1. G.R. MEDICAL COLLEGEG.R. MEDICAL COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF SURGERYDEPARTMENT OF SURGERY
SEMINAR PRESENTATIONSEMINAR PRESENTATION
DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSISDEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS
Guide:Guide: By:By:
Prof. Dr. Achal GuptaProf. Dr. Achal Gupta (M.S., DNB)(M.S., DNB) Dr Nikhil ChopraDr Nikhil Chopra
HODHOD 22ndnd
yryr PG StudentPG Student
2. DefinitionDefinition
âĸ Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of a bloodDeep vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood
clot in one of the deep veins of the body, usually in theclot in one of the deep veins of the body, usually in the
legleg
âĸ IncidenceIncidence: Indian population< Western population: Indian population< Western population
âĸ Around 2.7 per 1000 person-days of hospital stay with 50%Around 2.7 per 1000 person-days of hospital stay with 50%
hospitalised population at risk.hospitalised population at risk.
âĸ Ref: Sharma et al, Indian J med Dec 2009Ref: Sharma et al, Indian J med Dec 2009
3. ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY
īŽ DVT usually originates in the lower extremity venous levelDVT usually originates in the lower extremity venous level
,starting at the calf vein level and progressing proximally to,starting at the calf vein level and progressing proximally to
involve popliteal ,femoral ,or iliac system.involve popliteal ,femoral ,or iliac system.
īŽ 80 -90 % pulmonary emboli originates here .80 -90 % pulmonary emboli originates here .
4. Virchow triadVirchow triad
īŽ Virchow described a triad of factors ofVirchow described a triad of factors of
a.a. Venous stasis,Venous stasis,
b.b. Endothelial damage, andEndothelial damage, and
c.c. Hypercoagulable stateHypercoagulable state
5. Venous stasisVenous stasis
īŽ Prolonged bed rest (4 days or more)Prolonged bed rest (4 days or more)
īŽ A cast on the legA cast on the leg
īŽ Limb paralysis from stroke or spinal cord injuryLimb paralysis from stroke or spinal cord injury
īŽ extended travel in a vehicleextended travel in a vehicle
HypercoagulabilityHypercoagulability
īŽ Surgery and traumaSurgery and trauma
īŽ MalignancyMalignancy
īŽ Increased estrogenIncreased estrogen
6. Disorders of coagulationDisorders of coagulation
InheritedInherited
Deficiencies ofDeficiencies of
1.1. Protein âS,Protein âS,
2.2. Protein âC,â andProtein âC,â and
3.3. Antithrombin IIIAntithrombin III
AcquiredAcquired
a.a. Nephrotic syndromeNephrotic syndrome
b.b. Antiphospholipid antibodiesAntiphospholipid antibodies
c.c. Inflammatory processes such as SLE, Sickle cell disease andInflammatory processes such as SLE, Sickle cell disease and
IBDIBD
8. Wells Clinical Prediction GuideWells Clinical Prediction Guide
īŽ Active cancer (treatment ongoing, or within 6 monthsActive cancer (treatment ongoing, or within 6 months
or palliative) = +1or palliative) = +1
īŽ Paralysis or recent immobilization = +1Paralysis or recent immobilization = +1
īŽ Recently bedridden for >3 days or major surgery <4Recently bedridden for >3 days or major surgery <4
weeks = +1weeks = +1
9. īŽ Localized tenderness along the distribution of the deepLocalized tenderness along the distribution of the deep
venous system = +1venous system = +1
īŽ Entire leg swelling = +1Entire leg swelling = +1
īŽ Calf swelling >3 cm compared to the asymptomatic legCalf swelling >3 cm compared to the asymptomatic leg
= +1= +1
īŽ Pitting edema (greater in the symptomatic leg) = +1Pitting edema (greater in the symptomatic leg) = +1
īŽ Collateral superficial veins (nonvaricose) = +1Collateral superficial veins (nonvaricose) = +1
īŽ Alternative diagnosis (as likely or > that of DVT)= -2Alternative diagnosis (as likely or > that of DVT)= -2
10. īŽ Total of Above ScoreTotal of Above Score
High probability: Score 3High probability: Score 3
Moderate probability: Score = 1 or 2Moderate probability: Score = 1 or 2
Low probability: Score 0Low probability: Score 0
11. Diagnostic StudiesDiagnostic Studies
īŽ Clinical examination alone is able to confirm only 20-Clinical examination alone is able to confirm only 20-
30% of cases of DVT30% of cases of DVT
īŽ Blood TestsBlood Tests
īŽ the D-dimerthe D-dimer
īŽ INR.INR.
