1. welcome 2. Introduction 3. Botany 4. Uses 1. JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis) Branches : Rigid, pubescent 60-90 cm tall. Leaves : Broad ovate leaves, lanceolate to oblong, 3.7-10 cm long sharply toothed, or shortly petiolated and hariy. Flowers : arranged in cyme which are usually sessile or rarely pedunculate. Flowers are purplish, minute. Japanese mint (M.arvensis Primary source : Menthol Fresh leaves : 0.4-6.0 per cent oil. Main constituents of the oil are Menthol (65-75%), Menthone (7-10%) Menthyl acetate (12-15%) and Terpenes (pipene, limonene and comphene). PEPPER MINT (Mentha piperita Branches : square, branching stems are of dark-green to deep purple colour and bear opposite, broadly lance-shaped. Leaves : slightly toothed leaves of deep-green colour, 2.5 to 5 cm long. Pepper mint (M. piperita): Fresh herb : essential oils (0.4 to 0.6 %). Constituents are Methyl acetate (14-15%), Menthone (9-25%) Menthofuran and terpenes like pinene and limonene. Medicinally, it is an excellent carminative and gastric stimulant. Applied externally it acts as a mild analgesic. SPEAR MINT ( Mentha spicata) Perennial herb Height of 90 cm tall Oil yield 0.6 % High carvone content . BERGAMOT MINT (M.citrata) Branching, perennial herb 60 cm tall Oil content 0.4-0.5% Oil emits lemon like smell Soil and Climate- The mean temperature between 20-400 C during major part of the growing period (Light showers at planting stage and ample sunshine at the time of harvesting) is ideal for its cultivation.  Well drained loam or sandy loam soils rich in organic matter having pH between 6 and 8.2 are ideally suited for its cultivation. Japanese mint can be cultivated both in tropical and sub-tropical areas Pepper mint and spear mint : Ideal yield only in humid and temperate conditions like Kashmir and hills of UP and HP. Bergamot mint : Grown even in temperate climate. PROPAGATION: Mints are propagated through the creeping stolons, suckers or runners and terminal cuttings Stolons are obtained from previous years planting Best time for obtaining stolons is during the months of December-January. On an average about 400 kg stolons are required for planting one hectare of land. LAND PREPARATION Thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the stubbles of weeds should be removed before the crop is planted. Manuring may be done at the time of land preparation by adding FYM @ 25 to 30 t/ha. Green manuring may also be done before the mint is planted. Mints are planted on flat land or ridges. Hence, flat beds of convenient sizes or ridges are made according to the spacing recommended. In plains, planting is done during winter months, whereas in temperate climate, planting is done from 1st week of January to 3rd week of February. Harvesting Yield

1. Advances in Production Technology of
Mint
Presented by :
Pallavi Wani
I Ph.D. (Hort.)
Dept. of Horticulture
GKVK, UAS Bengaluru

2.  Botanical name : Mentha spp.
 Family : Labiatae
 Origin : Mediterranean basin
 English name : Mint
 Economic part :Whole herb & leaves
 Indian name : Pudina, Putiha (Sanskrit)
 Species : Mentha arvensis (Japanese mint)
M. piperita (Peppermint)
M. spicata (Spearmint)
M. citrata (Bergamot mint)
Mint

3. All are herbaceous plants, readily sending out runners (rainy
season) and stolons (winter),
Which develop new roots and shoots at the nodes and form plants.
 The entire aerial shoots together with foliage is a source of
essential oil rich in menthol, carvone, linalool and linanyl acetate
having use in pharmaceutical preparations and flavour industry.

4. Origin and distribution
 Mint is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean
region.
DISTRIBUTION
Japanese mint is cultivated on a large scale in Brazil,
Paraguay, China, Argentina, Japan, Thailand, and India.
Pepper mint: USA, Morocco, Argentina, Australia, France,
Bulgaria, Italy, Switzerland and on a small scale in many
European countries.
USA is the major producer of pepper mint oil in the
world.
Spearmint is mostly cultivated in USA.

5. Production scenario
 Area is 359.230 (000 ha) and production is 47.069 (000 tonnes)
 Top five emerging countries in essential oil are India , China,
Indonesia, U.S. and Canada.
• The world demand for essential oil is growing rapidly especially
in developing countries like India and China.
Spices Statistics at Glance 2021

6. Largest global
market places
China
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Spain
United Kingdom
United States of America
Consumers
United states of America
Western Europe
Japan
Major Producer
Brazil
China
Egypt
India
Mexico
Guatemala
Indonesia
CONTD..
Shukla (2018)

7. Uses
 Mint used in Tea confectionery , for
flavouring Ice cream, Chewing gum,
Toothpaste, Mouth washes etc
Itching and Skin Irritations
Tension Headache
Colds and Flu
Act as Radio protective
Enhance memory

8. Mint flowers are large
nectar producers
Insecticides
Room scent and
aromatherapy
Cosmetics and
some perfumes

9. 1. JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis)
 Branches : Rigid, pubescent
60-90 cm tall.
 Leaves : Broad ovate leaves,
lanceolate to oblong, 3.7-10
cm long sharply toothed, or
shortly petiolated and hariy.
 Flowers : arranged in cyme
which are usually sessile or
rarely pedunculate. Flowers
are purplish, minute.

