Tabled Content of Types of muscles

1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Musclesare responsible forall typesof bodymovement –theycontract or shortenand they are the
machine of the body.
There are three basicmuscle typesare foundinthe body:
 Smoothmuscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle Characteristics:-
 Has no striations
 Spindle-shapedcells
 Single nucleus
 Involuntary –no consciouscontrol
 Foundmainlyinthe wallsof hollow organs
 Slow,sustainedandtireless

2. Cardiac Muscle Characteristics:-
 Has striations
 Usuallyhasa single nucleus
 Joinedtoanothermuscle cell atan intercalateddisc
 Involuntary
 Foundonlyinthe heart
 Steadypace!
Skeletal muscles
Classification Of Muscles:-
A. ByFascicular Orientation
1.Parallel
2.Pennate
3 Spiral
4 Cruciate
Parallel ( Relativetomuscle directionof pull):-
(a) Quadrilateral- Quadratus - lumborum,Thyrohyoid
(b)Longandstrap like- Sartorius

3. (c) Strap like withtendinousintersection- Rectusabdominis
(d) Fusiform- Bicepsbrachii
Pennate muscles:-
(a) Unipennate –FlexorPollicislongus
(b)Bipennate- Rectusfemoris,Dorsal interossei of hand
(c )Multipennate - Deltoid
(d)Circumpennate-Tibialisanterior
Spiral Muscles:- Supinator
Cruciate Muscles:- Sternocledomastoid,Masseter
B. By Type Of Skeletal Muscle Fibre
1. Slowor Red fibresortype I fibres
2. Fast or White fibresortype IIfibres
C. By Insertionnearoraway fromjoint
1. ShuntMuscle( AwayfromJoint)
2. Spurt Muscle ( NearJoint)
Naming of skeletal Muscles:-
 Direction of muscle fibers
 Example: rectus (straight)
 Relative size of the muscle
 Example: maximus (largest)
 Location of the muscle
 Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis)
 Number of origins
 Example: triceps (three heads)

4.  Location of the muscles origin and insertion
 Example: sterno (on the sternum)
 Shape of the muscle
 Example: deltoid (triangular)
 Action of the muscle
 Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
Nomenclature of Muscles:-
On Basisof :
1.Shape of muscle
Deltoid,Quadratus,Rhomboid,Lumbricals
2.Size
Major , minor, longus, brevis
3. NumberOf Head
Biceps,triceps, Quadricepsfemoris, Digastric
4. Position
Supraspinatus,Infraspinatus,Abdominis, Oculi,oris
5.Depth
External oblique,Internaloblique,FlexorD.Superficialis,FlexorD. Profundus
6. Attachment: Sternocledomastoid, coracobrachialis
7. Action: Flexor,Extensor,Abductor
SKELETAL MUSCLES- NAME, ORIGIN, INSERTION & ACTION
Musclesof Facial Expression(thatdonotworkby crossinga joint)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Orbicularisoculi Closeseye (squint),
lowerseyebrows
Frontal bone and
maxilla
Eyelid
Orbicularisoris Closeslips(purses,
protrudes)
Maxillaandmandible Skinand muscle around
mouth

5. Zygomaticusmajor Raisescornersof mouth
(smile)
Zygomaticbone Skinand muscle at
corner of mouth
Buccinator Compresscheeks
(whistling,sucking)
Mandible andmaxilla
molarregions
Orbicularisoris
Frontalis Raise eyebrows Epicranial aponeurosis Skinof eyebrows
Musclesthat act on the Jaw (formasticationandfacial expression)
Musclesthat act on Neck(tomove head)
Musclesthat act on Shoulder(tomove the arm)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Masseter Elevatesmandible (asin
closingmouthwhile
chewing)
Zygomaticarch and
bone
Mandible ramusand
angle
Temporalis Elevatesmandible Temporal,frontal,
parietal bones
Coronoidprocessof
mandible
Platysma Pullslowerlipdown(as
infrowning) Depresses
mandible (opening
mouthas when
chewingorsurprised)
Pectoralismuscle Mandible,skinof lower
face
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Sternocleidomastoid Sternocleidomastoid
Both sides:flexesneck
(as inlookingdown)
One side:cockshead
Manubrium, clavicle Mastoidprocessof
temporal bone
Spleniuscapitis Both sides:extends
neck(as inlookingup)
One side:cockshead
C7 to T3 (variable) Nuchal line andmastoid
process
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Deltoid(anterior) Flexionandmedial
rotationof humerusat
shoulder
Clavicle Deltoidtuberosityof
humerus
Deltoid(middle) Abductshumerusat Acromion Deltoidtuberosityof

