Minor college project.

3. Introduction
Component Details
Schematic Description
Software Code
Circuit Description/Connection
Circuit Operation
Application
Future Enhancement
Conclusion
Reference

4. Speed control of induction motor is necessary in industrial applications.There
are several methods for the speed control of induction motor . Cyclo-
converters are used in very large variable frequency drives with ratings from
few megawatts up to ten times of megawatts. A cyclo-converter is controlled
through the timing of its firing pulses, so that it produces an alternating
output voltage. It can also be considered as a static frequency changer and
typically contains silicon controlled rectifiers.The development of the
semiconductor devices has made it possible to control the frequency of the
cyclo-converter according to the requirement and deliver a large amount of
controlled power with the help of semiconductor switching devices like
Thyristors, MOSFET’s in order to get alternating output of variable frequency.
Here a microcontroller is used to give commands to the cyclo-converter hence
it controls the AC motor accordingly.We are controlling the AC motor by
means of aTRIAC.

5. TRIAC (BT136)

6. BT136 is a triac device which have three terminal i.e. main terminal
1,mainterminal 2 and Gate terminal.This device is connect to a optocoupler
i.e. MOC135 to control the motor terminal and speed of the motor. when the
optocoupler is activated than two terminal of triac will shorted. So the motor
will rotate.
A triac is basically a bidirectional electronic switch, which can conduct
current in either direction when it is triggered.The triggering can be either a
positive or negative voltage applied to its gate electrode. By applying a steady
state gate signal, the triac may be triggered into a low impedance state where
conduction across the main terminals will occur.The gate signal polarity need
not follow the main terminal polarity. Gate requirement vary depending on
the direction of the main terminal current and the gate current.

7. RESISTOR CAPACITOR

8. RESISTOR :
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's
law:
V = IR . Calculation of resistance is as follow….
Colour 1st band 2nd band 3rd band
(multiplier)
4th band
(tolerance)
Temp.
Coefficient
Black 0 0 ×100
Brown 11 1 ×101 ±1% (F) 100 ppm
Red 2 2 ×102 ±2% (G) 50 ppm
Orange 3 3 ×103 15 ppm
Yellow 4 4 ×104 25 ppm
White 9 9 ×109
Gold ×10−1 ±5% (J)
Silver ×10−2 ±10% (K)
None ±20% (M)

9. CAPACITOR:
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric.
When a potential difference exists across the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric.This field stores energy
and produces a mechanical force between the conductors.The
effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between
large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often
called plates. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to
block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating
current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output
of power supplies, and for many other purposes.They are used
in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to select
particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

10. DIODE(1N4002)
REGULATOR( LM78XX/LM78XXA )

11. DIODE:
DIODE IS A SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE..THEVARIOUS DIODE IS AS FOLLOW….
Diode Zener diode Schottky diode Tunnel diode
Light-emitting diode Photodiode Varicap Silicon controlled rectifier

12. VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805 :
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are
available in theTO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making
them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
Features:
• Output Current up to 1A.
• OutputVoltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
•Thermal Overload Protection.
• Short Circuit Protection.
• OutputTransistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

13. OPTOCOUPLER TRANSFORMER

14.  Optocoupler is aTriac Driver MOC 135
which have 6 terminal and voltage
range give up to 115 volt AC . In other
word it is a device which is generally
used for control the Triac and it
isolate/divide the DC to AC.
 When an electrical signal is applied to
the input of the optocoupler, its LED
lights, its light sensor then activates,
and a corresponding electrical signal is
generated at the output. Unlike a
transformer, the optocoupler allows
for DC coupling and generally provides
significant protection from serious
overvoltage conditions in one circuit
affecting the other. With a photodiode
as the detector, the output current is
proportional to the amount of incident
light supplied by the emitter.
 Transformer is a static device. Here
230/9 volt transformer generally
used. where the red color wire is
known as primary winding and
Yellow color wire is known as
secondary winding.
 (VS) =voltage in the secondary
winding , (VP)= the primary voltag,
and is given by the ratio of the
number of turns in the secondary
(NS) to the number of turns in the
primary (NP)
MOC-135 : TRANSFORMER:

15. 16*2 LCD
ATMEGA16 Microcontroller

16. A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory RAM, ROM
or EPROM), various I/O features such as Serial ports, Parallel Ports,Timer/Counters,
Interrupt ,Controller, Data Acquisition interfaces-Analog to DigitalConverter (ADC),
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC), everything integrated onto a single Silicon Chip.We
use AVR microcontroller here due to better control.We use ATMEGA16 here..
Features :
• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clockCycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General PurposeWorking Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16 MIPSThroughput at 16 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
– 16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by
On-chip Boot ProgramTrue Read-While-Write Operation
– 512 Bytes EPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– 1K Byte Internal SRAM
– Programming Lock for Software Security

17. • JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
– Extensive On-chip Debug Support
– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface
• Peripheral Features
–Two 8-bitTimer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
– One 16-bitTimer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– RealTime Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Four PWM Channels
– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-endedChannels
7 Differential Channels inTQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
– Byte-orientedTwo-wire Serial Interface
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Programmable WatchdogTimer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator

18. Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle,ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and
Extended Standby
SPECIAL FEATURES:-
• I/O and Packages
– 32 Programmable I/O Lines
– 40-pin PDIP, 44-leadTQFP, and 44-padQFN/MLF
• OperatingVoltages
– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L
–
4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
– 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
• Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25 C for ATmega16L
– Active: 1.1 mA
– Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
– Power-down Mode: < 1 µA

19. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display,
or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid
crystals do not emit light directly.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset
words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of
small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.we use 16*2 lcd in our project.

