History of Nepal (Unification and Different Reforms)

1. Modern Nepal

2. Kings, Prime minister and their Ruling period
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister Term of office Time
1 Prithvi Narayan Shah
25th Sep 1743-
11st Jan 1775
31Y 3M
18D
- - -
2 Pratap Singh Shah
11st Jan 1775-
17th Nov 1777
2Y 10M
7D
- - -
3
Rana Bahadur Shah
(Abdicated)
17th Nov 1777-
8th Mar 1799
1Y 3M
20D
- - -
4
Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah
(Shah expansion era1799–
1806)(Thapa/Pande era
(1806–1846)
8th Mar 1799-
20th Nov 1816
17Y 8M
13D
Damodar Pande (Mul-Kaji)
Rana Bahadur Shah(Mukhtiyar)
Bhimsen Thapa (PM)
1799-1804
1806-1806
1806-1837
5Y
59D
31Y
5
Rajendra Bikram Shah
(Rana era 1846–1951)
20th Nov 1816-
12th May 1847
30Y 5M
23 D
Rana Jang Pande
Ranga Nath Poudyal
Chautariya Puskhar Shah
Rana Jang Pande
Ranga Nath Poudyal
Fateh Jung Shah
Mathabar Singh Thapa
Fateh Jung Shah
Jung Bahadur Rana
1837-1837
1837-1838
1838-1839
1839-1840
1840-1840
1840-1843
1843-1845
1845-1846
1846
1Y
1Y
1Y
1Y
1Y
3Y
2Y
1Y
9,10,17

3. Contd…
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister Term of office Time
6
Surendra Bikram Shah
(Abdicated)
12th May 1847-
17th May 1881
34Y 6D
Jung Bahadur Rana
Bam Bahadur Kunwar
Krishna Bahadur Kunwar
Rana (Acting PM)
Jung Bahadur Rana
Ranodip Singh Kunwar
1846-1856
1856-1857
1857-1857
1857-1877
1877
9,10,17
0,9,24
0,1,4
19,7,28
8,8,28
7
Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah
(GS of Surendra Bikram Shah)
17th May 1881-
11st Dec 1911
30Y 6M
25D
Ranodip Singh Kunwar
Bir Shumsher JBR
Dev Shumsher JBR
Chandra Shumsher JBR
1877-1885
1885-1901
1901-1901
1901-1929
8,8,28
15,3,11
0,3,22
28,5,0
8 Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
11st Dec 1911-
7th Nov 1950
30Y
10M
28D
Chandra Shumsher JBR
Bhim Shumsher JBR
Juddha Shumsher JBR
Padma Shumsher JBR
Mohan Shumsher JBR
1901-1929
1929-1932
1932-1945
1945-1948
1948
28,5,0
2,8,6
13,3,28
2,5,1
3,6,13

4. Contd…
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister
Term of
office
Time
9 Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Stepped Down)
7th Nov 1950-
7th Jan 1951
2M
1D
Mohan Shumsher JBR
1948-1951 3,6,13
10
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
(Transition era (1951–1960)
7th Jan 1951-
13th Mar 1955
2Y
2M
7D
Matrika Prasad Koirala(NC)
Direct Rule
Matrika Prasad Koirala(RPP)
1951-1952
1952-1953
1953-1955
0,8,29
0,10,1
1,10,0
11
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Panchayat era 1960–1990)
13th Mar
1955-
31st Jan 1972
16Y
10M
19D
Direct Rule
Tanka Prasad Acharya(NPP)
Kunwar Inderjit Singh(UDP)
Subarna Shamsher Rana(NC)
Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala(NC)
Tulsi Giri(P)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(P)
Tulsi Giri(P)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(P)
Kirti Nidhi Bista(P)
Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari(P)
Kirti Nidhi Bista(P)
1955-1956
1956-1957
1957-1958
1915-1959
1959-1960
1960-1963
1963-1964
1964-1965
1965-1969
1969-1970
1970-1971
1971-1973
0,9,13
1,5,29
0,9,19
1,0,11
1,7,0
2,11,27
0,2,3
0,10,28
4,2,15
1,0,6
1,0,1
2,3,2

