I studied on "Status of lakes in Hyderabad" in year 2013. It was a dissertation project, assigned to me by Dr. T.V. Ramachandra, Centre for Continuing Education, Indian Institute of Science (IISc.) Bangaloreas, as part of the Environmental Management Course (2013-14). I hope that the findings of this project give you overall picture of status of lakes in Hyderabad, help you understand socio-economic and ecological importance of lakes, major issues faced by the lakes and various strategies for protection of lakes.

1. Status of lakes in Hyderabad
Presented By:
Nisha Kumari,
Environment Management, (Session-2013-14)
Indian Institute of Science (IISc.), Bangalore

2. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Content
•Introduction (Objective of the project, Methodology, Study Area)
•Lakes In Hyderabad And Their Importance
•Present Status Of Lakes In Hyderabad
•Problems Faced By Lakes In Hyderabad
•Effect Of Lake Degradation
•Strategies For Protection Of Lakes In Hyderabad
•Legal Framework To Save Lakes
•Major Initiatives Towards Lake Conservation In Hyderabad
•Case Studies
•Way Forward
•Acknowledgements
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2013-14
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3. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Introduction
•The Hyderabad city, founded in 1591 on the banks of river “Musi”
•Geographical location of Hyderabad is 17.366°N Latitude and 78.476°E Longitude.
•The city is situated at an attitude of 536 meters (1607 ft.) above sea level.
•The city lies in the Deccan Plateau, houses multiple lakes and large water tanks
•Since the twin city (Secunderabadand Hyderabad) were built on a rocky terrain, the potential for using groundwater is limited.
•The cities are dependent on surface water (lakes)
•But from last few decades, the water bodies are shrinking and disappearing.
•Their revival is an indispensable component for providing water security to the city. 19 September 2014
Nisha Kumari, Environmental Management
2013-14
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4. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
•The objective of the project is “to study status of lakes in Hyderabad”
•Sub Objectives of the project is to find out:
Historical, socio-economical and ecological importance of lakes in Hyderabad
Present Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Problems faced by lakes in Hyderabad
Effect of Lake Degradation in Hyderabad
Strategies for Protection of lakes in Hyderabad
Legal framework to save lakes
Initiatives towards protection and revival of Water Bodies of Hyderabad
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Introduction
Objective of the project

5. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
SECONDARY RESEARCH
•Secondary data was collected from various websites and existing literatures.
•Some of the sources referred
HMDA website (http://www.hmda.gov.in/)
Soul website (http://www.soulhyd.org/).
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
SaciWaters
Centre for Science and Environment India
Ministry of Environment & Forests
•National and local news papers
PRIMARY RESEARCH
•Qualitative data was collected through interaction with experts.
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Introduction
Research Methodology

6. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) jurisdiction
•Area 7,257 sq. km.
•Hyderabad –the capital city of Andhra Pradesh is one of the fastest growing cosmopolitan metropolitan cities in India.
•Considering area of the city, it is disproportionately larger than any urban Centre in the state.
•With an increase in service sector base, in the city, there is a consequent increase in the population. Hyderabad recorded rapid population growth in the last few decades.
•It is ranked as sixth largest and one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities of India. 19 September 2014
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Introduction
Study Area

7. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Area of jurisdiction
Area
GHMC (Inside Outer Ring Road)
650 sq. km
HUDA
1905 sq. Km
HMDA (Area including outside Ring Road)
7,257 sq. km
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HYDERABAD-ADMINISTRATIVE AREA
Source: http://www.hmda.gov.in/images/map.jpg

8. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) growth trend-AP
Population Growth Trend in GHMC
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2013-14
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Introduction
Rapid urbanisation, industrialisation and population growth in Hyderabad
1.80
2.55
3.06
3.64
6.81
41.80%
20.20%
18.90%
87.20%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
-
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
Yr. 1971
Yr. 1981
Yr. 1991
Yr. 2001
Yr. 2011
Population Growth-GHMC
Population (Mn.)
Growth in %
1,69,328
2,05,239
2,50,169
3,00,384
3,55,368
4,22,541
-
50,000
1,00,000
1,50,000
2,00,000
2,50,000
3,00,000
3,50,000
4,00,000
4,50,000
GDDP Growth-AP
GDDP (Rs. In Mn.)
Linear (GDDP (Rs. In Mn.))
Sourcs:http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/STATE%20ECONOMY.pdf
Source:http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/hyderabad- population.html

9. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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2013-14
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Lakes In Hyderabad And Their Importance
Historical importance
Socio-Economic Importance
Ecological Importance

10. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
•Many big tanks were built by the rulers to meet the water and irrigation needs of the city
•Many big tanks were built by the QutubShahirulers (1534-1724 A.D.) and later by the AsafJahirulers (1724-1948) in and around Hyderabad city.
•Some of the big tanks built during those periods are Hussain Sagar, Mir Alam, Afzal Sagar, Jalpalli, Ma-SehabaTank, TalabKatta, Osmansagarand Himayatsagaretc. (RekhaRani, 1999).
•Most of the big tanks were constructed by the former rulers or ministers whereas the minor tanks were built by zamindars.
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Importance of Lakes
Historical Importance

11. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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2013-14
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Importance of Lakes
Historical Importance
Some of the famous lakes built during QutubShahirulers (1534-1724 A.D.)
Hussain Sagar
•Was built in 1562 by Sultan Ibrahim KutbShah
•Most famous and historic lake
•First drinking water source for the two cities
•A major spot of tourist attractions.
MaSaheba tank (Presently known as Masab Tank)
•Built in 1624 A.D. to meet water requirements of the general public
Saroornagar Lake is known to have been built in 1624
•Built in 1624 with an area of about 5 sq. kms. in the eastern part of the city.
•It is the main water body in the eastern sector of the city.
Some of the famous lakes built during AsafJahirulers (1724-1948)
The Mir Alamtank,
•Constructed in 1806, by French engineers during the reign of Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah Asif Jah III, the third Nizam of Hyderabad state
•Supplying plenty of water to the city and the suburbs
Osman Sagar lake- constructed in 1920
•It was created in 1920 by damming the MusiRiver
•It was built to provide water for the twin cities as well as to save them from floods.
•The lake was named after the last Nizramof Hyderabad, Osman Ali Khan, who also had it built

12. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
•Source of drinking water
•Sustain traditional urban livelihoods
•Source of revenue for statethrough eco-tourism and water based Recreation Centres.
•Improve aesthetics of the cityand offer scope for nature study
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Importance of Lakes
Socio-Economic Importance

13. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
•Lakes play a very vital role in local hydrology. Some of the ecological importance of lakes are as follows:
Lakes contribute significant recharge of ground water and rainwater conservation
Lakes of Hyderabad hold good recreation values and are nesting grounds for the migratory birdsthat pass by Hyderabad every winter.
Lakes are great repository of biodiversity including flora and fauna
Support aquatic life
Regulates and enhance micro-climatic conditions, Keeps local weather conditions in balance and surrounding cool
Ecological indicator
Urban flood mitigating structure-Regulates flood waters and minimize economic loss due to flooding
Contribute towards natural remediation of waste waters.
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2013-14
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Importance of Lakes
Ecological Importance

14. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Present Status Of Lakes In Hyderabad
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Nisha Kumari, Environmental Management
2013-14
Population growth and industrialization lead to Encroachments and shrinking of lakes in Hyderabad

15. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
According to a study conducted by NGRI Hyderabad (Using remote sensing data obtained from the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA))
•Hyderabad's growth in the last three decades has come at the cost of 375 lakes going extinct
•The HUDA area is having only 531 lakes as compared to the 906 it had in 1982.
•A majority of lakes (268 lakes) have vanished between 2002 and 2012.
•Of the existent lakes,
267 have a spread of less than five hectares,
108 have a spread less than 10 hectares and
The remaining 156 lakes measure more than 10 hectares
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Present Status
Shrinking lakes over few decades
Satellite map of HUDA showing Shrinking of no. of lakes over last 3 decades:
Lake Spread
1982
1992
2002
2012
5 Hectare
593
534
492
267
5-10 Hectare
160
146
140
108
more than 10 hectares
153
196
167
156
Source: EenaduDistrict Edition, Hyderabad; Article Name-ChivarikiMigilindi(At final what you have), 1stoct2013

16. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
•All the lakes of Hyderabad are in varying degrees of environmental degradation.
•According to a concerted exercise by the Lake Protection Committee (LPC) the identified no. of lakes in HMDA are as follows:
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Present Status
Data on lakes in Hyderabad
Lakes identified by HMDA in Hyderabad (jurisdiction-wise)
Areaofjurisdiction
Area
No.ofLakes
GHMC(InsideOuterRingRoad)
650sq.km
455
HUDA
1905sq.Km
531
HMDA(AreaincludingoutsideRingRoad)
7,257sq.km
2857
District Wise Abstract of Lakes Identified in HMDA Area
Districts
No of Water Bodies
InsideORR
OutsideORR
Total
Hyderabad
23
0
23
MahaboobNagar
0
133
133
Medak
44
1278
1322
Nalgonda
0
218
218
Ranga Reddy
388
773
1161
Total
455
2402
2857

17. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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2013-14
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Present Status
Present status of some of the water bodies
Waterbody
Whatitistoday
MirJumlaTank
Convertedtoslum
MaasaabcheruvuandRamathpuracheruvu
Convertedtoaneffluentcolony
YusufgudaandBatakammakunta
Garbagedumpinggrounds
SahebnagarcheruvuvinHayathnagarMandal
OccupiedbyinfluentialpoliticiansandlayoutsforHUDA
GopicheruvuatGacchiBowlinearoldBombayroad
ConvertedtotownshipbyDyoncompany
Kanchanbagcheruvu
Filledupandahospitalhascomeup.
SomefactsaboutwaterbodiesinHyderabad
3,245hectaresoflakeareawaslostbetween1989and2001(AnjalPrakash,executivedirectorofSaciwaters)
Besidesthelargewaterbodies,numeroussmallwaterbodiesintheperiurbanzonesalsoshrunk,whenthecityunderwentawaveofrealestategrowth(RamachandraiahandPrasad2008).
Peoplehavemanagedtodestroycloseto50percentofthewetlandsinthecityinlast3decades
Researchbasedonsatelliteimageryshowswaterbodiescoverageinthecityhasreducedfrom2.5%to1.5%.
TheFamousHussainSagarLake,MirAlamTankwhichservedasasourceofdrinkingwaterduringtheNizam’stimehasbeencompletelypolluted.

18. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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2013-14
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Present Status
Categorisation of water bodies based on present status
Still used as sources of drinking water and have recreational potential
In progressive stages of degradation and can be rehabilitated
Totally reclaimed and lost forever
Osman Sagar
Himayat Sagar
SwaroopnagarLake, Mir AlamTank, Hussain Sagar; Shameerpetlakes, Noor Mohammed Kunta
Mir JumlaTank,
Ma SahabTank and
BatkammaKunta
Categorisation
Lakes

19. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Status of some of the lakes of Hyderabad
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Hamid Khan Kunta, also known as TajBanjaraLake, has been encroached.
Garbage Dumping at Hameed Khan KuntaSite
The polluted waters of the Hussain SagarLake in Hyderabad raising a stink.

20. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
20
Problems Faced By Lakes In Hyderabad
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Nisha Kumari, Environmental Management
2013-14

21. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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2013-14
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Problems Faced By Lakes
Major factors lead to degradation of lakes in Hyderabad
Lake pollution
Shrinking of lake
Lake Degradation
Rapid Urbanisation And Encroachment
Encroachment of lake area, violating urban development norms
Soil Erosion and siltation due to encroachment
Degradation of lake inlet and outlet
Continuous flow of untreated waste water
Sewerage water (Industrial and domestic effluent) is diverted in the lakes which leads to pollution, ground water contamination and diseases
Dumping of debris and garbage
Washing of clothes in lakes
Invasive weeds
Heavy siltation and pollution due to idol immersion
Lack of knowledge and understanding urban watersheds & hydrology

22. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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2013-14
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Factors contributing towards degradation of water bodies of Hyderabad
Level 1
•Population Growth
•Urbanisation
•Industrial Growth
Level 2
•Increased concretization
•Encroachment
•Reduced greenery of the city
•Dumping of untreated sewagein the lakes
•Idol immersion
•Dumping of debris and garbage
Level 3
•Soil Erosion
•Silting of Lakes
•Degradation of lake inlet and outlet
•Invasive weed
Lake Degradation

23. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Major factors subsequently causing shrinking of lakes at various stages
Urbanization/ industralization
Population Growth
Rapid Concretization
Encroachment of Lake area
Siltation
Blockage of lake inlet and outlet, Reduced lake area
Reduced water carrying capacity of lake and infilteration
Shrinking and disappearing lakes
Water Crisis, Inundation

24. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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Factors causing pollution of lakes at various stage
Urbanization/ industralization
Population Growth
Increased Industrial and domestic effluent / Garbage
Sewage water diverted in the lakes/ Garbage Dumping
Siltation/ lake Pollution
Lake Pollution
ground water contamination and diseases
Scarcity of clean drinking water

25. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Reasons of encroachment
•City growth, industrial and urban spread
•Housing colonies are being constructed in dried lakes.
•According to the govt. rules, if the lakes do not receive water for three consecutive years and the lake remains dry, then the lake area comes under the jurisdiction of the Revenue Department.
•Non implementation of building regulations and pollution control laws
LAKESCONNECTIVITYANDTHEIRROLEINPREVENTINGINUNDATION
Lakeinletandoutlettoregulateitsflow.Abiglakeisencompassedbyits’largecatchmentareawhichcontainsanumberofsmalllakes& ponds.Thesesmalllakesandpondsareusuallyinterconnectedwitheachotheralongwithbiglakewhichhelpstomaintainthehydrologyoftheselakes.TheinterconnectingstructuresmaybetheNalasorStormWaterDrains.
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Problems Faced By Lakes
Rapid UrbanisationAnd Encroachment
ENCROACHMENTOFWATERCHANNELS
Ifencroachmentoccursalongwiththesenalas/waterchannels,thenitwillresultinrestrictedflowofwaterwhichultimatelyresultsinfloodduringbigstormevents.
Further,theestablishmentsalongthenala/Waterchannelsdischargestheirsewageandindustrialeffluentdirectlyintothemwhichultimatelypolluteslakewater.Apartfromthat,directdisposalofSolidWastesbyestablishmentalongthenalas,alsocausespollutionandobstructstheflowinhydraulicstructureslikeInterception& Diversions,sewerlines,STPsetc.

26. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Industrial And Domestic Effluent
•Lake Foreshore attracts real estate business for its scenic value; leading direct discharge of untreated municipal and industrial waste waters.
•Almost 80% of Hyderabad's untreated sewage gets dumped into the city's lakes
•Hence the city's drinking water (Manjeera) now demonstrates an alarmingly high presence of excreta.
•municipalitiessurrounding Hyderabad discharge all the waste into drains and water bodies
•Pharmaceutical hub at Patancheruthat releases a huge amount of chemical waste into the city's water sources
Solid Waste Dumping
•Water bodies are being used as debris dumping site.
•Regular dumping of huge amount of solid waste near lake area causes clogging and contamination, makes lake aesthetically unfit for the local residents.
•The HUA generates around 3379 tons of solid waste every day
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Problems Faced By Lakes
66%
8%
3%
4%
15%
2%
1%
1%
Share of Solid Waste Generation-Hyderabad
House Hold – Domestic
Street Sweepings & Drain Cleanings
Hotels andRestaurants
Markets
Shops, CommercialEstablishments
Hospitals, clinics
Construction waste
Industrial Waste(Non-Hazardous)
Source: Centre for Environmental Studies, JNTU, Hyderabad

27. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Storm Water Drainage
•Natural and man-made drains and water bodies ultimately discharge surface run- off into lakes and pollute them.
•The nalasare the major carriers of storm water finally disposing into the river and water bodies in the catchment.
Idol Immersion During Ganesh Chaturthi
•Several thousands of idols immersion in lakes every year during Ganesh Chaturtjiand DurgaPuja.
•The idols decorated with non-biodegradable products containing heavy metals like mercury and lead which are extremely dangerous to the ecosystem.
•According to the study, the immersion of Ganesh and Durgaidols has polluted the lake resulting in vector transmitted diseases and lose of biodiversity and aquatic plants.
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Problems Faced By Lakes
Over50,000GaneshidolsofvarioussizesaretobeimmersedintheHussainSagarlake,themajorwaterbodyinthecity, andabout20otherlakesintheotherpartsofHyderabadanditssuburbs.TheHindu-18thSep2013
•In addition to storm water discharge these drains are also being used to discharge sullageand septic tank overflows

28. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Effect of lake degradation
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Nisha Kumari, Environmental Management
2013-14

29. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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2013-14
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Effect Of Lake Degradation
Changes In Local Hydrology
Increased rain water runoff and drinking water crisis
Increased instances of water logging and flooding
Rising temperatures due to vanishing water bodies.
Alters Local Weather Conditions
Groundwater contamination due to lake pollution
Loss of traditional livelihoods-fishing and washing
Loss of recreational opportunities
Air pollution due to release of volatile gases and foul smell
Loss of aesthetics
Economic loss due to flooding
Loss of aquatic species

30. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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2013-14
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Effect Of Lake Degradation
Changes In Local Hydrology
Sl. No.
Lakedegradation/Factors
EffectonhydrologyofHyderabad
1
Rapidsiltationoflakes
Reducedno.ofwaterbodies
Lossofrainwaterretentioncapacityinlakes
Increasedrain/stormwaterrunoff
Reducedgroundwaterrecharge
DepletionofSurfaceandgroundwaterresources
2
Encroachmentsonnaturalnalas/ streamsandlakebedareas.
Temperinginflowandoutflowchannels
Inundations/Flooding

31. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
•Lakes help in recharging aquifers and store the rain water.
•In Hyderabad ground water level has depleted due to loss of water bodies
•Hyderabad is facing water crisis in several areas.
•Hyderabad’s early water sources -the Hussain Sagar, Osman Sagarand HimayatSagar
•The other important sources of water were the Musiand Manjirarivers.
•River Musiis no longer a water source owing to heavy pollution.
•Local self-reliance of water –breaks down
•Local water body sources –replaced by distant rivers – Krishna, Godavari, Manjeera
•Consequences –expensive, larger eco-footprints
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Effect Of Lake Degradation
Increased Rain Water Runoff And Drinking Water Crisis
WaterdemandandsupplyinHMDAarea
Water Demand
Total water demand as per city agency (HMWSSB)
1,300 MLD
Per capita water demand as per HMWSSB
187 LPCD
Sources And Supply
Water sources
Surface* and groundwater
Water sourced from surface sources
88%
Water sourced from groundwater
12%
Total water supplied
930 MLD
Per capita supply
134 LPCD
Leakage loss
40%
Actual supply (after deducting leakage losses)
558 MLD
Per capita supply (after leakage losses)
80 LPCD
Population served by water supply system
70%
Per capita supply in the served area
114 LPCD
Demand-supply gap (after leakage losses)
742 MLD
Source:Anon2011,71-CityWater-ExcretaSurvey,2005-06,CentreforScienceandEnvironment,NewDelhi
Around 70% of HMDA is covered by formal water supply –rest of the areas depend on GW

32. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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Hyderabad Water Supply
Only two lakes of Hyderabad Osman Sagarand HimayatSagarare used for drinking water due to:
•High water storage capacity and
•Less pollution by the catchment activities
Source: Hyderabad Water-Waste Portraits -Centre for Science and Environment India

33. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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2013-14
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Effect Of Lake Degradation
Increased Instances Of Water Logging And Flooding
MasabTank
•Situated at the southern foothill limit of BanjaraHills
•Converted into a thickly populated residential-cum- commercial area.
•The downstream side of this tank has been totally converted to residential areas such as VijayaNagar Colony and Shanti Nagar.
•During rainy season-there is a problem of waterlogging and flooding
Many water tanks Hyderabad have been encroached and converted into residential and commercial areas
Natural flow of the lake streams are blocked, resulted in waterlogging and flooding
August2000FloodinHyderabadCity
•Wettest spell in 92 years due to heavy downpour of rain.
•Many of the low-lying areas in Hyderabad were inundated.
•The severity of flooding was due to a Blockage of natural stream leads and reduction in the carrying capacity of lakes and water channels
Waterlogging hotspots during the recent rains, as recorded by Hyderabad. Traffic Police

34. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
•Polluted lake causes vector transmitted diseases
•Causes health hazards in neighborhood.
•Fish caught from the polluted lake over a period of time is leading to serious diseases.
•The toxic substances can trigger chronic ailments.
•When organic compounds of mercury enter human body, they concentrate in the brain and destroy the cells which control the central nervous system. 19 September 2014
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Effect Of Lake Degradation
Health Hazards
Dead fish float in the waters at DurgamCheruvudue to high levels of pollution in the lake.

35. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Need for Lake Conservation
•To harvests Rainwater and supplement shortfall of water supply need of Hyderabad
•To reduce the waterlogging event and flood risk by interconnecting the lakes
•To improve the heath condition of people living in the lake surrounding
•Enhance biodiversity in and around the lakes
•Increase economic activities through ecotourism/ recreational opportunities at lake
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36. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Strategies For Protection Of Lakes In Hyderabad
19 September 2014
36
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Nisha Kumari, Environmental Management
2013-14
Lake Protection
Lake management
Lake restoration
Three prong strategy

37. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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2013-14
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Lake Conservation strategies
Lake Protection
Preventing encroachment (mud, garbage dumping)
Demarcation and identification of Lake Boundaries and Full Tank Level
Demarcating the boundary of the water body by wire fencing or boulders to prevent further encroachment into the lake beds.
Formation of peripheral bund along the shoreline of the lakes

38. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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Lake Conservation strategies
Lake Management
Construction of Sewage Treatment Plants for treating sewage and letting the treated water into the lake to maintain the lake water to the desired level.
Restoration of inflow and outflow channels
Diversion of sewer to direct sewage and take in the monsoon water runoff to the lake.
Separating storm water/ other wastewater from the rain water
Encouraging management and handling of municipal solid waste

39. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
Nisha Kumari, Environmental Management
2013-14
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Lake Conservation strategies
Lake Management
Beautification of lake bund by landscaping and plantation
Plantation on the surrounding to prevent soil erosion
Increasing community vigilance and participation
Reducing pollution through idol immersion-Green GaneshaDrive
Environmental education and awareness
oTrainingandcapacitybuildingoftheCommunityaroundthelake
oEnhancingvisitor&studentawarenessaboutthenaturalandculturalheritagevalueofthelake

40. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
Nisha Kumari, Environmental Management
2013-14
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Lake Conservation strategies
Lake Restoration
Source Control
Treatment of watershed or catchment of lakes
In lake treatment
Measures under taken to improve quality of lake water

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Indian Instituteof Science
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Lake Conservation strategies
Lake Restoration
Source Control
•Soil conservation measures,
•Bank/Slope erosion control measures,
•Afforestation,
•Drainage improvements,
•Diversion of silt carrying channels away from the lake,
•Control of sewage wastes,
•Sewage interceptions and diversions and
•Participation of people in watershed
In lake treatment
•De-silting the lake bed by dredging
•Pollution level control-through bioremediation and surface aeration processes.
•Reviving the screen barriers and silt-traps for inlet channels
•De-weeding/hyacinth control or removal (biological, chemical, mechanical and manual measures, bio-composting)
•Composite fish culture/ larvivorousfish species to control mosquitoes
•Biological treatment-Floating macrophytesand green cover (trees)
•Revival of traditional drainage system to replenish lake storage and drain out flood waters

42. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Legal Framework To Save Lakes
19 September 2014
42
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2013-14

43. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Legal Framework To Save Lakes
Policies for the Conservation of Water bodies
Acts/Bills for the Conservation of Water Bodies
•The acts that directly concern water pollution (both surface and underground) are
The Water Act (1974),
The Water CessAct (1977), and
The Environment (Protection) Act or EPA (1986).
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The lakes and water bodies of India are directly influenced by a number of legal and regulatory frameworks.
•The first National Water Policy was formed in 1987-Revised in 2002
•National Wetland Conservation Programme(NWCP)in 1983-by MoEF
•National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) for the conservation of lakes in urban areas-2001 by MoEF
•In February 2013, the two programmes NLCP and NWCP has been merged into a single programme called -National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems

44. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
The Indian Fisheries Act, 1897
The Indian Forest Act, 1927
The Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf,
Exclusive Economic Zone
The Water (Prevention and Control Of Pollution) Act, 1977
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Maritime Zones of India (Regulation Of Fishing By Foreign Vessels)
Forest Conservation Act, 1980
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Coastal Zone Regulation (CRZ) Notification
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 1999 s
The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)
National Conservation Strategies On Environment & Development
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
Convention on Biological Diversity, June 1992
Bonn Convention on the Conservation Of
Migratory Species of Wild Animals
International Convention for the Protection of Birds
National Water Policy, 2002
National Policy for Hydro Power Development
Convention on Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wildlife Animals (CMS)
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Legal Framework To Save Lakes
List of Acts/Bills for the Conservation of Water Bodies
There are many acts for the conservation of water bodies. However, only a few states in India have passed and implemented bills specifically targeted to the conservation of water bodies.

45. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Rules for the Conservation of Water Bodies
Authorities for the Conservation of Lakes
•In urban areas, water bodies are owned by land owning agencies
•Institutions /agencies responsible for lakes survival and protection
Ministry of Water Resources
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Agriculture Ministry
Fisheries Ministry and
Other local authorities i.e. Municipal Corporations, Development Authorities, Tourism Department, Water Supply Boards etc.
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Legal Framework To Save Lakes
Rules and legal Authorities for the Conservation of Lakes
•Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) has also published rules for the protection the water bodies in India.
•Under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 MOEF issued a set rules for conservation and management of wetlands (Wetland Rules, 2010).
•However, at present the rules are under review

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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Legal Framework To Save Lakes
Andhra Pradesh (A.P) State Legislations
The Andhra Government’s Water, Land, Tree Act
•It empowers state agencies to take steps to protect water bodies and to prevent conversion. The act also requires measures to permanently demarcate the boundaries of the water bodies and to evict and prevent encroachments.
The Wetlands (Management and Conservation) Rules, 2010
•Issued by: MOEF exclusively for the protection of urban water bodies
•Bans prohibited activities which includes conversion of wetlands for other uses, setting up and expanding industries and dumping untreated waste water and any other activity that will have negative impact on the water bodies.
National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP)
•Objective-restore and conserve the urban and semi-urban lakes degraded due to waste water discharge into the lake through an integrated ecosystem approach.
•Cost sharing between the Central and the concerned State Government- 70:30.
•BanjaraLake (Known as Hameed Khan Kunta) of Hyderabad is presently covered under NLCP.NLCP is sanctioning an amount of Rs. 4.30 crores (from May, 2009) for protection and conservation of this lake
The Andhra Pradesh Regularisation of the Unauthorised Constructions in Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Urban Development Authorities Act, 2003
The act denies regularisation of unauthorised constructions on lakes and tank beds.

47. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Major Initiatives Towards Lake Conservation In Hyderabad
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Government -Donor Agencies -Local/ International NGOs -General Public

48. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA), with support from
•Municipal corporations,
•Municipalities
•The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (HMWSSB),
•The Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation,
•The Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation,
•The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation,
•And other such bodies
•Constituted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in year 2010 under the chairmanship of Metropolitan Commissioner, HMDA
•Objective: TO cater to the protection of lakes in the Hyderabad Metropolitan Region
Function
•Listing of all lakes in HMDA
•their FTL demarcation
•Removal of existing encroachments in the FTL and foreshore areas,
•Improvement of the lakes and their catchments
•Organising wide publicity and awareness campaign for protection of the lakes.
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Lake Conservation Initiatives-Hyderabad
By State Governing Bodies
Authorities for the Conservation of Lakes in AP
Lake Protection Committee (LPC)

49. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Lake Conservation Initiatives-Hyderabad
By State Governing Bodies
Collection Of Data On Lakes
Full Tank Level (FTL) Boundaries Demarcation
•HMDA has collated data of 2,857 lakes existing in the Hyderabad Metropolitan Region (HMR) area
•HMDA and GHMC had completed demarcation of full tank level (FTL) boundaries of the 266 lakes of 455 lakes inside the ORR in coordination with irrigation and revenue departments
•Demarcation of remaining lakes would be taken up shortly
Lake Conservation And Protection
•HMDA would take up conservation and protection of 258 lakes, where FTL demarcation was completed, in the first phase.
•The GHMC would take up conservation and protection of 128 lakes, HMDA 80 and irrigation department 50.
•The shore areas of these water bodies would be beautified and plantation would be taken up.
•The NGRI's help would be taken now on identifying inlet and outlet channels and Nalasfor the lakes.
Local Lake Protection Cells
•Involving stakeholders and local communities be constituted for each lake that will act as watchdogs and give feedback to HUDA.
•The sale and registration of lands in the areas covered under notified lakes should be banned.
•No development activities should be permitted in these areas, which are to be supervised and controlled by HUDA

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Lake Conservation Initiatives-Hyderabad
By State Governing Bodies
Sewage Treatment
•Sewage generated in Greater Hyderabad Metropolitan Corporation area ~ 1250 MLD,
•Total Sewerage treatment capacity is only 750 MLD.
•STPs are treating the dry weather sewage inflows into the lake and discharge the treated water into the lake for the purpose of lake water balance and improve the water quality in the lake
Data on STPs
Capacity
No. of STPs
HMWS&SB
~592 MLD
5 STPs
HMDA
~40 MLD
9 STPs
Hussain SagarLake and Catchment Area Improvement Project (HCIP)
~55 MLD
3 STPs
Improvements To Storm Water Drainage
•By Municipal Corporation
•To alleviate the problems of flooding and improve lake connectivity
•The improvements proposed
•Deepening and Widening of Nallas
•Provision of retaining walls at critical sections
•Prevention of dumping of waste into the Nallasto prevent clogging.
Shifting Polluting Industries From Hyderabad
•AP government has decided to shift all the polluting industries operating within the Outer Ring Road (ORR) of Hyderabad city to 45 locations identified outside the ORR.

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Lake Conservation Initiatives-Hyderabad
Some of the international agencies funded projects
Aid from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), under HussainsagarLake and Catchment Area Improvement Project (HCIP)
World Bank-assisted project on ‘Capacity Building and Industrial Pollution Management Project’
Some of the international agencies funded projects
Other Initiatives
Several NGOs, Corporates, Resident Welfare Associations and individuals have been making representations regarding the environmental pollution in the lakes, encroachment incidents and other related protection issues.
Several PILs have also been filed in this regard and LokAyuktahas also takenSuo-mottocognisance(take notice of the fact on its own) in several instances

52. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
CASESTUDIES
Lake
Reasonsforstudy
HussainSagarLake
OneofthelargestlakesofHyderabad
HighHistoricalandrecreationalValue
SituatedattheCentreofthetwincityofHyderabadandSecunderabad
AlreadymanystudiesandlakeprotectionandmanagementworkhasbeenundertakenbyGov.ofAPandHMDAunderCatchmentAreaImprovementProject(HCIP)fundedbyJICA
HameedKhanKunta(KnownAsBanjaraLake)
Ithassufferingfrompollution,Illegalencroachmentsanddumpingofseweragesfromthesurroundingcommercialandresidentialcolonies
In2002thelakewasadoptedforrejuvenationundertheNationalLakeConservationProgramme(NLCP)oftheMinistryofEnvironmentandForest(MoEF)
NoorMohammedKunta
LocatedinKatedanIndustrialArea
Highlypollutedduetoindustrialsewage
It’sadeadpondandthelakewaterhadturnedintoapink/redcolourduetoindustrialpollutants
NMKisthefirstandonlylakeinthecountrytohavebeenidentifiedforcleanupbytheWorldBank-assistedprojecton‘CapacityBuildingandIndustrialPollutionManagementProject’bytheMinistryofEnvironmentandForests
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53. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Case Study I
Hussain SagarLake
Built during: 1562 AD (450 years old)
Built by: Hussain ShaWalis
Basin area: 240 Sq. Km
Water spread area -4.7 sq.km. and Shoreline Length -14 kms
Purpose of building: to meet the water and irrigation needs of the city.
In the past 30 years, the lake has shrunk more than 50 % of its original size (550 ha to 240 ha).
The quality of water in the lake has gradually deteriorated mainly due to the continual entry of untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluent.
Otherreasonsofpollutionare
•Cattlewashing,vehiclewashing,dumpingofdomesticsolidwastealongtheshorelineaswellastheimmersionoflargenumbersofGaneshandDurgaIdolsduringfestivals
•Due to the eutrophication (overloading of nitrates and phosphates), algal blooms and bad odour, the water body is not conducive for drinking water, recreation & pisci-culture.
•The water from Lake Hussain Sagaris now used for horticultural purposes after treatment.
The main threat to the lake is encroachment by both private and public agencies
STATUS OF LAKE
It has recently been developed into a tourist centre by HUDA