21. When 230 volt,50Hz power supply is given to the transformer of
primary side than by the help of flux linkage mechanism the 9
volt,50Hz output voltage is developed at the output side.
As the output voltage is pulsating AC , so we convert it to
pulsating DC by help of Bridge rectifier circuit. so we get
pulsating 12 volt AC voltage at the end as shown in figure.
Now connect a 1000µf,30 volt capacitor for smoothing circuit
operation(If output is 12volt,50Hz) or we can connect two
capacitor i.e. one is electrolyte capacitor rating 470µf,50volt and
another is ceramic capacitor i.e. 0.01µf (if we have 9 volt,50Hz
output).
Now connect a 7085 voltage regulator to the circuit for getting
the constant 5 volt to give the microcontroller .
For LED use we have to connect a 390 resistor and a 10µf,25volt
capacitor and a LED .
 This is all about the regulated power system circuit.

24. A cyclo-converter is a power electronic device used to convert constant voltage
constant FrequencyAC power to adjustable voltage adjustable frequency AC
power without a DC link. In among all the methods this method is simple, reliable
and economical.The various speed of induction motor is obtained by varying the
supply frequency by using cyclo-converter.
The cycloconverter has four thyristors divided into a positive and negative bank
oftwo thyristors each.When positive current flows in the load, the output voltage
is controlled by phase control of the two positive bank thyristors whilst the
negative bank thyristors are kept off and vice versa when negative current flows
in the load. An idealised output waveform for a sinusoidal load current and a 45
degrees load phase angle.It is important to keep the non conducting thyristor
bank off at all times, otherwise the mains could be shorted via the two thyristor
banks, resulting in waveform distortion and possible device failure from the
shorting current. A major control problem of the cycloconverter is how to swap
between banks in the shortest possible time to avoid distortion whilst ensuring
the two banks do not conduct at the same time.

25. Basic C program structure:
//- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
//Basic blank C program that does nothing
// Includes
//- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#include <avr/io.h> // SFR declarations
Void main (void)
{
While (1);
{
Body of the loop // Infinite loop
}
} // match the braces

26. #include<avr/io.h>
#define F_CPU 1000000
#include<util/delay.h>
#define KEYPAD_PORT PORTA
#define KEYPAD_PIN PINA
#include<avr/keypad.h>
void main(void)
{
DDRA=0x0f;
DDRD=0x0f;
unsigned char keypad_value;
while(1)
{
keypad_value = read_keypad();
if(keypad_value != 0xff)
{

27. if(keypad_value == 0x02)
PORTD=0x0A;
else if(keypad_value == 0x08)
PORTD=0x05;
else if(keypad_value == 0x04)
PORTD=0x02;
else if(keypad_value == 0x06)
PORTD=0x08;
else if(keypad_value == 0x05)
PORTD=0x0F;
else
;
}
else
;
}
} /*End of Program*/

29.  From the Output of the regulated power circuit, connect the
output(5VOlt) to the vcc pin of the microcontroller through a 10k
resistor.another supply is to be connected to the optocoupler(moc135)
pin no-1.
 The terminal of lcd (d0 – d7 ) should be connected to the port-C of
microcontroller.

30.  Port-a connect to the keypad and port-d will be the output of
the microcontroller.
 Moc-135 pin no 4&5 should connect to the pin of triac(bt-
136).1k resistor should connect to the collector terminal point
of the moc-135.
 The two terminal of bt-136 connect to the motor’s two
terminal.

31.  When the motor is connect to the BT-136 then
motor will not rotate if the microcontroller is not
active.
 When microcontroller is turn on by external
power supply then if keypad 1 is push then input
is high (i.e 4.5 to 4.8volt).
 So it will turn on the internal part of LED of
MOC-135.Due to the high intensity of light it will
turn on the photo-transistor of the MOC-135.So
photo-transistor give high output current to the
BT-136,Which will rotate the motor at high
speed.

32.  Again when keypad-2 is pushed then it will
provide high input(i.e approx. 2.5-2.7volt) due to
the presence of resistance.so light intensity will
low as compared to 1st ,which will activate the
photo-transistor and low current output will
produce due to low light intensity.
 That’s why the motor will rotated slowly as
comapred to 1st.and so on...By this way we can
control the speed of the motor using
microcontroller.

33. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
CELLING FAN SPEED CONTROL
ADVANCE ROBOTICS SYSTEM
COMMERCIAL USED

34. This project can be used to control AC motor by
means of cyclo-converter which will be very
helpful to us in the industrial applications. In
industrial areas we can implement this project
to control the rotating ac machines effectively.

35. From this work and result analysis, it is observed that
speed of an induction motor can be efficiently controlled
by using Cyclo-converter.The role of Cyclo-converter in
speed control of induction motor is to vary the supply
frequency which in turn , changes the speed of motor.

36. Fundamentals Of Micro processors and Micro computers -B.Ram
Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications
-Ramesh S. Gaonkar
Electronic Components -D.V. Prasad
WEB Resources:
Elements of electronic engineering by N N Rao.
www.wikipedia.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zener_diode
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/resistor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/diode
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/potentiometer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/capacitor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/relay