1. NATIONAL SPACE RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
A REMOTE SENSING AND GIS PRESENTATION
BY
EGBOKA PHILIP IFEANYI
NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA
DATE: MAY 2016

2. OUTLINE
• TOPIC
• DEFINATION OF REMOTE SENSING
• DEFINATION OF GIS
• APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
• CONFLICTS BETWEEN HERDSMEN AND FARMERS
• REASONS BEHIND CONFLICTS
• STUDY OF KANO RAINFALL/SUNHOURS
• CAUSES OF CONFLICTS
• FUTURE EFFECTS OF THE CONFLICTS
• SOLUTION
• PROCESS
• SUITABILITYANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE

3. TOPIC
THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND
GIS IN LOCATING RANCHES AND
ROUTES FOR HERDSMEN

4. WHAT IS REMOTE SENSING
Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's
surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or
emitted energy (from distant objects or materials, by which they may be identified and categorized by
class/type, substance, and spatial distribution of earth features) and processing, analyzing, and
applying that information.

5. WHAT IS GIS?
GIS are computerized tools for the acquisition, storage, checking, processing, manipulation,
analyzing and presentation of data, which are spatially referenced to the earth (Borough, 1986).
Its a systems used to carry out investigations by asking questions, and are used to proffer solutions
relating to environmental studies, intelligence applications, forestry, agriculture, medicine,
firefighting etc. These questions are:
 The location question – Where is?
 The condition question – What is?
 The trend question – What has changed?
 The routing question – Which is the best way?
 The pattern question – What is the pattern?
 The modeling question – What if?

6. APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING
AND GIS
Agriculture
• Commodities Forecasting, Global
• Food Security, Infrastructure
• Studies
Environment
• Impact Assessments
Forestry
• Natural Resource Management,
Transportation
• Planning and Development
Insurance
• Crop Damage Assessments, Property
• Loss, Risk Assessments
National and Global Security
• Relief Operations, Treaty/ Sanctions
• Monitoring, Regional Conflicts
Emergency Response
• Damage Assessments, Accessibility
• Studies,
Telecommunications
• Cell Siting Studies, Network Assessments

7. CONFLICTS BETWEEN HERDSMEN
FARMERS
THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE FULANI HERDSMEN
IN THE NORTH AND THE FARMERS IN SOME OTHER
REGIONS FOR DECADES NOW HAS RESULTED IN THE
LOSS OF SO MANY INNOCENT LIVES, FOR EXAMPLE:
• NWEZE (2005) OBSERVED IN IMO STATE BETWEEN
1996 – 2005 ABOUT 19 PEOPLE DIED AND 42 INJURED.
• IN 2013, AT LEAST 206 PEOPLE WERE KILLED IN
BENUE STATE AND THOUSANDS DISPLACED FROM
THEIR HOMES WITHIN SIX MONTHS.
• TWO KILLED IN EKITI LAST WEEK, GOVERNOR
BANS GRAZING.
• IN MANY AREAS OF THE NORTH CENTRAL GEO
POLITICAL ZONES UP TO 4000 LIVES HAVE BEEN
CLAIMED.
Image source: https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org

8. REASON BEHIND THESE CLASHES
ALTHOGH MANY MAY THINK THESE CLASHES ARE AS A RESULT OF RELIGIOUS OR
ETHNIC DIVERSITY. WE CANT DENY THE FACT THAT THE CHANGE IN CLIMATE PLAYS
A MAJOR ROLE .
SOME EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
• DECREASE IN CROP PRODUCTION
• POOR PASTURE PRODUCTION
• LOSS OF LIVESTOCK, DECREASE IN THE AVAILABILITY OF DUNG (EXPORTED RESOURCE)
• FINANCIAL LOSS FOR FARMERS. ETC

9. RECENT STUDY OF AMOUNT OF
RAINFALL IN THE NORTH (KANO)

10. AVERAGE MONTHLY SUNHOURS IN
KANO, NIGERIA

11. MAJOR CAUSES OF THESE CONFLICTS
CAUSES
• DESTRUCTION OF CROPS
• CONTAMINATION OF STREAM BY
CATTLE
• OVER GRAZING OF FALLOW LAND
• SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN BY
NOMADS
• HARASSMENT OF NOMADS BY
YOUTHS
• THEFT OF CATTLE
• INDISCRIMINATE BUSH BURNING etc.
EFFECTS
• REDUCTION IN OUTPUT AND INCOME
OF BOTH PARTIES (80% Nigeria’s food
grown by local farmers.
http://europe.newsweek.com/nigerias-new-security-threat-
herdsmen-farmer-conflict-motivated-climate-change-459528 )
• DISPLACEMENT OF FARMERS
• ARMS RUNNING
• LOSS OF PRODUCE AND STORAGE
• LOSS OF LIVES etc.

