Education Reform Act Of 1988

Education Reform Act Of 1988
This essay evaluates how successful the Education Reform Act of 1988 (Also referred to as 'The Baker Act' after secretary of state Kenneth Baker)
was in particular reference to the national curriculum of Primary schools. Firstly, to examine the aims of the ERA of 1988 in relation to the national
curriculum including why these aims were put in place. Next, it closely looks at the general provisions and how it took public services and turned
them into a market (Marketisation of education). Finally, it focuses on the arguments for and against the national curriculum and whether the Education
Reform Act was successful of not.
Summarise the pre era
Before the ERA of 1988 we had the 1944 Education Act which was implemented by the Labour Government
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Education Reform In The United States
Is school reform hopeless in our states and cities? In my opinion, education reform is useless due to a variety of occurrences going on in the world
that nobody is focused on and changing these schools to make them more efficient for all students. An example of this is the government not caring at
all about how most of these schools are lacking in money and in need of help to be able to acquire the best education. Many schools in the world are so
poor and struggling that students are forced to drop out and eventually end up getting into gangs leading to violence and drugs all over the streets. Not
only are these some of our most significant leading problems, but we also see the amount of discrimination between the schools. There are cases...show
more content...
This thing is money. Money was used for buying things that benefit us and helps us in any way. Schools all around the world have a necessity for
supplies, better equipment for classes or food for lunchrooms. To acquire this, we need money, which most schools don't have. Poor schools are in
desperate need of these things to try to provide a much more efficient education for their students. Schools will turn to the aid of the government in the
hope of getting money for the school. In most cases, you would think that the government would help out the poorest schools, but that's not the case. In
savage Inequalities schools along with many desperate families are asking for the assistance of their board of education as well as the government for
help with schools lacking in many supplies and the environment their living. Rather than receiving the help they need the government helps out the
richer schools more than the schools that need the help. Why is it that the poor schools in the South Side of Chicago don't get help from the
government, but the richest schools do. This shows us how ethnicity plays a role in our society. Many of the wealthy schools mainly have white
students who attend the schools, while in poor schools are mainly populated by Hispanic students and African–American students. That's

A Good Example Of The Education Reform
The education reformed that happened that changed this nation for the better giving them hope. The children reading and writing for themselves.
People that enjoy teaching the children giving them the attention and help they need and along the way learning too.
As a public school student, I think that reform is needed because we need change in the nation we need to get rid of things and replace them with new
things . Change the direction in which things are happening good examples of this are education reform, Jail reform, and female equal rights reform.
These all played a really big roll in the nation changing for the better.
The Education reform can improve a lot Americans lives by giving them a chance regardless what race,gender, and

Compare And Contrast Education Reform
An educational system is a means to develop a workforce, to improve the socioeconomic status of the poor via social mobility, and to create a shared
culture. Given these important roles, educational systems are targets for social reformers. Joseph Lancaster and Arne Duncan were both education
reformers with strong and influential ideas about what and how students are taught. Lancaster was a London schoolmaster and eventual leader of the
Monitorial education reform movement in the early 1800s. Duncan was the US Secretary of Education from 2009–2015, and led an era of active
federal education reform. In comparing and contrasting these two educational reformers from the past and present, there are more similarities than
differences....show more content...
Recent United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan was still trying to accomplish the same goal. In Lancaster 's book Improvements in
Education he argues people should invest money into the education of the poor. "Why then so eager in the pursuit of riches? and why not rather pay
that attention to the infant poor, which their wants requires?" (Improvements in Education). This line demonstrates that Lancaster believes people
should put money towards the education of the poor so that they can have a chance to better their place in society. Lancaster tried to lower the cost
of education by developing the monitorial system of education which uses less teachers and so lowers salary costs. This is similar to Arne Duncan 's
emphasis on investing more money into education and in managing costs. At the end of his term, The Washington Post reported "his agency directed
$100 billion in stimulus funds to districts small and large that were otherwise facing severe job cuts in the wake of the 2008 recession. The move
preserved an estimated 350,000 teaching jobs." In his speeches, Duncan said that "states and institutions of higher education will need to meet us
halfway in doing more to keep college costs down and boost completion". This statement made by Duncan shows that both he and Lancaster have
similar ideas on the cost of education, they both believe that education was a social investment and that the cost of education should be lowered so
poorer people can