5. Contd…
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister Term of office Time
12
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Assassinated)
(Constitutional monarchy
1990–2008)
31st Jan 1972-
1st Jun 2001
29Y
4M
2D
Kirti Nidhi Bista(P)
Nagendra Prasad Rijal(P)
Tulsi Giri(P)
Kirti Nidhi Bista(P)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(P)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand(P)
Nagendra Prasad Rijal(P)
Marich Man Singh Shrestha(P)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand(P)
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai(NC)
Girija Prasad Koirala(NC)
Man Mohan Adhikari(CPN/UML)
Sher Bahadur Deuba(NC)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand(RPP)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(RPP)
Girija Prasad Koirala(NC)
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai(NC)
Girija Prasad Koirala(NC)
1971-1973
1973-1975
1975-1977
1977-1979
1979-1983
1983-1986
1986-1986
1986-1990
1990-1990
1990-1991
1991-1994
1994-1995
1995-1997
1997-1997
1997-1998
1998-1999
1999-2000
2000-2001
2,3,2
2,4,15
1,9,11
1,8,18
4,1,12
2,8,9
0,2,25
3,9,22
0,2,13
402D
1284D
286D
547D
209D
190D
411D
296D
491D

6. Contd.
S.No. Name of King Ruling Period Time Name of Prime Minister Term of office Time
13 Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Committed Suicide)
1st Jun 2001-
4th Jun 2001
4D Girija Prasad Koirala(NC) 2000-2001 491D
14 Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
(Deposed)
4th Jun 2001-
28th May 2008
6Y
11M
25D
Sher Bahadur Deuba(NC)
Direct rule
Lokendra Bahadur
Chand(RPP)
Surya Bahadur Thapa(RPP)
Sher Bahadur Deuba(NC)
Direct rule
Girija Prasad Koirala(NC)
2001-2001
2002-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2008
435D
7D
237D
364D
243D
448D
764D

7. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present)
S. No. President
Prime Ministers Political
party
Term of
office
Time
1
Dr. Ram Baran Yadav
(23 July 2008 – 29 October 2015)
(7Y 3M 6D)
Girija Prasad Koirala NC 2008-2008 83D
Pushpa Kamal Dahal CPN(MC) 2008-2009 280D
Madhav Kumar Nepal CPN(UML) 2009-2011 622D
Jhala Nath Khanal NC 2011-2011 204D
Baburam Bhattarai CPN(MC) 2011-2013 563D
Khil Raj Regmi
(Acting Prime Minister)
NP 2013-2014
334D
Sushil Koirala NC 2014-1015 608D
Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli CPN(UML) 2015-2016 297D
2
Bidya Devi Bhandari
(29th Oct 2015-Present)
Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli CPN(UML) 2015-2016 297D
Pushpa Kamal Dahal CPN(MC) 2016-2017 300D
Sher Bahadur Deuba NC 7th Jun 2017-
Present

8. Greater Nepal
• Campaigns by Shah kings
• King Prithvi Narayan Shah decided to enlarge the kingdom(2500
Sq. KM)
• Defeated major principalities in wars and unified them under his
rule (1740s)
• Gorkha Kingdom’s capital from Gorkha region to Kathmandu in
1769
• Eldest son Pratap Singh Shah continued defeating other smaller
kingdoms
• 2nd son Bahadur Shah continued

9. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Wars with kingdoms in neighbouring countries, British India
and Tibet
• Tibetan Conflict
• Victory over Kumaon Kingdom, Garhwal Kingdom and Kangra
• Victory over Sikkim and Darjeeling
• Sugauli Treaty
• Gorkhaland Movement

10. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Tibetan Conflict
• Sino-Nepalese War, Nepal invaded Tibet
• Fuk’aang Chief Commander of Tibetan Campaign
• Nepalese–Tibetan War was fought (1855 to 1856)
in Tibet between the forces of the Tibetan government and
Nepalese army
• Victory of Nepal

11. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Victory over Kumaon Kingdom, Garhwal Kingdom and Kangra
• Invaded Kumaon Kingdom and occupied it in 1790–91
• Invaded Garhwal Kingdom and occupied it in 1804
• Gorkha army absorbed all the small kingdoms up to Satluj River
• Gorkha's attack on Kangra and siege of Kangra Fort was repulsed by the
Kangra king with help from Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab in 1809
• Absorbed Kangra and extended the kingdom to Ravi river, India

12. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Victory over Sikkim and Darjeeling
• Raja of Sikkim had been engaged in an unsuccessful warfare against the
Gorkhas
• From 1780 the Gorkhas continually made inroads into Sikkim
• By the beginning of the 19th century, the Gorkhas had overrun Sikkim as far-
eastward as the Teesta
• Video: Greater Nepal

13. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Sugauli Treaty
• Gorkhas were forced to accept a peace treaty with the British in 1816
• The treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal
• About one-third of Nepalese controlled territory was lost
• 4 different regions in 2029 BS (1972) and 5 regions in 2037 BS(1982)

14. Greater Nepal Contd…
• Gorkhaland Movement
• In 1986 the Gorkhaland movement began in the district of Darjeeling
• Subash Ghising the leader of the movement
• Sent a letter to then king of Nepal Birendra Bir Bikram Shah pleading that
Darjeeling belonged to Nepal (No Response)
• Wrote to the Indian prime minister to clarity the legitimate status of
Darjeeling
• Sent a letter to the then prime minister of Nepal Girija Prasad Koirala
• Filed a case in the Supreme Court of India(political issue)

15. Rise of Rana Regime (1847 AD-1951 AD)
1. Instable Politics of Nepal
2. Series of murder
3. Three massacre (Parvas)
4. Marital relations with the royal family:
5. Royal Seal of 24th Srawan 1913

16. 1. Political instability
• Demise of PN Shah- son Pratap Singh ascended the throne.
• Expired only after 2 years 9 months in his office.
• Rana Bahadur Shah(son), at the age of 3 ascended the throne
• Political instability started in Nepal.

17. 2. Series of murders
• Mathbar Singh Thapa murdered-Chautaria Fatte Jung became the PM
• Gagan Singh was the powerful person in the court and favourite
person of the Queen Rajjya Laxmi
• On the night of 31st Bhadra, 1903 B.S. he was mysteriously murdred.
• Assembly to find out the murder turned out into the court massacre
“kot parva”

18. 3. Three massacre(parvas)
• Through Kot parva JBR became the PM and the chief of Nepalese
army
• On 17th Kartik 1903 Bhandar Khal Parva occurred
• JBR exiled the king and the queen to Banaras
• After Alau Parva –JBR charged the king of treason- kept him under
house arrest
• Surendra was formally declared the king.

19. 4. Marital relations with the royal family:
• JBR married the sister of Fatte Jung
• He got Surendra married to the daughter of his brother, Krishna
Bahadur.
• The two sons of Janga Bahadur Jagat jung and Jeet Jung were married
to the daughter of King Surendra
• Later his two daughters were married to the crown prince Trailokya.

20. 5. Royal Seal of 24th Srawan 1913
• Title of Shree 3 Maharaja of Kaski and Lamjung was awarded by
surendra to JBR
• He became the most powerful person
• He started the autocratic rule.

21. Jung Bahadur Rana (1846-1856)
• Political reforms
• Relations with Tibet had been mediated through China
• First Prime-Minister to get state honors in the court
of Queen Victoria in 1850
• First Nepali Prime Minister to visit Europe.
• In 1912, Thapathali Treaty was signed.
• He was the first one to held National census
• Established civil court(Muluki adda), Jangi Adda, Kaushal
Adda(drafting laws),Muluki Khanas(rev.)
• British were firm supporters of Jung Bahadur's
government
• Nepal and Britain became strong allies after Jung
Bahadur's return from England visit.
• Fought hard battles and aided the British in their
campaigns around Gorakhpur and lucknow