12. D-dimerD-dimer
īŽ D-dimer is a specific degradation product of cross-linked fibrin.D-dimer is a specific degradation product of cross-linked fibrin.
Because concurrent production and breakdown of clotBecause concurrent production and breakdown of clot
characterize thrombosis, patients with thromboembolic diseasecharacterize thrombosis, patients with thromboembolic disease
have elevated levels of D-dimerhave elevated levels of D-dimer
īŽ Three major approaches for measuring D-dimerThree major approaches for measuring D-dimer
ī ELISAELISA
ī Latex agglutinationLatex agglutination
ī Blood agglutination testBlood agglutination test
13. īŽ False-positive D-dimers occur in patients withFalse-positive D-dimers occur in patients with
ī recent (within 10 days) surgery or trauma,recent (within 10 days) surgery or trauma,
ī recent myocardial infarction or stroke,recent myocardial infarction or stroke,
ī acute infection,acute infection,
ī disseminated intravascular coagulation,disseminated intravascular coagulation,
ī pregnancy or recent delivery,pregnancy or recent delivery,
ī active collagen vascular disease, or metastatic canceractive collagen vascular disease, or metastatic cancer
15. VenographyVenography
īŽ Gold standardâ modality for the diagnosis of DVTGold standardâ modality for the diagnosis of DVT
Nuclear Medicine StudiesNuclear Medicine Studies
īŽ Can distinguish new clot fromCan distinguish new clot from an old clotan old clot
16. UltrasonographyUltrasonography
īŽ Color-flow Duplex scanning is the imaging test of choice forColor-flow Duplex scanning is the imaging test of choice for
patients with suspected DVTpatients with suspected DVT
ī inexpensive,inexpensive,
ī noninvasive,noninvasive,
ī widely availablewidely available
ī Ultrasound can also distinguish other causes of leg swelling, suchUltrasound can also distinguish other causes of leg swelling, such
as tumor, popliteal cyst, abscess, aneurysm, or hematoma.     as tumor, popliteal cyst, abscess, aneurysm, or hematoma.    Â
17. Clinical limitationsClinical limitations
īŽ expensiveexpensive
īŽ reader dependentreader dependent
īŽ Duplex scans are less likely to detect non-occluding thrombi.Duplex scans are less likely to detect non-occluding thrombi.
īŽ During the second half of pregnancy, ultrasound becomes lessDuring the second half of pregnancy, ultrasound becomes less
specific, because the gravid uterus compresses the inferior venaspecific, because the gravid uterus compresses the inferior vena
cava, thereby changing Doppler flow in the lower extremitiescava, thereby changing Doppler flow in the lower extremities
18. Magnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging
īŽ It detects leg, pelvis, and pulmonary thrombi and is 97%It detects leg, pelvis, and pulmonary thrombi and is 97%
sensitive and 95% specific for DVT.sensitive and 95% specific for DVT.
īŽ It distinguishes a mature from an immature clot.It distinguishes a mature from an immature clot.
īŽ MRI is safe in all stages of pregnancy.MRI is safe in all stages of pregnancy.
19. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
CellulitisCellulitis
ThrombophlebitisThrombophlebitis
ArthritisArthritis
Peripheral edemaPeripheral edema
LymphangitisLymphangitis
Extrinsic compression of iliacExtrinsic compression of iliac
veinvein
LymphedemaLymphedema
Muscle or soft tissue injuryMuscle or soft tissue injury
Neurogenic painNeurogenic pain
Postphlebitic syndromePostphlebitic syndrome
īŽ Prolonged immobilization orProlonged immobilization or
limb paralysislimb paralysis
Ruptured Baker cystRuptured Baker cyst
Stress fractures or other bonyStress fractures or other bony
lesionslesions
Superficial thrombophlebitisSuperficial thrombophlebitis
Varicose veinsVaricose veins
23. Advantages of Low-Molecular-Weight
Heparin Over
Standard Unfractionated Heparin
īŽ Superior bioavailability
īŽ Superior or equivalent safety and efficacy
īŽ Subcutaneous once- or twice-daily dosing
īŽ No laboratory monitoring*
īŽ Less phlebotomy (no monitoring/no intravenous line)
īŽ Less thrombocytopenia
At the present time, 3 LMWH preparations,At the present time, 3 LMWH preparations,
īŽ Enoxaparin,Enoxaparin,
īŽ Dalteparin, andDalteparin, and
īŽ ArdeparinArdeparin
24. WarfarinWarfarin
īŽ Interferes with hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependentInterferes with hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent
coagulation factorscoagulation factors
īŽ Monitoring: INRMonitoring: INR
īŽ caution in active tuberculosis or diabetes; patients with protein Ccaution in active tuberculosis or diabetes; patients with protein C
or S deficiencyor S deficiency
25. Thrombolytic therapy for DVTThrombolytic therapy for DVT
īŽ Advantages:Advantages:
ī prompt resolution of symptoms,prompt resolution of symptoms,
ī prevention of pulmonary embolism,prevention of pulmonary embolism,
ī restoration of normal venous circulation,restoration of normal venous circulation,
ī preservation of venous valvular function,preservation of venous valvular function,
ī prevention of postphlebitic syndromeprevention of postphlebitic syndrome
Thrombolytic therapy does not preventThrombolytic therapy does not prevent
īŽ clot propagation,clot propagation,
īŽ rethrombosis, orrethrombosis, or
īŽ subsequent embolization.subsequent embolization.
26. Surgery for DVTSurgery for DVT
īŽ IndicationsIndications
a.a. when anticoagulant therapy is ineffectivewhen anticoagulant therapy is ineffective
b.b. unsafe,unsafe,
c.c. contraindicated.contraindicated.
27. īŽ These pulmonary emboli removed at autopsy look likeThese pulmonary emboli removed at autopsy look like
casts of the deep veins of the leg where they originated.casts of the deep veins of the leg where they originated.
īŽ
28. This patient underwent a thrombectomy. The thrombus has beenThis patient underwent a thrombectomy. The thrombus has been
laid over the approximate location in the leg veins where itlaid over the approximate location in the leg veins where it
developed.developed.
29. Filters for DVTFilters for DVT
īŽ Indications:Indications:
a.a. Pulmonary embolismPulmonary embolism
b.b. Recurrent pulmonary embolism despite adequate anticoagulationRecurrent pulmonary embolism despite adequate anticoagulation
īŽ Controversial indications:Controversial indications:
a.a. DVTDVT
b.b. In patients with pre-existing pulmonary hypertensionIn patients with pre-existing pulmonary hypertension
c.c. Free floating thrombusFree floating thrombus
d.d. Failure of existing filter deviceFailure of existing filter device
e.e. Post pulmonary embolectomyPost pulmonary embolectomy
32. Further Inpatient CareFurther Inpatient Care
īŽ Most patients with confirmed proximal vein DVT may be treatedMost patients with confirmed proximal vein DVT may be treated
safely on an outpatient basis. Exclusion criteria for outpatientsafely on an outpatient basis. Exclusion criteria for outpatient
management are as follows:management are as follows:
a.a. Suspected or proven concomitant pulmonary embolismSuspected or proven concomitant pulmonary embolism
b.b. Significant cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbiditySignificant cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidity
c.c. Morbid obesityMorbid obesity
d.d. Renal failureRenal failure
e.e. Unavailable or unable to arrange close follow-up careUnavailable or unable to arrange close follow-up care
33. Duration of anticoagulation in patients with deepDuration of anticoagulation in patients with deep
vein thrombosisvein thrombosis
a.a. Transient cause and no other risk factors: 3Â monthsTransient cause and no other risk factors: 3Â months
b.b. Idiopathic: 3-6Â monthsIdiopathic: 3-6Â months
c.c. Ongoing risk: 6Â -12Â monthsOngoing risk: 6Â -12Â months
d.d. Recurrent pulmonary embolism/DVT: 6-12Â monthsRecurrent pulmonary embolism/DVT: 6-12Â months
e.e. Patients with high risk of recurrent thrombosis exceeding riskPatients with high risk of recurrent thrombosis exceeding risk
of anticoagulation: indefinite duration (subject to review)of anticoagulation: indefinite duration (subject to review)
35. Prognosis:Prognosis:
īŽ All patients with proximal vein DVT are at long-term risk of developingAll patients with proximal vein DVT are at long-term risk of developing
chronic venous insufficiency.chronic venous insufficiency.