10.  Calyx : 2.5-3.0mm long deltoid acuminate.
 Corolla : white to purple,
4-5mm long.
 Presence of glandular hairs on leaves, stem and
calyx

11. Japanese mint (M.arvensis)
 Primary source : Menthol
 Fresh leaves : 0.4-6.0 per cent oil.
 Main constituents of the oil are
 Menthol (65-75%), Menthone (7-10%)
 Menthyl acetate (12-15%) and
 Terpenes (pipene, limonene and comphene).

12. 1.Shivalik
2.EC-41911
3. Himalaya (MAS-1)
4. Kalka (Hyb-77)
5. Koshi
6. Saksham
7. Gomati
8. Sambhav
9. Kushal
10. MAS-2

13. 2. PEPPER MINT (Mentha piperita)
Branches : square, branching
stems are of dark-green to
deep purple colour and bear
opposite, broadly lance-shaped.
Leaves : slightly toothed
leaves of deep-green colour,
2.5 to 5 cm long.

14.  Flowers : Small
purplish flowers are borne
in terminal spikes on the
main stem and branches
from June to September.

15.  Fresh herb : essential oils (0.4 to 0.6 %).
 Constituents are Methyl acetate (14-15%), Menthone
(9-25%) Menthofuran and terpenes like pinene and
limonene.
 Medicinally, it is an excellent carminative and
gastric stimulant.
 Applied externally it acts as a mild analgesic.
Pepper mint (M. piperita):

16. 1.Kukrail
2. Pranjal
3. CIM Madhuras
4. CIM Indus
5.Tushar
Pepper mint :

17. 3. SPEAR MINT ( Mentha spicata)
Perennial herb
Height of 90 cm tall
 Oil yield 0.6 %
 High carvone content
 Spearmint oil : Carvone (60-95%)
chewing gums and confectionery, soaps and
sauces
Minor constituents:
Phellandrene, limonene-pinene and
Cineole.

18. Spear mint ( Mentha spicata)
1. CIMAP-MSS-1
2. CIMAP-MSS-5
3. CIMAP-MSS-98
4. Punjab spearmint-1
5. Ganga
6. Neerkalka

19. 4. BERGAMOT MINT (M.citrata)
Branching, perennial herb
60 cm tall
Oil content 0.4-0.5%
Oil emits lemon like smell
Bergamot mint oil : Linalool and linalyl
acetate (45%)

20. Common name Botanical name Main constituents of mentha oil
Japanese mint Mentha arvensis Menthol (70-80 %)
Pepper mint M. Piperita Menthol (35-50 %)
Bergamot mint M.citrata Linalool and linalyl acetate (45 %)
Spear mint M. Spicata Carvone (60-95%)
Scotch spear mint M. cardiaca Carvone (53-68 %)
Garden mint M. viridis Carvone (very less)
CULTIVATED MINT SPECIES AND THEIR
MAIN CONSTITUENTS

21. Soil and Climate-
The mean temperature between 20-400 C during major part of the growing period
(Light showers at planting stage and ample sunshine at the time of harvesting) is
ideal for its cultivation.
Well drained loam or sandy loam soils rich in organic matter having pH between
6 and 8.2 are ideally suited for its cultivation.
 Japanese mint can be cultivated both in tropical and sub-tropical areas
Pepper mint and spear mint :
Ideal yield only in humid and temperate conditions like Kashmir and hills of UP
and HP.
 Bergamot mint :
• Grown even in temperate climate.

22. CULTIVATIONASPECTS
PROPAGATION:
 Mints are propagated through
the creeping stolons, suckers
or runners and terminal
cuttings
 Stolons are obtained from previous
years planting
 Best time for obtaining stolons is
during the months of December-
January.
On an average about 400 kg stolons
are required for planting one hectare
of land.

23. LAND PREPARATION
 Thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the stubbles of
weeds should be removed before the crop is planted.
 Manuring may be done at the time of land preparation by
adding FYM @ 25 to 30 t/ha.
 Green manuring may also be done before the mint is planted.
Sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is an ideal green manure
crop.
 Mints are planted on flat land or ridges. Hence, flat beds of
convenient sizes or ridges are made according to the spacing
recommended.

