This document summarizes travel dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses declines in personal travel due to increased work from home and restrictions, with Europe seeing larger declines than the US. Road freight was less impacted. It also covers the growth of electric vehicles in Europe and challenges to decarbonizing freight transport. While fuel prices may impact passenger travel, their effect on diesel demand will likely be limited. Infrastructure lags electric vehicle adoption rates. Decarbonizing large freight transport faces major obstacles.

1. Addressing Travel Dynamics in the Era of
COVID
Neil Watt
Head of Analytics, B.B Energy
S&P Global Platts Middle Distillates Conference
March 2022

2. Overview
Part I: Personal Travel Activity
-Overview of European and U.S personal Travel Activity
-Work and Retail related Demand Dynamics
-Air vs Road Travel
Part II: Road Freight Activity
-Overview of Road Freight Dynamics
-Structural Issues and challenges
Part III: Decarbonisation Trends
-Passenger EVs
-Electric HGVs
Part IV: Conclusion
Part V: Sources
March 2022

3. Part I: Personal Travel Activity
March 2022

4. Overview of Euro and U.S personal travel activity
March 2022
• European demand losses were 6 % relative to 2019 levels over Q4, 2021. This was driven mainly by WFH activity
and lower retail & recreational travel.[1], [2], [3]
• From 2021, covid policies across Europe were generally more stringent and uniform within national boundaries than
in U.S, which accounted for some of the disparity in demand trajectory.[2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]

5. Political Characteristics of restrictions: U.S
• U.S demand losses relative to 2019 levels varied
widely by state.[4]
• Clear clustering of political affiliation and demand
losses (i.e not purely technocratic), and lack of
relationship with case numbers.[4], [8], [9]
March 2022
FL
NJ
DE
NY

6. Political Characteristics of restrictions: Europe
• Policy response in Europe was generally more
“technocratic” than in U.S with no evident split
across political spectrum.[2], [3], [7], [10]
• Severity of the policies were not proportional to
cases per capita; multitude of restrictions were in
place for long periods which disrupted travel
activity.[2], [3], [7], [11]
March 2022

7. WFH Activity Background
March 2022
• WFH accounted for ~ 70 % of personal travel demand reductions in Europe, ~ 80 % in U.S over Q4, 21.[2], [3], [4]
• Implied incremental WFH post-pandemic projected at 8-11% in U.S and 8-13 % in Europe.[12], [,13], [14], [15], [16]
• In U.S and Europe on average ~ 30-45 % of workforce can work from home, depending on the state.[12], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]
• Tendency towards homeworking is lower in Europe than U.S generally. Prior to pandemic only 15% of EU workers
worked remotely, compared to 23.7 % in U.S.[22]
• In the U.S, 60% of decisions around WFH taken on a team or individual level.[23]

8. WFH Activity And Socioeconomic Status
March 2022
• In both US and Europe higher work travel losses were associated with higher socioeconomic status- i.e not
reflecting weakening of underlying economy.[2], [4], [3], [24], [25]

9. U.S Gasoline: Long Term WFH Impacts
In periods of relative calm, WFH losses converged at
or just below survey expectations for post-
pandemic behaviour.[15], [16], [26], [27]
However, in long term there may be some further
recovery beyond this for various reasons:
1. Non-exclusive WFH activity.[17]
2. Long term career prospects may impeded by
WFH regardless of productivity.[28]
3. Distribution of implied WFH losses heavily
skewed to tiny minority of individuals.[16]
March 2022

10. Euro Passenger Diesel Demand: WFH Impacts
• Similarly to U.S; WFH impacts did not
materially go below where surveys
indicated.[2], [3], [12], [13]
• However, were more instances where WFH
activity stayed above the survey baselines-
particularly following critical events.
March 2022

11. Retail & Recreational Travel Activity I
• Retail sales growth has been strong in U.S and Europe since early 2021.[29], [30]
• In U.S, lower “fear” of covid, vaccine rollout and generous stimulus packages correlated with higher sales activity;
and higher retail & recreational travel activity.[9], [29], [31], [32]
March 2022