6. Rotator Cuff Muscles(ALLthese small muscleshelptokeepheadof humerussnugin glenoidfossa)
Musclesthat act on Scapula(to move shoulder)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Levatorscapulae Elevatesandretracts
scapula(as inbringing
shoulderupandin
towardear)
C1 to C4 Medial borderof
scapula,superiorto
spine
Rhomboideusmajor Retracts scapula(asin
pullingthe shoulders
back)
T2 to T5 Medial borderof
scapula
Serratusanterior Protracts scapula
(whichpushesthe arm
forwardinfront of the
Ribs1 to 9 Anteriorsurface of
vertebral borderof
scapula
shoulder(asinupward
flap)
humerus
Deltoid(posterior) Extensionandlateral
rotationof humerusat
shoulder
Scapularspine Deltoidtuberosity of
humerus
Pectoralismajor Flexion,adduction,
medial rotationof
humerusat shoulder(as
inoverheadfistraise,or
benchpressmotion)
Sternumto rib7 Medial
half of clavicle
Intertuberculargroove
of humerus
Latissimusdorsi Extension,adduction,
mediallyrotation
humerusat shoulder
(gymlat pull-downs)
T7 to L5, ribs 10 to 12,
iliaccrest
Intertuberculargroove
of humerus(muscle
travelsunderaxillary
region)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Subscapularis Mediallyrotates
humerusat shoulder.
Stabilizesshoulder.
Subscapularfossaof
scapula
Lessertubercle of
anteriorhumerus
Supraspinatus Abductsarm at
shoulder.Stabilizes
shoulder.
Supraspinousfossaof
scapula
Greatertubercle of top
of humerus
Infraspinatus Laterallyrotates
humerusat shoulder.
Stabilizesshoulder.
Infraspinousfossaof
scapula
Middle partof greater
tubercle of posterior
humerus
Teresminor Laterallyrotates
humerusat shoulder.
Stabilizesshoulder.
Lateral borderof
scapula
Inferiorpartof greater
tubercle of posterior
humerus

7. scapula,as inpunching
or hugging)
Trapezius(upper) Elevatesscapula(asin
shrugging)
Occipital bone,C1-C7 Lateral 1/3 clavicle and
acromionprocess
Trapezius(middle) Retracts scapula(asin
pullingshouldersback)
T1 to T5 Spine of scapula
Trapezius(lower) Retracts anddepresses
scapula(as inpulling
shouldersbackand
down)
T6 to T12 Medial 1/3 of scapula
spine
Musclesthat act on the Elbow(tomove the forearm)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Brachialis Flexeselbow(asin
bringingaspoonto
your mouth)
Anteriordistal shaftof
humerus
Coronoidprocessof
ulna
Pronatorteres Pronates forearmat
elbow(asinturninga
doorknoblaterally)
Medial epicondyle of
humerus,coronoid
processof ulna
Lateral midshaftof
radius
Bicepsbrachii Flexeselbow,supinates
forearm(asin scooping
up waterinyour hand
to drink)
Long head:
supraglenoidtubercle
of scapula
Short head:coracoid
processof scapula
Radial tuberosity
Tricepsbrachii Extendsforearmat
elbow(asinloweringa
spoonback to the table)
Long head: infraglenoid
tubercle of scapula
Lateral head: posterior
proximal shaftof
humerus
Medial head: posterior
distal shaftof humerus
Olecranonof ulna
Musclesthat act on Wrist (tomove the handand fingers)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Extensorcarpi radialis
brevis
Extendswrist,radially
deviateswrist
(abduction)
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Metacarpal III(base)
Flexorcarpi radialis Flexeswrist,radially
deviateswrist
(abduction)
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
MetacarpalsII and III
(base)
Extensorcarpi ulnaris Extendswrist,ulnar
deviateswrist
(adduction)
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus,posterior
shaftof ulna
Metacarpal V (base)