Adversaries in the Race to the Top While many supported President Obama's semblance of education reform in Race to the Top, various factions were
vehemently against RTT and its implementation. Republicans primarily stand against federal involvement in state and local schools. The party
opposed RTT advanced Common Core State Standards, which promote a "one size fits all approach to education" (Spring, 2015, 63). Along with
political factions, those majorly impacted by RTT objected to its premise. The main teachers unions in the U.S., theNational Education Association as
well as the American Federation of Teachers, highlighted several points of disagreement in RTT which would lead to challenges in implementation. At
the time, the NEA said it cannot support RTT's endorsement of using test scores for evaluating teachers, increasing the number of charter schools, and
bolstering what the union calls "fast–track" alternative routes to teacher licensure (Sawchuk 2009). Additionally, the AFT expressed concerns about
RTT and how much the program helps students, whether it is fair to teachers, whether it is transparent to the public, and whether it requires shared
responsibility (Weingarten 2009). Along with teachers unions, members of academia spearheaded critiques of RTT. Joe Onosko's eight point manifesto
adequately details the concerns of educators at the time of implementation. The flaws of the plan (RTT) are as follows:
The plan's focus on high–stakes testing and

Purpose Of Education Reform
(p.2), One other purpose of the education reform is the ideology just like what some American educational theorists have done using schooling to
construct citizens and the whole country to be God's country. Ironically, the way used to reform American education was repeated in and again. Once
an economic or social problem had discovered, it labeled and tough in a course hopefully to address that problem. For example, sex education, computer
literacy, and vocational training.
(p.3) Having faith in education in American context was double–edged–sword. It has helped to build a comprehensive educational system, however,
when it becomes overpromising, it led to frustration and blaming the schools for not solving problems beyond their reach. Moreover,

Persuasive Essay On Funding For Education
"Education is the most powerful weapon we can use to change the world." This quote, said by Nelson Mandela, states that education can be used to
change the world and be used for the betterment of society, yet education across America it is still not a top priority. Thousands of schools across
America are severely underfunded and have trouble providing the resources to properly educate the next American generation, a generation that will
eventually become the future of the country. Education spending, however, is at an all–time high compared to past decades, but funding still mostly
comes from state and local resources. Having more funding for education from the government will help improve schools across the country because it
will help students in long–term ways, help equalize education from state to state, and help student performance.
The first way that increasing government education funds will help American school systems is, that it will help students later on in life. One study,
written by Kirabo Jackson, Rucker Johnson, and Claudia Persico, showed that tests on low–income districts found that increasing school spending
steadily by 10 percent over a course of twelve years helped lower adult poverty, increase graduation rates, and cause students to have a 10% increase
in adult earnings later in life. This study shows that increasing education spending does not have to be billions of dollars in order to make a difference
and improve student lives. Increasing spending

Persuasive Essay On Education Reform
Educational reform is yet to be perfected. Teachers shape the minds of students to realize what their purpose is in life. Lately, because of certain
educational reforms, it has been hard for teachers to say what they need to say. "In 40–plus states, the math and English guidelines determine the
knowledge students have to master by the end of each grade, what they'll be tested on this year, and in many cases, how teachers and principals will
be rated at their jobs once those test scores are released" (Strauss). Most educational reforms are adopting standardized testing and should be
reconsidered. Statistics even show that since we have taken part in reforms like No Child Left Behind, Race to the Top, and Common Core State
Standards math and reading are declining. These standards tell teachers what to teach and what the students should know by the end of the school year.
The reforms also evaluate teacher performance by how well the students learn the information. Some people believe educational reforms should not be
telling teachers how to teach their students, and others believe that the reforms are absolutely fine the way they are. However the truth is educational
reforms are yet to be perfected.
One point of view a person could have about educational reform is that students throughout the country should all have the same high–quality
standards. Issues and Controversies states,"All states should adhere to similar academic standards so that American youth are

