Agroforestry: A land degradation control and mitigation approach

1. Speaker: Narendra kokliyal I D: 16372 M.Sc Forestry (Agroforestry)

2. CONTENT • Introduction • Causes of land degradation • processes of land degradation • Effects of land degradation • Land degradation status of India • Case study • Conclusion

3. What is Land Degradation ?  Land degradation is the lowering of the productive capacity of the land through processes such as soil erosion, loss of soil fertility and soil salinity (Young,1997)  Land degradation generally signifies the temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land (FAO)  According to UNEP (1992), land degradation is the temporary or permanent lowering of productive capacity of the land

4. Causes of Land Degradation

5. NATURAL DEGRADATION HAZARDS a) Cyclone b) Drought c) Volcano

6. DIRECT CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION a) Deforestation b) Shifting cultivation c) Overgrazing d) Excessive use of agrochemicals (Images source: AWiFS)

7. c) Mining b) Urbanization UNDERLYING CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION a) Increasing population

8. PROCESSESS OF LAND DEGRADATION  Vegetation Degradation  Water Erosion  Wind Erosion  Water Logging  Salinity / Alkalinity  Mass Movement  Frost heaving  Frost Shattering  Barren / Rocky Area  Man made (Source: SAC, ISRO, 2016)

9. Vegetation degradation : PROCESSESS OF LAND DEGRADATION Vegetation degradation is observed mainly as deforestation / forest-blanks / shifting cultivation and degradation in pastures / grassland

10. PROCESSESS OF LAND DEGRADATION Water erosion : Water Erosion is loss of soil cover mainly due to rainfall and surface runoff water. Wind erosion : Wind erosion is the process by which soil material is picked up and transported by wind

11. PROCESSESS OF LAND DEGRADATION Water logging: Water logging is the lowering in the land productivity through the rise in groundwater close to the soil surface Salinity / Alkalinity : Salinity or Alkalinity is fundamentally the chemical property of the soils, it occurs mostly in cultivated lands, especially in the irrigated areas

12. PROCESSESS OF LAND DEGRADATION Mass movement: The spontaneous downward movement of soil and rock under the influence of gravity Frost Heaving: Frost heaving is the process of ice lens formation beneath the soil surface during freezing conditions in the atmosphere.

13. Frost Shattering: Frost shattering is the essentially a process of mechanical weathering or breakdown of rocks due to regular fluctuation in temperature Barren/rocky land: Barren / rocky areas are kind of wastelands which do not have productive capacity, these areas are mostly without or negligible soil cover PROCESSESS OF LAND DEGRADATION

14. PROCESSESS OF LAND DEGRADATION Man Made: All those land degradation processes which are induced directly or indirectly by human intervention and are not natural, it includes mining, city waste etc.

15. Process wise changes in land degradation status Cause of degradation 2003-05 2011-13 Change (mha) Area (mha) Area (%) Area (mha) Area (%) (2003-05)-(2011-13) Vegetation Degradation 28.28 8.60 29.30 8.91 1.02 Water Erosion 35.61 10.83 36.10 10.98 0.49 Wind Erosion 18.35 5.58 18.23 5.55 -0.12 Salinity 4..01 1.22 3.67 1.12 -0.34 Water Logging 0.60 0.18 0.65 0.20 0.05 Frost Shattering 3.11 0.95 3.34 1.02 0.03 Mass Movement 0.84 0.26 0.93 0.28 0.26 Barren/Rocky Area 1.88 0.57 1.89 0.57 0.01 Man Made 0.37 0.11 0.41 0.11 0.04 Total Area Under Degradation 94.53 28.76 96.40 29.32 0.57 Total Geographical Area(mha) 328.72 (Source: SAC, ISRO, 2016)