24. PLANTING
 In plains, planting is done during winter months, whereas in
temperate climate, planting is done from 1st week of January to
3rd week of February.
 The stolons are cut into small pieces (7-10 cm) and planted in
shallow furrows of about 7-10 cm deep at a distance of 45-60cm
from row to row manually or mechanically.
 Stolons are planted half way down on inner side of the ridges.

25. Irrigation-
Water requirement of mints is very high.
 Depending on soil and climatic conditions the crop is irrigated 6-9
times before the first monsoon.
 The crop requires three irrigations after monsoon
 Japanese mints require fifteen irrigations require getting maximum
yield.
Weeding-
Sinbar is effective as a post-emergence weedicide. Spray @ 1 kg per hectare.
 Organic mulch with combination of 0.5 kg oxyfluorfen herbicide per hectare and
weeding or Pendimethion herbicide at 1 kg per hectare and weeding has been
found to give excellent weed control throughout the crop growth.

26. The recommended dose for chemical fertilizers is Nitrogen 120 kg,
phosphorus 60 kg and potassium 40 kg per ha.
The entire quantity of P and K along with one-fifth of N is mixed
with the soil at the time of planting, the remaining four-fifth of N is
given as top-dressing twice for each harvest in available split doses.
Subsequently, half of N in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate
or urea is applied in 2 split doses at 30 and 60 days after planting.
Fertilizer application:

28. Major diseases :
 Leaf blight
Fusarium Wilt
 Powdery mildew and
 Stolon rot
Major insects :
 Leaf roller,
Pyralid hairy caterpillar and
 Termites

29. Powdery Mildew (Erysiphae cichoracearum)
• Powdery white patches are developed on the upper and
lower surfaces of the leaves and stems.
• Under favourable conditions, the disease causes severe
lossess. It also reduces the oil content up to 50%.
Cultural control:
• Maintain proper row spacing Use resistant or
tolerant varieties.
• Improve air circulation by thinning to reduce the
disease severity.

30. Stolon Rot (Macrophomina phaseoli)
Symptoms-
During rainy season, stolon rot
occurs on the underground parts
The infected stolons show brown
lesions which enlarge and turn black,
resulting in a soft decay.
Control-
Crop rotation. It is better to follow 3-year-crop rotation with
rice, wheat and mint.
Treatment of the stolons with 0.25% solution of Captan or 0.1%
Benlate for 2 to 3 minutes before planting is a preventive measure.
Stolon rot can be controlled by spraying of 0.2% Dithane M-45

31. 1. Leaf blight- Alternaria sp.
Symptoms- Cause loss of foliage during summer season
Control- Application of copper fungicide.
2. Fusarium Wilt-Fusarium oxysporum
Symptoms-
Affected leaves turn yellow, curled and finally dry
Control-Application of Benlate, Bavistin and Topsin

32. 1. Hairy Caterpillar (Diacrisia obliqua)
Damage- The caterpillar starts eating the under-surface of the leaves.
Control-Thiodan@1.7ml/ litre of water
2. Mint Leaf Roller (Syngamia abrupatalis)
Damage- The caterpillar folds the leaf in the form of a roll and feed inside the
leaf tissue
Two to three sprayings of Thiodan @1.5ml/litre of water at weekly intervals.

33. Harvesting andyield
 Generally the crop is harvested 100-120 days after planting when the
lower leaves start turning yellow.
 Harvesting consists of cutting the green herb by means of sickle 2-3cm
above the ground.
 A second harvest is obtained 80 days after the first harvest and the
third after about another 80 days.
 The first crop is ready by the end of June and the second in September or
October.
 A good crop can give as high as 48000 kg of fresh herb per hectare.
However, the average yield from three cuttings is 20,000 to 25,000 kg
which in turn may yield about 50-70 kg oil per hectare.
www.indg.in

35. Storage of Herb
 Harvested herb may be wilted in shade for a few hours.
 Both fresh and dry herb used for distillation.
 To get better result herbage should be shade dried for a
day before it is distilled.
 Steam distillation usually prepared and duration of
distillation is 2 -2.5 hours.
 Impurities present in oil can removed by filtration.
 Moisture present oil can be removed by application of
anhydrous sodium sulphate.
 GI or aluminium containers are suitable for long time
storage.

36. Shade drying

37. Distillation
The recovery of oil from the herb is 0.5-0.8%
Oil obtained through steam distillation
Oil is golden yellow color
Duration is 2-2.5 hr
About 80 % of oil is received in about 1 hr time
Oil received later is rich in Menthol.

38. Steam distillation

39. Purification of Oil
The oil that is skimmed off must be cleaned of
traces of water that it may carry.
For this purpose, a separator funnel is used.
Treating with anhydrous sodium sulphate and
decanting removes any moisture in the oil.
The whole process is highly critical.
Storage & Packing of Oil
PVC drums of good quality and galvanized iron (GI)
drums or aluminium containers are suitable for short and
long term storage respectively.
The containers should be kept in cool and dark place.

40. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
is the process of separating one
component (the extractant) from
another (the matrix)
using supercritical fluids as
the extracting solvent.
Innovative technique of essential oil extraction
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

41. Industrial concrete production

42. Plant for absolute production

43. Demand and Supply Patterns
• The Mint oils obtained from Mentha arvensis, Mentha
piperita, Mentha citrata and Mentha spicata have put
India on the world map.
• Mint oil and menthol are primarily exported.
Market analysis and strategy

44. Early Mint Technology- A novel agro-system for
minimizing cost of production of Menthol mint oil

45. Early Mint Technology (EMT)
1) Improved method of the production of planting material
(suckers / roots) (ridge planting)-(Aug –Dec)
2) Method of raising seedlings from suckers in winter season
(polyhouse /polytunnel /polycover) (Dec-Jan)
3) Modified method of transplanting/planting (ridge method
25x30 cm both sides of ridges), (Jan-Feb)
4) Preparation before harvesting and precautions to be taken
at harvest (withdrawing irrigation about 10-15 days before
harvest) (April-May continues to July)
5) Improved method of processing (distillation).

46. Annual report CIMAP 2015-16
Modified sucker production
technique on ridges
Modified planting
Technique on the ridges
Early nursery raising
Technique in the winter
season under poly cover

47. RIDGE PLANTING METHOD

48.  Brings earliness about 20-30 days
 15-20% increase in the productivity.
 Water requirement is reduced about 30%
 Minimize expenditure on land, labour, water & fuel about 20-25%
 Crop saved from availability of excess water due to early rains.
 Productivity of second harvest is enhanced about 30%.
 Hence it can play important role in sustaining menthol mint cultivation by
reducing cost of productions.
Annual report CIMAP 2014-15
Advantages of Early Mint Technology

49. Popularization of early mint technology (EMT) on farmers field
through training and demonstration

50. Harvesting and post-harvest studies on Mentha arvensis var. CIM-Kranti for quality
essential oil production in winter and summer cropping seasons
Menthol-mint (M. arvensis) is cultivated worldwide for its essential oil,
menthol, and dementholized oil in flavour, fragrance, and pharmaceutical
industries.
Different varieties of M. arvensis have been developed for its large scale
cultivation in India and to meet out its quality essential oil production.
The present experiment terms of essential oil yield and menthol content, the
summer cropping season was better than the winter season for M. arvensis var.
CIM-Kranti. Moreover, the wilting of the harvested crop in the field up to 72 h
had no adverse effect on the yield and quality of essentialoil.
CSIR-CIMAP
Annual Report 2019-2020

51. Annual report CIMAP 2014-15
distillation unit
“CIMAP UNNAT ASAVIKA” Distillation unit “CIMAP ASAVIKA”

52. CIMAP MOBILE DISTILLATION UNIT

53. Objective- To study proximate analysis and mineral composition of mint
(Mentha piperita)
Pal et. al., 2019

54. Results-The mint leaves have considerable mineral levels
(particularly potassium) and hence the sweets prepared from the
leaf extract may be useful to combat hypertension in people.
Mineral composition of mint leaves

56. The yield and profit from menthol mint depends on various factors like
planting material, method of cultivation, management practices, frequency of
harvesting in a year, climatic factors, market price etc.
 Generally, mint has planted by two different methods i.e. direct planting of
suckers/roots in the fields during the months of Dec.-January and through
nursery raising, transplanting during February and March.
If farmers cultivate mint through direct method, it will be ready for harvesting
in 110-120 days, whereas transplanting method will take 80-90 days for
harvesting.
In North India, maximum two subsequent harvests are taken by farmers at 40-
45 days intervals and obtain about 25-30t/ha, green herbs (250kg oil/ha.).
The total cost of cultivation incurred approximately Rs. 50k-60k/ha and net
profit Rs.1.70-1.80 lakh/ha.
Yield and Profit

57. Role of CSIR-CIMAP in Menthol industry CSIR-CIMAP has played a major
role in developing menthol industry in India from menthol importing country to
the largest global producer & exporter of menthol mint oil by increasing its
cultivation, developing short- duration & high yielding varieties and also
superior agroproduction and processing technologies, which enhanced the
income of nearly 0.6 million farming families.
CSIR-CIMAP is major source of quality planting material followed by
demonstration and dissemination of improved plant varieties (short-duration and
diseases resistant menthol-rich) and agro-technologies among the growers and
entrepreneurs all over the India.
Development of a novel agro-system “Early Mint Technology (EMT)” which
potentially reduces harvesting time by 20-30 days, increases the productivity by
15-20%, and minimizes expenditure on land, labour, water and fuel of about 20-
25%.

58. Cat Mint
Garden Mint
Other Mint
species

59. Spanish Mint

62. THANK
YOU