8. Flexorcarpi ulnaris Flexeswrist,ulnar
deviateswrist
(adduction)
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Pisiform, hamate,
metacarpal V (base)
Extensordigitorum Extendsdigitsof hand,
and wrist
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Dorsal side of digits2 to
5
Flexordigitorum Flexesdigitsof the
hand,and wrist
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Anteriorside of digits2
to 5
Musclesthat act on Vertebral Column
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Spinalisthoracis One side:lateral flexion
of vertebral column
Both sides:extension
and hyperextensionof
vertebral column
T11 to L2 T3 to T7
Rectusabdominis Compressesabdomen,
flexesvertebral column
Pubiscrestand
symphysis
Xiphoidprocess,costal
cartilage 5 to 7
Musclesof Breathing(musclesthatworkonthe vertebral column)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
External intercostals Pullsribsuptoward
origin,elevatesribcage
to cause inspiration
Inferiorborderof rib
above
Superiorbordersof rib
below
Diaphragm Diaphragmdropsdown
to enlarge thoracic
cavity,causing
inspiration
Xiphoidprocess,ribs10
to 12, costal cartilage 5
to 9, lumbarvertebrae
1-5
Central tendon(in
centerof the disc
shapeddiaphragm)
Musclesthat act at Hip(tomove leg)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Pectineus Flexeship,adductsleg Pubisandpubicramus From lessertrochanter
to superiorpartof linea
asperaof femur
Adductorlongus Flexeship,adductsleg Superiorramusof pubis Lineaaspera(shorter
insertionthanadductor
magnus)
Adductormagnus Extendship,adductsleg Inferiorischial ramus Lineaasperaof femur
Gluteusmaximus Extendship(asin
pushingdownwhile
climbingastair),rotates
leglaterally
Ilium, sacrum, coccyx Gluteal tuberosityof
femur
Gracilis Adductslegat hip, Pubis Medial aspectof

9. flexesknee proximal tibia
Tensorfasciae latae (tensesorstabilizeship
and knee joints),
abductslegat hip
Iliaccrest nearanterior
superiorspine
Lateral condyle of tibia
Psoasmajor Flexeship(asinlifting
legto place on stair)
Vertebral bodiesT12 to
L5
Lessertrochanterof
femur
Sartorius Flexeshipandflexes
knee,laterallyrotates
thigh(intocrosslegged
position)
Anteriorsuperioriliac
spine
Medial aspectof tibial
tuberosity
Musclesthat Flex Knee (hamstringsworkasa group,as whenpullingbackinpreparationtokicka ball)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Bicepsfemoris Extendship,flexes
knee,laterallyrotates
leg
Long head:Ischial
tuberosity
Short head:Posterior
mid-shaftof femur
Headof fibula
Semimembranosus Extendship,flexesknee Ischial tuberosity Posteriormedial
condyle of tibia
Semitendinosus Extendship,flexesknee Ischial tuberosity Medial surface of
proximal tibia(slightly
anteriorto insertionof
semimembranosus)
Musclesthat ExtendKnee (quadricepsworkasa group,as whenkickingaball)
ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Vastuslateralis Extendsknee Greatertrochanter,
lateral lipof linea
aspera(wrapsaround
to anteriorsurface)
Tibial tuberosityand
patella
Vastusmedialis Extendsknee Intertrochantericline,
medial lipof linea
aspera(wrapsaround
to anteriorsurface)
Tibial tuberosityand
patella
Vastusintermedius Extendsknee Anteriorshaftof femur Tibial tuberosityand
patella
Rectusfemoris Extendsknee,flexeship
(kickingaball)
Anteriorinferioriliac
spine of coxal bone
Tibial tuberosityand
patella
Musclesthat act on Ankle (tomove foot)

10. ACTION ORIGIN INSERTION
Soleus Plantarflexionatankle Proximal thirdof tibia
and fibula
Calcaneus
Gastrocnemius Plantarflexionatankle,
flexesknee
Medial andlateral
epicondylesof femur
Calcaneus
Tibialisanterior Dorsiflexionand
inversionatankle
Lateral condyle and
antero-lateral tibia
Medial cuneiform,
undermetatarsal 1
Function of Skeletal Muscles:-
 Produce movement
 Maintainposture
 Stabilize joints
 Generate heat
MicroscopicAnatomyof Skeletal Muscle:-
 Cellsare multinucleate
 Nuclei are justbeneaththe sarcolemma
 Sarcolemma– specializedplasmamembrane
 Sarcoplasmicreticulum –specializedsmoothendoplasmicreticulum
Myofibril
 Bundlesof myofilaments
 Myofibrilsare alignedtogive distrinctbands
 I band= lightband

11.  A band= dark band
Sarcomere
 Contractile unitof a muscle fiber
Organization of the sarcomere
 Thickfilaments=myosinfilaments
 Composedof the proteinmyosin
 Has ATPase enzymes
 Thinfilaments=actinfilaments
 Composedof the proteinactin
MYOSIN:-
 Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)
 Myosin and actin overlap somewhat