Argumentative Essay : Education Reform
Asehun 1
Senay Asehun
Ms. McAlister
Eng. 112 – 21
28 April, 2016 Argumentative Essay on Education Reform
The year is 2012. In the movie Back to the Future II, two years from now, in 2016, Marty McFly travels from the past to save his family's future. The
future is almost upon us, and yet it would seem that our education system has changed little since Back to the Future hit theaters in 1985. "We still have
same teachers, in the same parts, in the same schools, with the same level of knowledge, with the same equipment's, and much the same standard of
parental support" (David). Ironically, we have been steadily implementing policy after policy, increasing standards and accountability, promoting
oversight and rule... the list goes on, and yet our progress seems minimal, our educators complain of underfunded classrooms, and our legislators
complain of underperforming schools. The question of "how to improve our education system" is not getting satisfactorily answered because our
system is not broken, merely underdeveloped. The truth is that America has made paces in improving its education technique or system; the problem
that remains is for us to entrust our educators with the greater pliability and autonomy that they need to excel. The United States has an outstanding
example of successful education reform in California, whose combined approach and unyielding responsibility to excellence

Education Reform
Throughout history, reforms look differently based on the motivations of the reformers ("Education Reform," n.d.). Educational reform consists of
changes that are made in public education ("Education Reform," n.d.). Education reform involves any and all changes in the way a school or school
district functions, from teaching methods and any administrative processes. Educational reform is used as an ancillary for needed economic changes in
the United States ("Education Reform," n.d.). Education reformers want to have curriculum standards tied to test scores ("Education Reform," n.d.).
Many reformers have focused on changing society by reforming education on more humanistic, scientific, and even democratic philosophies
("Education Reform,"...show more content...
If the funding is not available then the reform becomes a burden as opposed to an aid (Chen, 2015). The National Association of State Boards of
Education (NASBE) estimated that the program would cost $7 billion dollars over a seven–year period in order for all states to develop and implement
the testing programs outlined in the NCLB Act (Chen, 2015). However, the NCLB budget only authorized $400 million dollars to go towards helping
the states design and implement the tests which meant the schools would be responsible for more than $6 billion dollars (Chen, 2015). A second
disadvantage is that schools began to focus on reading and math (Chen, 2015). Students were not provided with a well–rounded education (Chen,
2015). Some schools cut back on science and art in order to focus on English and math (Chen, 2015). Some teachers voiced that education is not really
improving (Chen, 2015). They believe that other subjects were sacrificed in order for schools to have proficiency in the subject areas that were being
tested (Chen, 2015).
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was the largest showing of irresponsibility from policymakers (Rothstein, 2008). The implementation of NCLB
narrowed the curriculum and has caused more harm than good to the student population (Rothstein, 2008). Since the implementation of NCLB school
systems have focused on reading and math, while neglecting art,

In these changing times one of the biggest aspects of society that should be updated on a regular basis is education. Changes in curriculum as well as
methods of teaching need to be revised each and every year. With this idea came the idea of the Common Core State Standard which is currently being
adopted by forty–four out of fifty states in the United States. This new rework is designed to help better prepare students for college, universities, and
the work place. However, not everyone believes this is the right move education should be taking at this moment. Those in support state this is the best
decision possible to teach the children of the 21st century. Others say the cause for the decline in the quality of education in the United...show more
content...
Common Core creates versatility in that students would no longer be hindered from learning living in a household that moves from place to place
often due to economic hardship, parental employment, or other sociological factors. One problem that this versatility solves is remedial courses. With
the academic standard set at nationwide level, chances of a student needing remedial courses drops significantly. Not only does this promote academic
fairness, it also saves valuable time that would be better spent furthering a student's education. The system promotes equality in the quality of
furthering the education students will be receiving. Common Core hopes to better literacy and comprehension in the area of online literacy. In this
day and age information is readily available at the fingertips of much of the population. With the invention of the internet, data is easily accessed
using a wide range of devices ranging from stationary to mobile. Students now use the internet as a huge bulk of their research and resources
compared to the traditional style of going to the library. Common Core hopes to better online literacy in certain areas that is outlined in the article by
assistant professor Sally Drew, "Open Up the Ceiling on the Common Core State Standards: Preparing Students for the 21st – Century Literacy – Now,
"Good online readers use effective strategies to (a) locate information to answer their question(s), (b)critically evaluate the usefulness of the information

