4. Grammar- Talking about
Rules and Expectations
• What types of language can we use to
express rules?
– Must/ must not
– Are required to /are not required to
– Have to/ don’t have to
– Can/cannot
– Are permitted to/Aren’t permitted
– Are allowed to/Aren’t allowed to
– Are forbidden to
5. Grammar- Talking about Rules and
Expectations
• What types of language can we use to
express expectations?
– Are supposed to/are not supposed to
– Are expected to/ are not expected to
7. Practice
• Complete the following chart about rules and
expectations in your notebook, and then share
your sentences with your group.
In my country… In my country…
Boys are forbidden to… Girls cannot…
Boys are expected to… Girls are supposed to…
Men must… Women are expected to…
Men are supposed to… Women have to…
Boys aren’t supposed to.. Girls aren’t permitted to…
Men don’t have to… Women must not…
8. Grammar – Indefinite Pronouns
What are these?
A pronoun that refers to a non-specific
being, object or place.
11. Singular? Plural? Both?
pronoun meaning example
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
another an additional or different person or
thing
That ice-cream was good. Can I
have another?
anybody/ anyone no matter what person Can anyone answer this question?
anything no matter what thing The doctor needs to know if you
have eaten anything in the last two
hours.
each every one of two or more people or
things, seen separately
Each has his own thoughts.
either one or the other of two people or
things
Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't
mind. Either is good for me.
enough as much or as many as needed Enough is enough.
everybody/ everyone all people We can start the meeting because
everybody has arrived.
everything all things They have no house or
possessions. They
lost everything in the earthquake.
less a smaller amount "Less is more"
little a small amount Little is known about his early life.
much a large amount Much has happened since we met.
neither not one and not the other of two I keep telling Jack and Jill
12. p
l
u
r
a
l
both two people or things, seen
together
John likes coffee but not
tea. I think bothare good.
few a small number of people or
things
Few have ever disobeyed him
and lived.
fewer a reduced number of people
or things
Fewer are smoking these
days.
many a large number of people or
things
Many have come already.
others other people; not us I'm sure that others have tried
before us.
several more than two but not many They all complained
and several left the meeting.
they people in general (informal) They say that vegetables are
good for you.
13. s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
/
p
l
u
r
a
l
all the whole quantity of
something or of some things
or people
All is forgiven.
All have arrived.
any no matter how much or how
many
Is any left?
Are any coming?
more a greater quantity of
something; a greater number
of people or things
There is more over there.
More are coming.
most the majority; nearly all Most is lost.
Most have refused.
none not any; no person or persons They fixed the water so why
is nonecoming out of the tap?
I invited five friends
but none have come.*
some an unspecified quantity of
something; an unspecified
number of people or things
Here is some.
Some have arrived.
such of the type already mentioned He was a foreigner and he felt
that he was treated as such.
19. Inclusive language in legal
writing
1) What is the key part of legal writing courses mentioned?
2) What does it entail?
20. Gender-Neutral Language
• Video
• What do you think about the importance of
gender-neutral language?
• Do you think the use of gender-neutral
language can shape/influence society?
22. Verb Tense Analysis
• Read the lecture script. Circle each verb,
and discuss the tense and meaning of the
tense with your group. Raise your hand if
you get stuck and would like some help.
• Questions to ask:
• 1) What is this verb tense?
• 2) Why was this verb tense used in this
sentence? What does it show?