12. FUTURE EFFECTS IF LEFT UNCHECKED
• REDUCTION IN INCOME AND OUTPUT OF BOTH PARTIES
• DISPLACEMENT OF FARMERS
• INCREASE IN COST OF FOOD
• UNEMPLOYMENT
• ETHNIC WAR IN THE COUNTRY
• LOSS OF PRODUCE AND STORAGE
• ARMS RUNNING
• LOSS OF LIVES etc.

13. SOLUTION
THE GRAND COMMANDER OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA, PRESIDENT
BUHARI HAS DECIDED TO MAP OUT RANCHES AND PROVIDE ROUTES FOR
TRANSHUMANCE.
THIS IS WHERE WE COME IN…

14. …WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGY, WE CAN
EASILY MONITOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND OBSERVE CHANGES OVER THE COUNTRY
WITHIN A PERIOD OF TIME AND PROBABLY MAKE PREDICTIONS BASED ON TRENDS.

15. THE PROCESS
STEP.1
OBTAIN DIFFERENT SATELLITE IMAGES OF THE STUDY AREA (FROM THE PAST TO
THE PRSEENT) AND CARRY OUT SUITABILITYANALYSIS ON LOCATING RANCHES
ACROSS THE STUDY AREA.
Image source: Landsat band 742

16. SUITABILITY ANALYSIS
SUITABILITYANALYSIS IS A
GEOGRAPHIC, OR GIS BASED PROCESS
USED TO DETERMINE THE
APPROPRIATENESS OF A GIVEN AREA
FOR A PARTICULAR USE.
SUITABILITY IS DETERMINED THROUGH
A SYSTEMATIC MULTI-FACTOR ANALYSIS
OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE
TERRAIN. WITH PHYSICAL, CULTURAL
AND ECONOMIC FACTORS CONSIDERED,
THE RESULT IS OFTEN DISPLAYED ON A
MAP USED TO HIGHLIGHT AREAS FROM
HIGH TO LOW SUITABILITY, ANSWERING
THE “WHERE IS THE BEST LOCATION ?”
QUESTION.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717158

17. STEP.2
OBTAIN A LAND COVER LAND USE MAP
OF THE STUDY AREA.
A LAND COVER MAPS PROVIDE
INFORMATION TO HELP MANAGERS
BEST UNDERSTAND THE CURRENT
LANDSCAPE, IT INDICATES THE
PHYSICAL LAND TYPE AND FEATURES
SUCH AS VEGETATION OR OPEN WATER
ETC.
image source: http://www.w3.org/1999

18. STEP.3
OVERLAYING THE SUITABILITYANALYSIS MAP WITH THE LAND COVER
LAND USE MAP.
TO HELP IMPROVE THE RESULT, AND IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENCES AND
SIMILIARITIES BETWEEN THE PRESENT LAND USE AND THE POTENTIAL
LAND USE.
Image source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717158 Image source: Phil

19. CONCLUSION
THIS SOLUTION WOULD HELP IMPROVE THE ECONOMY IN MANY WAYS SUCH AS
PREVENTING ANY FUTRE UNNECESSARY CONFLICTS AND DEATHS BETWEEN THE
HERDSMEN AND THE FARMERS. IT WOULD ALSO LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN THE
QUANTITY OF LOCALLY PRODUCED FOOD ETC. ALL OF WHICH ULTIMATELY
IMPROVE THE ECONOMY OF OUR COUNTRY.
THANK YOU.

20. REFERENCES
• International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Ofuoku and Isife.pdf at
http://www.academicjournals.org/ijsa
• http://www.morningstarnews.org/feed/
• http://europe.newsweek.com/nigerias-new-security-threat-herdsmen-farmer-conflict-motivated-
climate-change-459528
• Basic principles of geographic information systems
• http://venturesafrica.com/terror-groups-one-two-many-nigerian-fulani-herdsmen-are-one-of-five-
deadliest-terror-groups-in-the-world/
• Fulani- Farmer Conflict and Climate Change in Ghana By Akosua Dosu.
• http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/200426-exclusive-struck-agatu-fulani-
herdsmen.html
• Daily Times Newspaper.