12. Retail & Recreational Travel Activity II
• European retail activity becoming less homogenous across income groups in high FP environment. Likely early stages of
price-demand reaction.[1], [2], [33], [34]
• Duty cuts announced so far (as of 24th March 2022) probably unlikely to avoid significant demand destruction.
March 2022

13. Air vs Road Travel I
• Before the pandemic EU residents made most of their
outbound trips by air (42 % more than car travel).[1] ,[3],
[35]
• Key concerns included quarantining and border
closures. Furthermore, travelers were most afraid of
catching Covid through air travel locations (61%)
compared to other environments.[36], [37]
• Travelers under 44 comprised 50 % of tourists in
Europe pre-covid; unlikely to have been vaccinated
during peak travel season.[11], [38]
• Particularly strong personal driving travel activity in key
tourist destinations in France, Italy, Greece, Spain
potentially indicate air travel substitution.[1], [2], [3]
March 2022

14. Air vs Road Travel II
• Jet recovery has been skewed to domestic activity. But there are some early signs that international travel may increase;
this could detract from seasonal uptick in summer road travel demand.[1], [39], [40]
• ~60-70% of revenue is driven by higher income groups and so less likely to be FP sensitive than road travel.[41], [42], [43], [44],
[45]
March 2022

15. PART II: Road Freight Activity
March 2022

16. Freight Related Road Diesel Demand: Overview
• Freight activity, which comprised ~55-60% of road
diesel demand prior to the pandemic, performed much
better than personal travel.[3], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50]
• Major haulage companies, although facing lower
operating profits QoQ in Q4, still achieved better
returns than in 2019.[51], [52], [53], [54]
• Driver shortages are constraining freight growth.[55]
• Changes to EU cabotage rules and 4-week break ruling
will likely exacerbate existing structural issues.[56]
March 2022

17. Freight Related Road Diesel Demand: FP I
• Freight is less FP sensitive than passenger travel and
unlikely to be as impacted. [3] ,[34] ,[46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [57], [58]
• Higher costs whether wage or fuel related have at times
been fully absorbed by the commercial customer rather
than the trucker necessarily. [3] ,[34] ,[46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [57],
[58]
• However, higher fuel costs likely to pressure independent
truckers and increase market share of large operators (e.g
trucker strikes in Spain).[51], [52], [53], [54], [59]
March 2022

18. Freight Related Road Diesel Demand: FP II
• Downturn in freight travel in 2012 coincided with
a sharp downturn in mining activity. This since
has not recovered regardless of FP levels.[60], [61]
• Several leading haulage companies ascribed the
macroeconomic fallout from the sovereign debt
crisis as being a key driver for 2012 reduction (i.e
not FP rise over 2010-2012).[57], [58]
• Decline in activity was skewed to reductions at
the national level; permanent shift towards
international road freight occurred from 2011.[62]
March 2022

19. PART III: Decarbonisation Trends
March 2022

20. European EV Development: I
• Passenger EVs comprised 2.3% of fleet in 2020
(+1.2 % share YoY), but that has likely grown to
over 3 % as of 2021.[63], [64]
• BEVs and PHEVs now make up 18 % of new sales
(up from 10.5 % in 2020!); outpacing
infrastructure growth.[65], [66]
• A range of financial incentives are available for
purchasers of EV passenger vehicles.[67], [68]
• The range of passenger EV models available in
Europe is becoming broader with various models
at different price levels.[69], [70]
March 2022

21. European EV Development: II
• Over-reliance on home charging; public infrastructure
otherwise incapable of handling current fleet.[1],[71]
• Current public charge infrastructure can handle up to ~5-
6 % passenger EV penetration (assuming home charging
continues).[1], [65], [66] [71], [72], [73]
• Fast-charge points have increased from 7 % of total in
2015 to 13 % as of 2021; on average one every 60 km on
European motorways.[66], [74]
• If fast charge points increased to 80 % of total could
handle ~20% EV market penetration. All charge points
should be fast charge or better.[1]
• New novel technologies involving super-fast charging
batteries are in development.[75], [76], [77]
March 2022
*Simulation of average waiting time (including charging) at public charge points in Europe. Assumes exponential interarrival times for new EVs, assumes current rate
of home charging continues, assumes no change in VMTs.