22. Contd…
• Economic reforms
• Issued first ever written law called
Muluki Ain in 1910 BS in the
name of Surendra, to maintain
uniformity in the field of law
• Unmarried girls, 35 years of age
got rights on the parental
property.
• Strict rules against gambling
• He tried to abolish Sati and
slavery.
• Introduction of English Education
in Nepal
• Social reforms
• Issued first ever written law called
Muluki Ain in 1910 BS in the name of
Surendra, to maintain uniformity in the
field of law
• Unmarried girls, 35 years of age got
rights on the parental property.
• Strict rules against gambling
• He tried to abolish Sati and slavery.
• Introduction of English Education in
Nepal
• Establishment of Durbar School
• Establishment of Guide Press
• Strictly Implemented the caste system
formed by Jayasthiti Malla

23. Ranodwip Singh Kunwar(1877-1885)
• Social reforms
• Set up new building for the English School
established by Jung Bahadur Rana
• Provided scholarship for poor Sanskrit
students
• Road to Pashupati was paved with stone
• Political Reforms
• Established Court of Justice
• Strict laws against bribery and corruption

24. Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1885-1901)
• Social Reform
• Water pipes were laid.
• English was taught in schools.
• Hospitals were made.
• Established Durbar High School, Bir hospital,
Bir Tower (Ghanta Ghar), Pathshala (School)
and a sanitary system.
• The postal system was reformed and many
roads of Kathmandu were broadened.
• Established the Bir Library for the collection
and preservation of valuable books and
manuscripts.
• Provided a good supply of drinking water to
the towns.

25. Contd…
• Economic Reform
• Reorganized land tax and
created a better
administrative body.
• Political Reform
• Sent large number of troops
to the British and the British
gave him the title of Knight
Grand Commander.

26. Dev Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1901-1901)
• Social Reform
• First person to introduce the newspaper to
Nepal.
• Publication of Weekly Gorkhapatra started
in May 1901 (B.S. 1958. Bhaisakh 24)
• Proclaimed universal education, began to
build schools
• Took steps to abolish slavery
• He introduced gambling for 2 months, along
with Bhajan from 3-5 p.m. and silent
movies from 8-10 p.m.
• Introduced several social welfare schemes.
• 17 days annual leave & Office time 10:00 to
17:00

27. Contd…
• Economic Reform
• Iron ore mine was started in
Thosay.
• Political Reform
• Decided to establish a
parliament and built a big hall
in his Thapathali Durbar.
• Made his 'Sindure Yatra'
royal proclamation 8 times.
• Planned to send Nepali
youths to Japan for higher
studies.
Level No. of School No. of Students
Primary 321 8505
Secondary 11 1680
College 1 250
Total 333 10435

28. Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1901-1929)
 Social Reform
 Abolished sati system
 Made illegal to kill a person for witchcraft
 Abolished slavery with the money from the treasury of
Pashupatinath temple
 Built first college of Nepal i.e. Tri- Chandra college in 1975
 Established Chandra military hospital and Built Singha
durbar which is the largest palace in Asia
 Built Chandra nahar in Saptari
 First railway sevice was started in Nepal from Raxaul to
Amlekhgunj
 Established several canals in Terai region
 Started ropeway from Bhimphedi to Matatirtha

29. Contd…
Political Reform
 Signed Nepal-Britain treaty in
1923 which defined Nepal as
independent and sovereign
nation
• Economic Reform
• Established Chandra Jyoti
hydro in Pharping

30. Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana(1929-1932)
Reforms
Salt, cotton and livestock were made
tax free
Arranged good supply of drinking
water in Kathmandu
Started Saturday holiday system

31. Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1932-1945)
• Social Reform
• Janakpur- Jayanagar Railway were constructed
• Roads were constructed
• Banned Child Marriage
• Founded SLC Board of Examination
• Settled the long pending disputes between the
Brahmans of different status
• Publication of ‘Sharada’ and ‘Udyog’ Gorkhapatra
was published twice a week
• Introduced the system of Pension Payment to the
civil servants
• Opened office for keeping the records of people birth
and death

