
speed, which of the following would be true?
A. Months would last longer than 31 days
B. Years would be shorter than 365 ¼ days
C. Days would be exactly 24 hours
D. Days would be exactly 12 hours
E. Days would be exactly 48 hours
Explanation: Currently, one Earth rotation takes 24
hours to complete. If Earth’s rotation speed slowed
to one-half its current speed, it would take twice as
long for Earth to rotate.
So, it would take 48 hours.
Figure 1-9

4) Lines of longitude have the greatest distance
between each other at which of the following
location(s)?
A. Equator
B. North and South Pole
C. Tropic of Cancer
D. Tropic of Capricorn
E. International Date Line
Figure 1-17b

4) Lines of longitude have the greatest distance
between each other at which of the following
location(s)?
A. Equator
B. North and South Pole
C. Tropic of Cancer
D. Tropic of Capricorn
E. International Date Line
Explanation: Lines of longitude converge as you
approach the poles. Consequently, at the equator, the
lines have the greatest spacing, and their spacing
decreases as you approach each pole.
Figure 1-17b

5) If the time is 12:00 A.M. in Greenwich, England,
what time is it in New York City, New York (EST)?
A. 5:00 A.M.
B. 7:00 P.M.
C. 12:00 A.M.
D. 7:00 A.M.
E. 5:00 P.M.
Figure 1-25

5) If the time is 12:00 A.M. in Greenwich, England,
what time is it in New York City, New York (EST)?
A. 5:00 A.M.
B. 7:00 P.M.
C. 12:00 A.M.
D. 7:00 A.M.
E. 5:00 P.M.
Explanation: New York, New York is 5 hours behind the time in Greenwich, England
(GMT). As a result, if it is 12:00 A.M. in Greenwich, it is 12:00 – 5 hours = 7:00 P.M.
in New York, New York.
Figure 1-25

6) The Sun’s heating ability over Earth gets stronger when
A. the Sun’s rays strike Earth at an angle
less than 10°.
B. the Sun’s rays strike Earth
perpendicularly (at a 90° angle).
C. one moves north from the equator
during Northern Hemisphere winter.
D. The Sun’s rays strike Earth obliquely
(angle less than 90°).
E. the Sun is nearer Earth.

6) The Sun’s heating ability over Earth gets stronger when
A. the Sun’s rays strike Earth at an angle
less than 10°.
B. the Sun’s rays strike Earth
perpendicularly (at a 90° angle).
C. one moves north from the equator
during Northern Hemisphere winter.
D. The Sun’s rays strike Earth obliquely
(angle less than 90°).
E. the Sun is nearer Earth.
Explanation: The amount of energy received from the Sun relates to the area over
which the area is received. Smaller areas receive a higher concentration of energy,
so they heat more. Perpendicular rays strike over the smallest area.
Figure 1-22c

7) If you fly west from Australia to the United States,
departing on April 1, what day is it when you arrive
in the United States?
A. April 1
B. April 2
C. March 30
D. March 31
E. April 3
Figure 1-24

7) If you fly west from Australia to the United States,
departing on April 1, what day is it when you arrive
in the United States?
A. April 1
B. April 2
C. March 30
D. March 31
E. April 3
Explanation: If you fly west from Australia to the United States, you will never cross
the International Date Line. As a result, the day will remain April 1 through your entire
trip.
Figure 1-24

8) Northern Hemisphere summer solstice is experienced
on June 21. On this date, at solar noon, the Sun is
directly overhead at the
A. Equator.
B. Tropic of Cancer.
C. Tropic of Capricorn.
D. North Pole.
E. South Pole.
Figure 1-22b

8) Northern Hemisphere summer solstice is experienced
on June 21. On this date, at solar noon, the Sun is
directly overhead at the
A. Equator.
D. North Pole.
E. South Pole.
Figure 1-22b
Explanation: During the June solstice, the Sun’s rays are directly overhead at the
latitude equal to the axial tilt of Earth, which corresponds to the Tropic of Cancer.

9) The speed of rotation of Earth’s surface is
highest at the
A. Equator.
D. North Pole.
E. Arctic Circle.
Figure 1-18

9) The speed of rotation of Earth’s surface is
highest at the
A. Equator.
D. North Pole.
E. Arctic Circle.
Explanation: At the equator, Earth must rotate the greatest distance in a
24-hour period. As a result, it must rotate faster at the equator than anywhere else.
Figure 1-18

10) The solid, inorganic portion of Earth is represented by
which of the four primary spheres?
A. Hydrosphere
B. Mesosphere
C. Atmosphere
D. Lithosphere
E. Biosphere
Figure 2-1

10) The solid, inorganic portion of Earth is represented by
which of the four primary spheres?
A. Hydrosphere
B. Mesosphere
C. Atmosphere
D. Lithosphere
E. Biosphere
Explanation: The lithosphere, or “stone” sphere, represents the solid parts of
Earth which are non-living (inorganic).
Figure 2-1

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