22. European EV Development: III
• HGVs comprise over 60% of road freight related diesel
demand.[1], [3], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50]
• Major hurdles to electrifying HGVs; only 0.2% of
trucks in use are renewable.[63], [78], [79]
• Zero emission HGVs generally twice as expensive as
new conventional HGVs, but can be 3-5 times as
expensive depending on range and whether fuel cell
or battery electric.[78], [80], [81], [82]
• Electric HGVs have different charging, space and
location requirements to passenger EVs.[79], [83]
• $ 30 bn has been invested in disruptive solutions
while major delivery companies have announced plans
to add hundreds of thousands of EVs in coming
years.[84]
March 2022

23. PART IV: Conclusion
March 2022

24. Conclusion:
• There will be some FP demand response in diesel markets but its relevance likely to be limited to passenger
travel.
• Likely ~50-75 kbd road diesel losses due to WFH vs 2019 levels in Europe to continue post-covid.
• Freight demand robust and underlying fundamentals are strong despite well publicised issues. However,
structural issues may constrain growth going forward.
• Overall, road diesel demand losses are miniscule compared to refining capacity losses in Europe (i.e 670 kbd
CDU shutdowns).
• Current EV infrastructure able to support growth in EV passenger in short term, but substantially more
development is needed; particularly in fast charge points.
• Decarbonisation of freight- largest share of road diesel demand- is likely to be extremely challenged and
there are major structural obstacles to this.
March 2022

25. PART V: Sources
March 2022

26. Sources I:
March 2022
[1] BB Energy, London, 2022.
[2] Google, "Community Mobility Reports," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/.
[3] IEA, March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/account/login.
[4] EIA, "Prime Supplier Report," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/marketing/prime/.
[5] AJMC, "A Timeline of COVID-19 Developments in 2020," January 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.ajmc.com/view/a-timeline-of-covid19-developments-in-2020.
[6] thinkglobalhealth, "UPDATED: Timeline of the Coronavirus," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/updated-timeline-coronavirus.
[7] Blavatnik School of Government University of Oxford, "COVID-19 GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TRACKER," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-
projects/covid-19-government-response-tracker.
[8] Cook Political, "2020 National Popular Vote Tracker," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://cookpolitical.com/2020-national-popular-vote-tracker.
[9] CDC, "COVID Data Tracker," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home.
[10] European Parliament, "2019 European Election Results," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en/tools/comparative-tool/.
[11] ECDC, "COVID-19 situation update for the EU/EEA, as of 17 March 2022," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/cases-2019-ncov-eueea.
[12] Eurofound, "Living, working and COVID-19," 28 September 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2020/living-working-and-covid-19.
[13] Decision Maker Panel, "Data," January 2022. [Online]. Available: https://decisionmakerpanel.co.uk/data/.
[14] M. Wong, "Stanford research provides a snapshot of a new working-from-home economy," June 2020. [Online]. Available: https://news.stanford.edu/2020/06/29/snapshot-new-working-home-
economy/.
[15] Gensler, "Only 12% of U.S. workers want to work from home full-time. Most want to return to the workplace, but with critical changes.," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.gensler.com/us-
wfh-survey-2020-wfh-reinforces-the-benefits-of-the-office.