Argumentative Essay On Education Reform
The education reform failed to come through on its promise to aide failing students and schools, consequently punishing them for their shortcomings
and making it even harder for them to succeed. In a personal interview with Miss Broesamle, a third grade teacher and district test coordinator, said
that "low performing schools often end up losing things like art and music and even P.E., opportunities [that] can help in [tested] academic areas, due
to budget cuts and to make space for test prep time, are always looked at as the first ones that can go". The single biggest criticism of No Child Left
Behind is that the federal government lacked the funds and personnel to support the reauthorized education law. According to GreatSchools, a national

George W Bush's Influence On Education Reform
Former President George W. Bush started off his presidency with a bit of drama. But other than that he got right to work here in the United States.
He started with the Tax cuts with hopes that lower taxes would cause more investing resulting in a stimulation of the economy. He believed our
economy was on the right track and so did congress which made passing this easy. He then reformed the No Child Left Behind Act making it to
where literally no child would be left behind in the education system. He implemented state testing and made it to where if the state did not meet
requirements they would be fined. More money was being allocated to school districts for better programs. Because of all of this by the end of his
presidency education levels

Argumentative Essay: Educational Reform
Argumentative Essay: Educational Reform
Since the early 1980's, the issue of America's faltering public school system has become a serious concern. The crisis in K–12 education is one of the
biggest challenges facing the nation. There is a great deal of evidence to show this problem. The pathetically low results of American students through
international test scores is one obvious fault. Another is the failure of many students to demonstrate their knowledge of basic skills and literacy. It is
surprising that such a long time has passed without any sufficient effort put forth to correct the problem. Even more surprising, is the fact that some
deny that such a problem exists. The failure of the nation to adequately educate the...show more content...
Statistics show that wealthy school districts offer much better opportunities for their students. This increases the gap in the social status of America by
educating the wealthy and leaving the others with the low paying jobs. This could quite possibly wipe out the entire middle class, leaving a huge gap
between the upper and lower classes. While we accept inequality as a problem, we have not yet acted upon it seriously enough. Until some serious
action is taken, and

Asehun 1
Senay Asehun
Ms. McAlister
Eng. 112– 21
13 March 2016 Annotated Bibliography On Education
Githens, Rod P. (2005). "General education reform as organizational change: Integrating cultural and structural change." The Journal of General
Education, 54(1), 1–21. Awbrey maintains that generaleducation reform efforts, to be effective and advance changes in institutional culture before
finding structural changes such as reorganization of curriculum. The article explains a framework of organizational culture that operates at three levels:
structural artifacts models and their underlying values and beliefs about "what it means to be an education person paradigmatic assumptions about
"what can be known and how we develop knowledge". In addition, the article explains like framework of organizational learning that operates at three
levels: "single–loop learning" that is knowledge additive but does not change underlying beliefs; "double loop learning" that is reflective and reshapes
models Missing from the article, however, are any empirical case studies that classify the efficacy of the proposed models or document exactly how
"unsuccessful" reform efforts have failed to follow the integrative approach suggested.
Alghazo, Ali M. "CORE Curriculum and Students Perceptions: Approach to Curriculum Review." International Journal of Information and Education
Technology 5.8 (2015): 620–4. This article gives an analysis of the current

Standards-Based Education Reform
Overview of Standards–Based Education Reform and the Common Core In 1983, President Reagan's National Commission on Education released a
landmark report on educational reform. A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. It had been widely believed that America had lost its
position as the world's leader in commerce, industry, science, and technological innovation. And that this was due to the fact that the educational
foundations of our society were being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatened the nation and her people. The report went further and
famously noted, "If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we
might well have viewed it...show more content...
(2012). Powerful alignment: Building consensus around the common core state standards. Language and Literacy Spectrum, 22(1), 7–23. Remove
extra space This paper examines a sampling of arguments for and against the Common Core State Standards from the period surrounding their adoption.
An analysis of the various arguments and rhetorical techniques used by supporters and opponents reveals a model for achieving rapid, dramatic change
in the modern educational landscape. This article is a review article. No specific study was conducted. The author reviewed key arguments presented
from both sides of the Common Core debate. This review centers on arguments about the very existence of the CCSS, the groups and individuals who
make those arguments, and the ways in which their arguments