12. Nerve Stimulus to Muscles:-
 Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve to contract (motor neruron)
 Motor unit
 One neuron
 Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron
Neuromuscular junction:-
A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the
contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a
motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.
 Neuromuscularjunctions –associationsite of nerve andmuscle
 Synapticcleft– gap betweennerveandmuscle
 Nerve andmuscle donot make contact

13.  Areabetweennerve andmuscle isfilledwithinterstitialfluid
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
 Neurotransmitter–chemical releasedbynerve uponarrival of nerve impulse
 The neurotransmitterforskeletal muscleisacetylcholine
 Neurotransmitterattachestoreceptorsonthe sarcolemma
 Sarcolemmabecomes permeabletosodium(Na+
)
 Sodiumrushingintothe cell generatesanactionpotential
 Once started,muscle contractioncannotbe stopped
The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
 Activationbynerve causesmyosinheads(crossbridges)toattachto bindingsitesonthe thin
filament
 Myosinheadsthenbindto the nextsite of the thinfilament
 Thiscontinuedactioncausesa slidingof the myosinalongthe actin
 The resultisthat the muscle isshortened(contracted)

14. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle:-
 Muscle fibercontractionis“all or none”
 Withina skeletal muscle,notall fibersmaybe stimulatedduringthe same interval
 Differentcombinationsof muscle fibercontractionsmaygive differingresponses
Gradedresponses –differentdegreesof skeletalmuscle shortening,rapidstimulus=constant
contractionor tetanus
Muscle ResponsetoStrong Stimuli:-
 Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers stimulated
 More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension
 Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of energy
Energy for Muscle Contraction:
 Initially,musclesusedstoredATPforenergy
 Bondsof ATPare brokento release energy
 Only4-6 secondsworthof ATPis storedbymuscles
 Afterthisinitial time,otherpathwaysmustbe utilizedtoproduce ATP
Direct phosphorylation :-
 Muscle cellscontaincreatine phosphate (CP)
 CP isa high-energymolecule
 AfterATPis depleted,ADPisleft
 CP transfersenergytoADP,toregenerate ATP
 CP suppliesare exhaustedinabout20 seconds
Anaerobic glycolysis:-
 Reactionthatbreaksdownglucose withoutoxygen
 Glucose isbrokendownto pyruvicacidto produce some ATP
 Pyruvicacidis convertedtolacticacid

15. Aerobic Respiration:-
 Seriesof metabolicpathwaysthatoccurinthe mitochondria
 Glucose isbrokendownto carbondioxide andwater,releasingenergy
 Thisis a slowerreactionthatrequirescontinuousoxygen
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt:-
 When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract
 The common reason for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt
 Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove oxygen debt
 Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic acid
 Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Types of Muscle Contractions:-
 Isotonic contractions
 Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions
 The muscle shortens
 Isometric contractions
 Tension in the muscles increases
 The muscle is unable to shorten
MUSCLE TONE:-
 Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle
 Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone
 The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control
Effects of Exercise onMuscle:-
 Increase in muscle size

16.  Increase in muscle strength
 Increase in muscle efficiency
 Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
Muscles andBody Movements:-
 Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone
 Muscles are attached to at least two points
 Origin – attachment to a immoveable bone
 Insertion – attachment to an movable bone
Types of Ordinary Body Movements:-
 Flexion – decreases angle of joint and brings two bones closer together
 Extension- opposite of flexion
 Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinal axis, shaking head “no”
 Abduction/Adduction (see slides)
 Circumduction (see slides)
 Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
 Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
 Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
 Fixators
Disorders relating tothe Muscular System:-
• Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle enlarge due to increased fat and connective
tissue, but fibers degenerate and atrophy
• Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to maintain the sarcolemma
• Myasthemia Gravis: progressive weakness due to a shortage of acetylcholine receptors
Abnormal Contractions:-

17. • spasm – involuntary contraction of one muscle
• cramp – painful spasm
• tetanus – multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
• tic – involuntary twiches of muscles, usually under voluntary control
• tremor – rhythmical, involuntary contractions of opposite groups of muscles
• fasciculations – involuntary, short twiches on motor unit visible under the skin
• fibrilace – spontaneous contractions of fibres of one muscle that aren´t visible under the
skin
• fascia (= perimysium externum)
– fibrous envelope of muscle or muscle group
– barrier for spreading of inflammation in that specific area
• osteofascial septum (= septum osteofasciale)
– fascial divider from the superficial fascia to the periosteum
separates the space for muscle groups – compartment (compartimentum)
 Enthesopathy- Ex; Tenniselbow