27. Sources II:
March 2022
[16] AtlantaFed, "Firms Expect Working from Home to Triple," May 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.atlantafed.org/blogs/macroblog/2020/05/28/firms-expect-working-from-home-
to-triple.
[17] Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occupational Employment StatisticsPRINT:Print," May 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.bls.gov/oes/home.htm.
[18] Morgan Stanley, "How "Work From Home" May work for investors," 29 July 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/coronavirus-work-from-home-trend.
[19] J. M. H. A. R. M. KIM PARKER, "How the Coronavirus Outbreak Has – and Hasn’t – Changed the Way Americans Work," 9 December 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/12/09/how-the-coronavirus-outbreak-has-and-hasnt-changed-the-way-americans-work/.
[20] M. Wong, "Stanford research provides a snapshot of a new working-from-home economy," 29 June 2020. [Online]. Available: https://news.stanford.edu/2020/06/29/snapshot-new-
working-home-economy/.
[21] Eurostat, "Employment by A*10 industry breakdowns," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_10_a10_e&lang=en.
[22] BLS, "Table 6. Employed persons working at home, workplace, and time spent working at each location by full- and part-time status and sex, jobholding status, and educational
attainment, 2019 annual averages," 25 June 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.t06.htm.
[23] AtlantaFed, "www.atlantafed.org," January 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.atlantafed.org/blogs/macroblog/2022/01/12/hybrid-working-arrangements--who-decides.
[24] Eurostat, "Compensation per employee and hours worked per employed person by NUTS 2 regions and by industry," February 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NAMA_10R_2LP10$DEFAULTVIEW/default/table.
[25] Broadstreet, February 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.broadstreet.io/.
[26] NHTS, "Popular Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) Statistics," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://nhts.ornl.gov/vehicle-miles.
[27] NHTS, "Summary of Travel Trends," July 2018. [Online]. Available: https://nhts.ornl.gov/assets/2017_nhts_summary_travel_trends.pdf.
[28] NBER, "DOES WORKING FROM HOME WORK? EVIDENCE FROM A CHINESE EXPERIMENT," March 2013. [Online]. Available:
https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w18871/w18871.pdf.
[29] U.S Census, "Monthly Retail Trade," February 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.census.gov/retail/index.html.
[30] Eurostat, "Retail trade turnover - total," February 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/teiis200.

28. Sources III:
[31] Gallup, "Update: American Public Opinion and Vaccination Requirements," September 2021. [Online]. Available: https://news.gallup.com/poll/354506/update-american-public-opinion-vaccination-requirements.aspx.
[32] CNBC, "Biden signs $1.9 trillion Covid relief bill, clearing way for stimulus checks, vaccine aid," March 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/11/biden-1point9-trillion-covid-relief-package-thursday-
afternoon.html.
[33] Eurostat, "Compensation per employee and hours worked per employed person by NUTS 2 regions and by industry," February 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser.
[34] European Commission, "Weekly Oil Bulletin," March 2020. [Online]. Available: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/data-and-analysis/weekly-oil-bulletin_en#taxes.
[35] Eurostat, "Number of trips," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TOUR_DEM_TTTOT/default/table?lang=en&category=tour.tour_dem.tour_dem_tt.
[36] IATA, "Air Traveler Response to COVID-19," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.iata.org/contentassets/bc49a433b047432cbbfe77840d218ba9/covid-survey-march2021-briefing.pdf.
[37] OAG, "GLOBAL TRAVELER SENTIMENT SURVEY," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.oag.com/covid-19-recovery-survey.
[38] Eurostat, "Participation in tourism for personal purposes by age group," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TOUR_DEM_TOAGE__custom_2337150/default/table?lang=en.
[39] IATA, "Ukraine conflict results in downturn in airline bookings," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/ukraine-conflict-results-in-downturn-in-airline-bookings/.
[40] Expedia, "Travel Recovery Trend Report," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://info.advertising.expedia.com/travel-recovery-trend-report-download-2021-q4-paid?utm_campaign=na_r-n-r_q4-recovery-trend-
report_20220310&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=skift&utm_content=im_research_cta.
[41] Heinrich Boll Stiftung, "European Mobility Atlas," July 2021. [Online]. Available: https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/EUMobilityatlas2021_2ndedition_FINAL_WEB.pdf.
[42] Investopedia, "How Much Airline Revenue Comes From Business Travelers?," February 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/041315/how-much-revenue-airline-industry-comes-business-
travelers-compared-leisure-travelers.asp.
[43] S. G. Andreas Humpe, "The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change," November 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345144797_The_global_scale_distribution_and_growth_of_aviation_Implications_for_climate_change.
[44] UK Gov., "Statistical data set Mode of travel," September 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/nts03-modal-comparisons.
[45] Expedia, "TravellerIndex: 2022 Outlook," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://info.advertising.expedia.com/typ/traveler-value-index-2022-outlook.
March 2022