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Standard Vs. Existing water quality of Hussain SagarLake
Parameter
Units
Standard/Prescribed Limit (Class-B, CPCB)
Existing Quality
pH
6.5-8.5
7.4
Colour
Hazen Unit
< 300
50
Turbidity
NTU
41
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
mg/l
> 5
2.3
Total Nitrogen (TN)
mg/l
14
Total Phosphorus (TP)
mg/l
2
Suspended Solids
mg/l
< 50
52
Volatile Suspension
mg/l
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
mg/l
90
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
mg/l
< 3
30
Total Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
< 500
>1600
Faecal Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
< 200
Fluorine (as F)
mg/l
< 1.5
Arsenic (as As)
mg/l
< 0.2
Source: BudhaPurnimaProject, Hyderabad
Case Study I
Hussain SagarLake
MAJOR SOURCE OF POLLUTION
NalasenteringHussainSagarLake
No.
Name
Domesticsewage
4
Balkapur,Banjara, Kukatpally,Picket
ToxicIndustrialChemicals
1
Kukatpally
MunicipalsolidWaste(MSW)
4
Balkapur,Banjara, Kukatpally,Picket
The quantum of sewage flowing through these Nalasto lake are approximately 150 MLD
AmountofSewagetreatedthrough3STPslocatedinBalkapur,KukatpallyandPicketis55MLD
The sewage water is treated by these 3 STPs under HCIPand treated water is released into the lake to maintain the lake water to the desired level

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Case Study I
Hussain SagarLake
HussainsagarLake and Catchment Area Improvement Project (HCIP)
•LedbyHMDAtoimprovethequalityofHussainSagarLake.
•AidfromtheJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(JICA),withanestimatedcostofRs.310crores.
Theprojecthasfiveelements.Theyare:
•treatmentofinflows,
•improvementinqualityoflakewater,
•protectionoflakesandnalasincatchmentareas,
•publicawarenessandstakeholderparticipation,
•shorelinecleaningandremovaloffloatingmaterial.
ToimproveLakeEcosystem
InstallationofFountainstoincreaseDO,
Desilting,Dredging,
Removalofaquaticweeds(WaterHyacinth)
Topreventencroachment
FTLboundarydemarcation,
Fencing,Bundroadformation,
Plantationonthesurrounding
ConstitutionofEnforcementcell
ToImproverecreationactivities
Beautificationaroundlake,
Dischargeoftreatedwaterintothelake.
TopreventLakePollution
ConstructionandRehabilitationofSewerageFacilities
Organizepublicawarenesscampaigns
PreventpollutionthroughdomesticandcommercialactivitiesnearLakeShore.
MeasuresbeingfollowedtoimprovethequalityofHussainSagarLakeunderHCIP
Hussain Sagarhas recently been developed into a tourist centre by the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA)

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Case Study II
Hameed Khan Kunta(Known As BanjaraLake)
Man made tank (4.17 ha) with a maximum depth of 5.0m (average 3.0 m)
Built in: 1930
Built by: royal elites located in the lake boundaries
BanjaraLake is surrounded by apartment complexes on its north, a commercial complex and TajBanjarahotel on the south, and some slums and a graveyard on the west.
STATUS OF LAKE
Suffering from pollution, Illegal encroachments and dumping of sewerages from the surrounding commercial and residential colonies
It receives about 1.5 MLD sewage discharged by three upstream colonies namely Udainagar, Gowrishankarand AmbedkarColony, with a total population of 9950
Theupstreampartofthelakeiscloggedbywaterhyacinthandgarbage.
Decline in water quality resulting into eutrophication and algal blooms
Excessive foul smell emanating from the lake makes the lake aesthetically unfit for the local residents

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Case Study II
Hameed Khan Kunta(Known As BanjaraLake)
The lake has shrunk over the years due to encroachments and dumping of sewage
Garbage Dumping at lake site
Shrinking Lake-Hamid Khan Kunta
Regularwastedumpingresultingintocloggingandcontamination
Heapsofplasticspiledonthewaterbodyposeathreattotheslumchildrenwhoventureintowaterbodyfordefecation.
InitiativesTakenup
•In2002thelakewasadoptedforrejuvenationundertheNationalLakeConservationProgrammeoftheMinistryofEnvironmentandForest(MoEF).
•Sincethenalmost2coreshasbeenspentinrehabilitationandrejuvenationoftheLakewithlimitedsuccess.
•TheAndhraPradeshTourismDevelopmentCorporationLtd(APTDC)inassociationwithTajGVK,situatedinthelakeprecinct,hasdevelopedaconservationandmanagementplan.Topreventfurtherpollutionoflake
http://www.saciwaters.org/lakes/pdfs/hameed-khan-kunta.pdf
http://moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/Lakes/Banjara%20Lake.pdf