18. Effects of Land Degradation Effects upon Production • Reduced vegetation cover • Top soil loss • Watershed destruction with subsequent water shortage • Reduced return of organic matter • Increased pollution from increased use of agrochemicals • Land is abandoned • Crop yields are reduced • Flexibility of land management is decreased Consequences of land degradation for the people • Landlessness is increased • Food supplies are reduced or less reliable • Labour requirements are increased • Incomes are decreased • Migration of young people in the search for employment opportunities (Source: Antony & Lal, 2013)

19. Land Degradation Status of India India is the seventh largest country in the world with 328.72 mha area and is the second most populated country with 1.21 billion population  The analysis reveals that 96.40 mha area of the country is undergoing process of land degradation (29.32% of the TGA) of the country during 2011-13, while during 2003-05 the area undergoing process of land degradation is 94.53 mha (28.76% of the TGA)  The most significant process of land degradation of the country is water erosion (10.98% in 2011-13 and 10.83% in 2003-05)  The second most significant process is vegetation degradation (8.91% in 2011-13 and 8.60% in 2003-05) (Source: SAC, ISRO, 2016)

20. State wise status of Land Degradation state name Total Geographical Area(ha) Total Degraded land Total Degraded land Change (%)2003-05 Area(ha) 2003-05 Area(%) 2011-13 Area(ha) 2011-13 Area(%) Andhra Pradesh 16020500 2267728 14.16 2298758 14.35 0.19 Arunachal Pradesh 8374300 136686 1.63 153933 1.84 0.21 Assam 7843800 572215 7.30 716596 9.14 1.84 Bihar 9416300 659539 7.00 694809 7.38 0.38 Chhattisgarh 13519200 2176388 16.10 2211153 16.36 0.26 Delhi 148300 73514 49.57 89868 60.60 11.03 Goa 370200 186458 50.37 192973 52.13 1.76 Gujarat 19624400 10077455 51.35 10261641 52.29 0.94 Haryana 4421200 314583 7.12 338964 7.67 0.55 Himachal Pradesh 5567300 2141366 38.46 2394240 43.01 4.55 Jammu & Kashmir 22223600 7538814 33.92 7969607 35.86 1.94 Jharkhand 7971600 5418657 67.97 5498726 68.98 1.01 Karnataka 19179100 6940943 36.19 6951000 36.24 0.05

21. Kerala 3885200 370512 9.54 379587 9.77 0.23 Madhya Pradesh 30825200 3771853 12.24 3804315 12.34 0.10 Maharashtra 30771300 13348604 43.38 13825935 44.93 1.55 Manipur 2232700 593093 26.56 601959 26.96 0.40 Meghalaya 2242900 478825 21.35 494880 22.06 0.71 Mizoram 2108100 95873 4.55 187453 8.89 4.34 Nagaland 1657900 642304 38.74 786678 47.45 8.71 Odisha 15570700 5321903 34.18 5304114 34.06 -0.12 Punjab 5036200 93115 1.85 144653 2.87 1.02 Rajasthan 34223900 21625604 63.19 21526512 62.90 -0.29 Sikkim 709600 78482 11.06 78749 11.10 00.04 Tamil Nadu 13006000 1516660 11.66 1543898 11.87 0.21 Telangana 11484000 3658482 31.86 3598856 31.34 0.52 Tripura 1048600 327202 31.21 437128 41.69 10.48 Uttar Pradesh 24092800 1835263 7.62 1528997 6.35 -1.27 Uttarakhand 5348300 581241 10.87 648253 12.12 1.25 West Bengal 8875200 1682181 18.95 1733931 19.54 0.59 Cont… (Source: SAC, ISRO, 2016)

27. Agroforestry as a Tool for Mitigating Land Degradation

28.  Agroforestry – An old practice, but a new science  Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence Agroforestry (Lundgren and Raintree, 1982)  Agroforestry refers to land-use systems in which woody perennials are grown in association with agricultural crops, pastures or livestock (Young, 1997)