29. Sources IV:
[46] BMVI, "Verkehr in Zahlen," January 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Artikel/G/verkehr-in-zahlen.html.
[47] FR Gouv, "Bilan annuel," December 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2020-
12/datalab_78_comptes_transports_2019_circulation_novembre2020.pdf.
[48] UK Gov., "Energy and environment: data tables (ENV)," December 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/energy-and-environment-data-
tables-env.
[49] MIT, "Conto Nazionale delle Infrastrutture," July 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.mit.gov.it/sites/default/files/media/pubblicazioni/2021-07/Conto%202019-2020-bassa.pdf.
[50] Gob. ES, "Encuesta permanente del transporte de mercancías por carretera 2019," 2019. [Online]. Available: https://apps.fomento.gob.es/BoletinOnline2/?nivel=2&orden=51000000.
[51] DSV, "Q3 2021 RESULTS DSV A/S Investor Presentation," October 2021. [Online]. Available: https://investor.dsv.com/static-files/3553cc96-a518-4f72-81e3-d79cfd10fba4.
[52] DSV, "2021 Annual Report," Febuary 2022. [Online]. Available: https://investor.dsv.com/static-files/6f294f9f-898c-4056-976c-149ef470c8bb.
[53] Kuehne + Nagel, "Nine Month Results," October 2021. [Online]. Available: https://home.kuehne-nagel.com/documents/20124/2216929/Q321+-
+Analyst+Presentation.pdf/3c2bb89b-18dc-559c-4fb8-aa097723c95a?t=1634704180073.
[54] Kuehne + Nagel, "2021 Annual Report," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://2021-annual-report.kuehne-nagel.com/fileadmin/user_upload/KN_Uploads/pdf-
Download/Annual_Report_2021.pdf.
[55] Transport Intelligence, "EUROPEAN DRIVER SHORTAGES," August 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.ti-insight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/European-Driver-Shortages-
LB.pdf.
[56] Girteka, "WHY THE 2022 ROAD FREIGHT TENDER SEASON IN EUROPE WILL BE DIFFICULT," March 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.girteka.eu/why-the-2022-road-freight-
tender-season-in-europe-will-be-difficult/.
[57] DSV, "DSV 2012 Annual Report," 2013. [Online]. Available: https://investor.dsv.com/static-files/896784f2-e2aa-4cf5-b1d0-4dbda7ab4a22.
[58] Kuehne + Nagel, "Annual Report 2012," 2013. [Online]. Available: https://home.kuehne-nagel.com/documents/20124/179863/KNGB_uk.pdf/362be308-8d0c-0046-3638-
cb156e0763e0?t=1590584588390.
[59] The Local, "How the truck drivers’ strike is affecting life in Spain," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.thelocal.es/20220321/how-the-truck-drivers-strike-is-affecting-life-in-
spain/.
[60] Eurostat, "Summary of annual road freight transport by type of operation and type of transport," February 2022. [Online].
March 2022