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Case Study III
Noor Mohammed Kunta(NMK)
located on NH –7 in the Shivrampallyvillage,
Water spread:27 acres
The lake is near KattedanIndustrial Estate (KIE) in Rajendranagar, being surrounded by textile mills, edible oil mills and other chemical units (in KatedanIndustrial Area).
STATUS OF LAKE
Pollutants coming from industry has turned the water of lake into a pink/ red colour. The NMK has been dead since years due to heavy inflow of industrial wastes.
•NMK site was heavily polluted due to presence of heavy metals, organics, and inorganics and had been identified as a ‘hot spot’.
•Both KIE residents and workers were exposed to health hazards
•Due to pollution residents are migrating from the lake into the research field of the Agricultural University of Hyderabad are located downstream
•Water of NMK Lake flows downstream into a system of interlinked lakes and finally pollutes the Mir AlamTank.
IMPACT ON LOCAL COMMUNITY
Indian express, published on 27th March 2013
http://www.newswala.com/Hyderabad-News/World-Bank-funds-for-Remediation-Project-of-Noor-Mohammed-Kunta-Lake-33650.html

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Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
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Case Study III
Noor Mohammed Kunta(NMK)
LAKE CONSERVATION INITIATIVES
Capacity Building and Industrial Pollution Management Project
Funder: TheWorldBank
Project implementer: Consortium of Witteveen+Bos, Tauw, COWI A/S and KadamEnvironmental Consultants, under the name of Pollution Control Board Consultants (PCBC)
Project Timeline
NMKisthefirstandonlylakeinthecountrytohavebeenidentifiedforcleanupbytheWorldBank- assistedprojecton‘CapacityBuildingandIndustrialPollutionManagementProject’bytheMoEFandapprovedbytheCabinetCommitteeonEconomicAffairsin2010.
HUDA took up the construction of a sewage treatment plant (STP) for treatment of domestic sewage generated in the catchment area. The work was completed in the month of January 2009 with an expenditure of Rs. 6.95 crores.
Remediation works were supposed to start
In September 2013
The first phase will be completed
by March 2014
The second phase will be completed
by 2015-end.

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Indian Instituteof Science
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PROPOSEDREMEDIATIONMETHODS
Removaloftoxicsediments
ConstructionofasedimenttrapisrecommendedattheinletofthedrainsfromKIEtothelakeNMK.
Notonlythelakeshouldberemediated,alsothesedimentofstagnantwatersandopendrainsinKIEwillhavetoberemediatedinordertocleantheenvironment.
Allhighlytoxicsedimentswouldbedredgedout, dewateredandcontainedwithintubesofgeo-textile.
WasteRemoval
Wasteshouldberemovedfromtheopen(hillock)spacestopreventandstopongoingdispersionoftoxicsubstancestotheenvironment.
InKIEabout3,500m3oftemporarilystoredwastewillbecollectedanddisposedtoanoff-sitelandfillforMunicipalSolidWaste.
Behavioural-basedmitigationmeasures
Sinceitisnotpossibletoremovealltopsoilfromtheindustrialplotsandtheopenspaces,itisrecommendedonlytopreventfurtherpollutionofthesite
Takingbehavioural-basedmitigationmeasureswillhelpinreductionofleadandchromiumhealthrisksviasoilingestion
Case Study III
Noor Mohammed Kunta(NMK)

61. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
.
Application Of Geo-Textile Tubes
.
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Filling,Dewateringandrefilling
Thesludgeispumpedintothetubes,andthedewateringbegins
Thetubeisleftaloneforaperiodoftimeuntilithasdewateredenoughsothatmoresludgecanbepumpedintoit.
Therefillingcanbedoneasmanytimesasnecessary.
Disposal
Onceithasbeendeterminedthatthedewateringprocesshasaccomplishedthetubescanbecutopenandthesolidscanbeappropriatelydisposedoff.

62. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
WayForward
Strategic integrated management action plans and effective coordination between the different stakeholders
The national and state policies in respect of water and environment need to be integrated
Standards for lake and reservoir management have to be framed.
Restoration project needs to give emphasis on the restoration of the catchments of lakes.
Stakeholder participation and capacity building -an important instrument for better management of water bodies.
Active involvement of all the stakeholders like Corporates, Resident Welfare Associations, Education Institutions, Health organizations, NGOs and other agencies etc. –for speedy completion of the mandated works regarding Lake Protection and to ensure the sustainability of project
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63. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
19 September 2014
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2013-14
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Acknowledgements
I am heartily thankful to-
•Dr.T.V. Ramachandra, Centre for Continuing Education, Indian Institute of Science (IISc.) Bangalore, for assigning me with the dissertation project on “Status of Lakes in Hyderabad” as part of the Environmental Management Course (2013-14).
•Dr.Rajendra Prasad Khajuria, Member environment-HMDA, Dr.M.J. Nandan, Sr. Scientist & Head, PME -CSIR-NGRI, Mr.K. Srinivas, Technical Officer (QAT), HMWSSB for spending their valuable time and support in conceptualizing this study.
•Mr. Satheesh Arjilli, AVP, BASICS Ltd. for his guidance and continuous support.
•People who have directly or indirectly contributed towards completion of this project

64. Dissertation Project
Status of Lakes in Hyderabad
Indian Instituteof Science
Thank You
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