Educational reform is a subject frequently being evaluated, and it is currently needed more than ever. Due to high school programs such as No Child
Left Behind and Race to the Top, teaching has been emphasized through a series of tests. The problem with this, is that "a teacher can prep students for a
standardized test, get a bump in scores, and yet not be providing a very good education" (Rose 21). Meaning, instructors may be knowledgeable on how
to raise test scores, but their students can remain uneducated; There is not a direct relationship between the two. Furthermore, this way of education
highly impedes non–cognitive skills, such as critical thinking, which are now needed for the current job market. In fact, a jump of twice as many...show
more content...
Because a great amount of college education is being wasted, the United States is now facing a delay in intellectual and economic growth. Educational
reform is needed to cultivate oncoming students, but instead off focusing on past mistakes, what the future holds additionally needs to be addressed.
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) jobs are what is needed for the future, and these jobs require critical thinking. Therefore, a
child's education needs to stop being compressed into purely cognitive skills and personalized to properly develop a talented individual. In order to
better educate students for the 21st century, students must be allowed room for creative growth and be able to take control of their own learning. All
students should leave the classroom and participate in STEM– based apprenticeships or internships. In order to fix the deeply flawed school system,
standardized testing needs to face an extreme reduction. These tests have become an obstacle course, rather than a solution to better educate students.
Dramatically cutting these exams will also then free up a lot of time; the months typically utilized for preparing for these tests can be nearly
eliminated and used as time available for opportunities outside of the classroom. The second step is to offer more electives relevant to the 21st century
job market, such as computer programming, robotics, and video game design. These courses are STEM related and will teach students how

Educational Reform Essay
The Global Imperative for U.S. Educational Reform
Table of Contents
Introduction3
Background4
Problem Statement6
Alternative Solutions7
Conclusion11
References12
The Global Imperative for U.S. Educational Reform
The United States has an extensive educational system that has been charged with accommodating the needs of an extensively diverse student
population. U.S. educational institutions exist at all learning levels, from preschools for early childhood education to secondary education for youths,
and post secondary education for both...show more content...
The study further indicated that American students lacked the ability to sustain learning over a long period of time, and that this was an indicator of
the inability of many students to sustain productive employment. Findings further indicated that most students only developed basic skills that require
low level cognitive functions. In other words, American students have failed to develop higher level thinking, problem–solving capabilities that will
sustain a democratic, economically thriving society.
In response to the research on the outlook of U.S. educational practices as they relate to global competitiveness, President George Bush enacted
legislation that he and his cohorts envisioned would fill the achievement gaps of the current educational system as it stood. Initially, Bush and his team
of advisors relied on individual states to develop reform initiatives for their current educational systems. Each state was charged with developing a
stop–gap method that would bridge the achievement gaps by 2000 as a ratification of Lyndon B. Johnsons' Elementary and Secondary Education Act of
1965. As with the latter, Bush's initial proposal to states failed to meet the objectives of equal education for all students. Minority students still

performed significantly under their white counterparts on all indicators of achievement. Thus, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was implemented.
The

The Glossary Of Education Reform
It's that time of the year again; the time for unnecessary stress, anxiety attacks, and disappointment. Students K–12 are taking all of the material they
have learned and prepared and are putting them to the test – literally. It is time for standardized testing. A standardized test is defined by most, but
specifically by the Glossary of Education Reform, as "Any form of test that requires all test takers to answer the same questions in the same way and
that is scored in a consistent manner." What this means is that all students who take this test are graded and evaluated in the same way. This sounds
fair, right? Wrong. Students with learning disabilities are judged the same way as "normal" students who are able to learn and prepare effectively.

Education Reform Act Of 1988

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