32. Contd…
• Economic Reform
• Nepal Rastra Bank was Established
• Large scale industries like Biratnagar Jute Mill, Juddha Match
Factory , Nepal Plywood Company etc were Established
• Established Hydropower station at Sundarijal
• Irrigation canal was constructed and its source was the
manushmara river of rautahat

33. Padma Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1945-1948)
• Social Reform
• Established Sugar Mill in Morang and Nepal
Cigarette Factory
• Teachers Training Program was implemented
• Started female education with the establishment of
padmodaya high school, kanya mandir school and
padma kanya college in dillibazar
• Allowed public to freely express their difficulties
and trouble
• ‘Gorkhapatra’ was published trice a week
• Political Reform
• Introduced the first constitution of Nepal, Nepal
government constitutional law , 2004 B.S

34. Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana(1948-1951)
•Social Reform
• Development of Tourism
• Constructed janasewa cinema
• In 2005 B.S. he opened nearly 87
primary schools in the country
• Tree plantation was encouraged

35. Contd…
• Economic Reform
• Teachers and their salaries
were increased
• Advertisement for vacancies
for several governmental and
non-governmental posts
• Political Reforms
• Made attempts for Nepal’s
membership to the UNO

36. Fall of Rana Regime
1. Family Scuffle/ Clash
2. Exclusion of "C" class Ranas
3. Anti Rana movement
4. Abandonment of throne by King Tribhuvan

37. Tribhuwan Bir Bikram Shah(1911-1950 & 1951–1955)
Political Reform
 End of rana regime
•Social Reform
• Janak Education Material
Centre(1950)
• Rise of Democracy 7th
Falgun, 2007

38. Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah(1955-1972)
• Political Reform
• Introduced several reforms for improving the
administration, political system and society.
• In 1960 the King established the Panchayat
System
• Established the National Planning Council
• Land Reforms Act in January, 1964.
• Introduced Five-year Plans that focused on
the development of the country.
• He created and introduced the New Civil
Code (Muluki Ain) on 17th August 1963 to
protect the rights of women, children and
weaker sections of the society.

39. Contd…
• Social Reform
• He focused on the development of
villages and established a National
Campaign – “Back to the Village” in
1967
• Tribhuvan University(1959) and
Teacher's Training Institute
• Economic Reform
• He also launched numerous industries and
provided employment for his people.
• Bansbari Leather Shoes Factory and
Janakpur Cigarette factory were
established.
• He laid down the foundation of the East-
West Highway (Mahendra Highway) that
serves as a trade route between Nepal and
its neighboring countries.
• National Sports Council, Rastriya Nachghar,
Rastriya Sabhagriha and Dasarath Stadium.
• United Nations (U.N.O) in 1955

40. Panchyat System
• Characteristics:
• Provision of Prime Minister in
Government
• King was active leader of
government & cabinet
• Every youth should serve own
motherland or local area at least 1
year after the completion of
Master degree
• Bias less, discrimination less, equal
society
• Develop village economically
• Reforms:
• Land reforms led to the
confiscation of large Rana estates
• 2019 1st Panchayat constitution
was introduced & amended on
2023, 2nd amendment 2032
• 6th Asoj 2024 launched a new
program ‘Gaun Phark Abhiyan’
(Retreat the Village)
• Primary education was made free
on the occasion of the cornation
of King Birendra (2031)

41. Contd…
• The Referendum, 2036
• To solve problem, King Birendra made a
proclamation of referendum on 10th
Jestha 2036 with 2 options:
• To retain panchayat system with correction
according to time and situation
• To establish Multi-Party system
• Referendum was held on 20th Baishak
2037
• Result:
• People’s Movement of 1990
• Multiparty movement in Nepal that
brought an end to absolute monarchy
• The beginning of constitutional
democracy
• Eliminated the Panchayat system
• Officially started on February 18, 1990,
which is Democracy day in Nepal
• The movement gathered some 2,00,000
people who marched in protest of the
monarchy
• April 8, 1990 the king removed the ban
on political parties
Total = 7192451
100%
Voter = 4813486
66.92%
Panchyat System Multi-Party System
2433452 Votes 2007965 Votes
54.79% 45.21%

