References: Macayan,J.V., Pinugu,J.N. and Castillo, J.C. (2018). Understanding the Self

2. VS
Empericism
Rationalism

3. Empericism
• Knowledge derived from experiences
• Either experienced with the 5 senses or
processed with the brain

4. Rationalism
• Knowledge is innate
• Conclusions are derived through logic
and reasoning.

5. Philosophy
• Mother of all disciplines

6. Self
• A unifies being, essentially connected to
consciousness, awareness, and agency
(or, at least, with the faculty of rational
choice)

7. SOCRATES
• Every human person is dualistic
• Real self is not the physical body
• Knowledge is the personification of
good while ignorance is that of evil
• Self knowledge is the ultimate virtue
• It will lead to happiness

8. Socrates
• Perfect and
and permanent
/ Real self
Soul Body
• Imperfect and
and
impermanent

9. Plato
• A student of Socrates who agreed
that a person is dualistic.
• He added that the soul has three
parts
• And these parts should work
harmoniously

10. • Rational – forged by reason and
intellect
• Spirited – In charged of emotions
• Appetitive – base desires such as
eating, sleeping and sex
Soul

11. ST. Augustine
• Infusing Plato’s idea to the
Doctrine of Christianity
• Bifurcated nature
• The man continuously yields
to be with divine
• The body is bound to die and
the soul shall anticipate living
eternally in a realm of
spiritual bliss in communion
with God
• To attain communion and
bliss with the Divine by living
his life on earth in virtue
• All knowledge leads to God
Only the pure in heart can see
God
• Love of God, Faith in Him and
understanding of His Gospel
will ultimately lead to happiness

12. • Can stay after death • Will thrive in the
imperfect, physical
reality
Soul Body

13. Aquinas
• What makes a
human person
different from
animals is his soul,
his essence
• It is what makes us a
human

14. • Or hyle
• Common stuff that
makes up
everything
• Man’s body is part
of everything
Matter Form
• Or morphe
• The essence of
a substance or
thing

15. Aristotle
• Ideal and
phenomena is
codependent and
co exists

16. • Essence
• Provide
meaning
Ideal Phenomena
• Substance and
solidity to
essence

17. Rene Descartes
• Cogito Ergo sum
• I think, therefore I am
• The mind and self can
exist without the body
• The only thing that one
cannot doubt is the
existence of the self

18. The thing that
thinks
Mind
(Cogito)
Body
(extenza)
The extension of
the mind
A machine that is
attach in the
mind

19. John Locke
• It is in consciousness
also that identity exists
not in the body and
soul
• The soul may changed
the consciousness
remain intact
• Tabula Rasa ( Blank
slate)
• Theory of Personal
Identity

20. Tabula Rasa

21. David Hume
• Skeptical Philosophy
• All knowledge passes
through the senses
• There is no self, only a
bundle of perception
• One can know only what
comes from the senses
and experience. Men can
only attain knowledge
through experience.

22. No self just a bundle of perceptions

23. Immanuel Kant
• Reason is the final
authority of morality
• There is inner self and
outer self
• Without the self one
cannot organize the
different impressions.
• The self is not just what
gives one his personality
but the seat of
knowledge acquisition
for all humans

24. Metaphysics of the self
• Inner self-
includes rational
reasoning and
psychological
state
• Outer self-
includes the body
and physical
mind, where
representation
occurs

25. Gilbert Ryle
• “ I act therefore, I am”
• The mind is not the seat of
self
• It is not a separate , parallel
thing to our physical body
• The mind is a category
mistake brought by habitual
use
• The only way it can affect
the other is through the
external world

26. • The self is not an entity one can locate
and analyze but simply the convenient
name that people use to refer to all
behaviors that people make

27. Maurice Merleau- Ponty
• “ we are our
bodies”
• Our bodily
experience do
not detach the
subject/object,
mind/body,
rational/ irrational

28. • The mind and body is so intertwined
that they cannot be separated