īŽ Proximal DVT---- 20% PE --10% mortalityProximal DVT---- 20% PE --10% mortality
īŽ DVT confined to the calf: no PEDVT confined to the calf: no PE
36. Patient Education:Patient Education:
īŽ Advise women taking estrogen of the risks andAdvise women taking estrogen of the risks and
common symptoms of thromboembolic disease.common symptoms of thromboembolic disease.
īŽ Discourage prolonged immobility, particularly on planeDiscourage prolonged immobility, particularly on plane
rides and long car tripsrides and long car trips
37. DVT PROPHYLAXIS IN SURGICALDVT PROPHYLAXIS IN SURGICAL
PATIENTSPATIENTS
īŽ A VTE risk assessment should follow the following steps:A VTE risk assessment should follow the following steps:
īŽ Step 1Step 1 Assess the patientâs baseline risk of VTE, taking intoAssess the patientâs baseline risk of VTE, taking into
account inherited and acquired pt factorsaccount inherited and acquired pt factors
īŽ Step 2Step 2 Assess the patientâs additional risk of VTE, takingAssess the patientâs additional risk of VTE, taking
account of the reasons for hospitalisation.account of the reasons for hospitalisation.
īŽ Step 3Step 3 Assess the patientâs risk of bleeding.Assess the patientâs risk of bleeding.
īŽ Step 4Step 4 Formulate an overall risk assessment (with considerationFormulate an overall risk assessment (with consideration
of VTE risk and bleeding risk).of VTE risk and bleeding risk).
īŽ Step 5Step 5 Select appropriate methods of thromboprophylaxisSelect appropriate methods of thromboprophylaxis
based on the risk assessment.based on the risk assessment.
38. īŽ Thromboprophylaxis is initiated depending on combination ofThromboprophylaxis is initiated depending on combination of
multiple risk factors:multiple risk factors:
īŽ Individual pt risk factorsIndividual pt risk factors
īŽ Risk factors related to acute medical illnessRisk factors related to acute medical illness
īŽ Risk related to surgical procedureRisk related to surgical procedure
39. īŽ Individual patient risk factorsIndividual patient risk factors::
īŽ ageage
īŽ pregnancy and the puerperiumpregnancy and the puerperium
īŽ active or occult malignancyactive or occult malignancy
īŽ previous VTEprevious VTE
īŽ varicose veinsvaricose veins
īŽ marked obesitymarked obesity
īŽ prolonged severe immobilityprolonged severe immobility
īŽ use of oestrogen-containing hormone replacement therapy oruse of oestrogen-containing hormone replacement therapy or
oral contraceptivesoral contraceptives
īŽ âĸâĸ inherited or acquired thrombophiliainherited or acquired thrombophilia
40. Risks related to an acute medical
illness:
a. acute or acute on chronic chest infection
b. heart failure
c. myocardial infarction
d. stroke with immobility
e. some forms of cancer chemotherapy
f. acute inflammatory bowel disease
Risks related to an injury or surgical
procedure:
All surgical procedures but especially abdominal,
pelvic, thoracic or orthopaedic surgical
procedures
41. BLEEDING RISKBLEEDING RISK
īŽ recent central nervous system bleedingrecent central nervous system bleeding
īŽ intracranial or spinal lesion at high risk for bleedingintracranial or spinal lesion at high risk for bleeding
īŽ current active major bleeding, defined as requiring at least twocurrent active major bleeding, defined as requiring at least two
units of blood or blood products to be transfused in 24 hoursunits of blood or blood products to be transfused in 24 hours
īŽ current chronic, clinically significant and measurable bleedingcurrent chronic, clinically significant and measurable bleeding
over 48 hoursover 48 hours
42. GuidelinesGuidelines
īŽ Identification of risk:Identification of risk:
RISK SURGERY AGE (yrs) RISK
FACTORS
Low <30min <40 Nil
Moderate <30 min
<30 min
>30 min
--
40-60
<40
+nt
Nil
Nil
High <30 min
>30 min
>60
> 40
+nt
+nt
Highest >30 min ī60 +nt plus
history of
VTE