30. Sources V:
[61] Eurostat, "National annual road freight transport by distance class, type of transport and group of goods (1 000 t), from 2008 onwards," March 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ROAD_GO_NA_DCTG__custom_2296842/default/table?lang=en.
[62] Eurostat, "Summary of annual road freight transport by type of operation and type of transport (1 000 t, Mio Tkm, Mio Veh-km)," March 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/road_go_ta_tott/default/table?lang=en.
[63] ACEA, "Report – Vehicles in use, Europe 2022," January 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.acea.auto/publication/report-vehicles-in-use-europe-2022/.
[64] ACEA, "Vehicles in Use," January 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.acea.auto/files/report-vehicles-in-use-europe-january-2021-1.pdf.
[65] ACEA, "Fuel types of new cars: battery electric 9.1%, hybrid 19.6% and petrol 40.0% market share full-year 2021," Feburary 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.acea.auto/fuel-pc/fuel-types-of-new-cars-battery-electric-9-1-
hybrid-19-6-and-petrol-40-0-market-share-full-year-2021/.
[66] EAFO, " European Alternative Fuels Observatory," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.eafo.eu/electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure.
[67] UHY, "Germany powers ahead in electric car sales growth – sales more than treble during pandemic," September 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.uhy.com/germany-powers-ahead-in-electric-car-sales-growth-sales-more-
than-treble-during-pandemic/.
[68] IEA, November 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/electric-vehicles.
[69] ev-database, "Electric Vehicle Database," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ev-database.uk/compare/newest-upcoming-electric-vehicle#sort:path~type~order=.id~number~desc|range-slider-range:prev~next=0~600|range-
slider-towweight:prev~next=0~2500|range-slider-acceleration:prev~next=2~23|range-slider-fastcharge:prev~next=0~11.
[70] Volkswagen, "Electric vehicles," March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.volkswagen-newsroom.com/en/electric-vehicles-3646. [Accessed March 2022].
[71] European Court of Auditors, "Infrastructure for charging electric vehicles: more charging stations but uneven deployment makes travel across the EU complicated," May 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eca/special-reports/electrical-recharging-5-2021/en/.
[72] Odyssee-Mure, "CHANGE IN DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY CAR," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/transport/distance-travelled-by-
car.html#:~:text=Large%20discrepancy%20of%20the%20average,the%20EU%20as%20a%20whole..
[73] Tomtom, "TOMTOM TRAFFIC INDEX," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/traffic-index/new-york-traffic/.
[74] Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, "From the roads to the rails: European freight transport and green logistics," October 2021. [Online]. Available: https://eu.boell.org/en/2021/10/18/roads-rails-european-freight-transport-and-green-
logistics.
[75] ABB, "ABB launches the world’s fastest electric car charger," September 2021. [Online]. Available: https://new.abb.com/news/detail/82941/abb-launches-the-worlds-fastest-electric-car-charger.
March 2022

31. Sources VI:
[76] Whatcar, "New super-fast electric car batteries will charge up in five minutes," February 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.whatcar.com/news/new-
super-fast-electric-car-batteries-will-charge-up-in-five-minutes/n22584.
[77] Traffictechnologytoday, "World’s fastest EV charging technology announced," January 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.traffictechnologytoday.com/news/electric-vehicles-ev-infrastructure/worlds-fastest-ev-charging-technology-announced.html.
[78] CLECAT, "Creation of a new EU Emission Trading Scheme for road transport," January 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.acea.auto/files/CLECAT_ACEA_ESC-joint_position_paper-EU_ETS_for_road_transport.pdf.
[79] ACEA, "Fact sheet – Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation: heavy-duty vehicles," January 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.acea.auto/fact/fact-sheet-alternative-fuels-infrastructure-regulation-heavy-duty-vehicles/.
[80] Transport and Environment, "Comparison of hydrogen and," June 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.transportenvironment.org/wp-
content/uploads/2021/07/2020_06_TE_comparison_hydrogen_battery_electric_trucks_methodology.pdf.
[81] Motortransport, "Cost Tables," January 2021. [Online]. Available: https://motortransport.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Cost-Tables-2020.pdf.
[82] Commercialfleet, "Chip shortage: Record year for used HGV prices predicted," September 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://www.commercialfleet.org/news/truck-news/2021/09/23/chip-shortage-record-year-for-used-hgv-prices-predicted.
[83] EDF, "Electric car charging points," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.edfenergy.com/electric-cars/charging-
points#:~:text=Standard%20UK%20domestic%20electricity%20outlet,power%20output%20of%203%20kW.
[84] DHL, "Logistics Trend Radar," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.dhl.com/global-en/home/insights-and-innovation/insights/logistics-trend-radar.
[85] OECD, "Short-term transport indicators ," February 2022. [Online]. Available: https://stats.oecd.org/BrandedView.aspx?oecd_bv_id=trsprt-data-
en&doi=g2g55581-en#.
March 2022