42. Birendra Bir Bikram Shah(1972-2001)
Political Reform:
• lifted the ban on political parties and agreed to
become a constitutional monarch in April, 1990
• Multi-party system was established by abolishing
panchayat system 26th Chaitra 2046
• Panchayat related articles were dissolved and interim
government was formed(3rd Baishak 2047)
• Expanding diplomatic relations with foreign nations
like France and the USA.
• Safeguarded Nepal's independence and prevented it
from being another protectorate of India.
• He was appointed as a British Field Marshal in 1980.
• Conflict between Maoist rebels and government
forces, which lasted from 1996 until 2006

43. Contd…
• Social Reform:
• To make primary education
available and free for every
child (announced at time of
coronation)
• Nepal as a zone of peace was
recognised by 116 countries
of the world. (1975 AD)
• Massacre of Royal Family
• 1 June 2001, Narayanhity Royal
Palace
• Conspiracy theories:
• Crown Prince Dipendra carried
out the murder
• Indian intelligence agency RAW or
the American CIA
• Gyanendra had a hand in the
massacre
• Accidental discharge of an
automatic weapon

44. Gynendra Bir Bikram Shah(2001-2008)
• Political Reform:
• Demolished "Tribhuvan Sadan" (the building where
the massacre occurred) Instead of making effective
investigation
• Suspended the constitution and assumed direct
authority in February 2005 to suppress the Maoist
insurgency.
• Restored the previous parliament in April 2006
• Exercised direct rule which resulted in mass
movements and civil war.
• Social Reform:
• He is a leading figure in the King Mahendra Trust for
Nature Conservation and has worked closely with the
World Wildlife Fund.

45. Fall of Shah Dynasty
• Internal Factors • External Factors
Role of the monarch in the 2046
The royal massacre
The last of the Shahs
The end of monarchy
Mass movement 2046
Falling trends of ‘king rulers’ all over
The mass movement 2062/63
Maoist Janayuddha
Wave of independence

46. Internal Factors
• Mass movement 2046
• End of panchayat system
• Constitution of kingdom
• The royal massacre
• Royal assassinated weakened faith
• Maoist Janayuddha
• Started armed people’s war (Sasastra
Janayuddha)
• The end of monarch
• Constitutional monarch is dismissed
by King Gyanendra
• To end absolute monarch Shah king
dissolve
• Role of the monarch in the 2046
• Constitutional Monarchy instead of
absolute monarchy
• The last of the Shahs
• The mass movement 2062/63
• End of absolute monarchy
• Establishment of loktantra
• External Factor
• Wave of independence
• World moving in a trend of independence
• Influence of Indian Government and its
policy

47. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
• On May 29, 2008, a new constitution was voted on by the Nepalese
Parliament (Interim Constitution of Nepal)
• Interim Constitution:
• Adopted in Jan 15th, 2007
• Abolition of Monarchy
• Implemented on May 27th, 2008
• Election
• Constituent Assembly were scheduled for April 10, 2008

48. Contd…
• Writing a new constitution deadline was extended several times, with
the last one set for 27 May 2012.
• Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai called for a new election on 22
November after the deadline passed
• 19 November 2013 (2nd Election of Constituent Assembly)
• Constitution of Nepal 2015 came into effect on Sept 20, 2015,
replacing the Interim Constitution of 2007

49. Constitution of Nepal 2015
• Restructured the Nation into a federal republic
• Divided the nation into seven states
• Bicameral parliamentary system has been created
• Rights of gender and sexual minorities are protected
• Laws to protect, empower and develop minority groups
• Recognizing the rights of women ”women shall have equal ancestral right without
any gender-based discrimination.”
• Bans any acts leading to conversions from one religion to another.
• Declares the nation to be secular and neutral toward all religions.
• Continued to abolish the death penalty
• The Constitution defines wide range human rights as fundamental rights.

50. Thank You