29. Erosion control through agroforestry practices  Trees and shrubs have both direct and supplementary functions to control erosion  Leucaena leucocephala – maize reduced soil loss on a steep slope to 2 tons haˉ¹ yearˉ¹ as compared with a loss of 80 tons haˉ¹ yearˉ¹ ( Banda et al., 1994)

30. Wind erosion control using Agroforestry practices  Through Windbreaks and Shelterbelts  In dry areas, suitably distributed windbreaks on 5% of the area can reduce wind speed by 30–50% and soil losses even by 80% (Bird et al., 1992)

31. Agroforestry Systems Erosion (t/ha/yr) Minimum Median Maximum Multistory tree garden 0.01 0.06 0.14 Natural rain forest 0.03 0.30 6.16 Shifting cultivation, fallow period 0.05 0.15 7.40 Forest plantation undisturbed 0.02 0.58 6.20 Trees crops with cover crop or mulch 0.10 0.75 5.60 Shifting cultivation, cropping period 0.40 2.78 70.05 Taungya cultivation period 0.63 5.23 17.37 (Source: Wiersum, 1984) Erosion rate in Tropical Agroforestry systems

32. Agroforestry Systems Erosion (t/ha/yr) Minimum Median Maximum Multistory tree garden 0.01 0.06 0.14 Natural rain forest 0.03 0.30 6.16 Shifting cultivation, fallow period 0.05 0.15 7.40 Forest plantation undisturbed 0.02 0.58 6.20 Trees crops with cover crop or mulch 0.10 0.75 5.60 Shifting cultivation, cropping period 0.40 2.78 70.05 Taungya cultivation period 0.63 5.23 17.37 (Source: Wiersum, 1984) Erosion rate in Tropical Agroforestry systems

33. Soil fertility improvement using Agroforestry practices Agroforestry promotes a more efficient cycling of nutrient because tree roots extent into portions of the soil profile (B and C horizons) and extract nutrients that may not be accessible to annual crop root systems  Leguminous tree species have potential for soil fertility improvement and water conservation since soil fertility improvement can be achieved through biomass transfer, long/short term fallows, nitrogen fixation (Source: Kang et al., 1986)

34. Soil fertility improvement using Agroforestry practices HOW TREES IMPROVE SOILS  Increasing inputs (organic matter, nitrogen fixation)  Reducing losses (organic matter, nutrients) by promoting recycling and checking erosion  Involving soil physical properties, including water holding capacity  Beneficial effects on soil biological processes (source: Young, 1997)

35. (Source: Kang et al., 1986) Soil fertility improvement using Agroforestry practices

36. Agroforestry systems Effect on soil fertility Trees on croplands, Plantation crop combinations, Home gardens, Hedgerow intercropping, trees on erosion control structures, windbreaks and shelterbelts, trees on rangelands or pastures Practices with substantial positive effect Boundary planting Plantation crop with pastures Practices with small positive or neutral effect Shifting cultivation Practices with positive or negative effect Taungya cultivation Practices with neutral or negative effect A tentative grouping of agroforestry practices according to their effects on soil fertility (Source: young, 1998)

37. Waterlogged soil amelioration using Agroforestry practices  Trees act as a bio-drainage  Root systems of tree intercept saturation zone water table to control shallow water table  Groundwater under tree plantation fall by 15.7 m over a period of 6 years  Plantations act like groundwater pumps, pumping water at the rate of 3.93 m³ h ¹‫־‬ ha ¹‫־‬ (Heuperman et al., 2002)

38. CASE STUDY

39. CASE STUDY Evaluation of conservation potential of multitier cropping systems in Eastern Ghat highland zone of Orissa Objective :- to access the conservation potential of different Multitier cropping systems and their effect on soil nutrient availability. Experiment comprise of treatments such as -boundary plantation of forest tree Gliricidia septum, square plantation of two fruit trees Papaya and Drumstick and four intercrop combinations (Ginger + Pigeon pea (8:2), Runner bean + Pigeon pea (8:2), Ragi + Pigeon pea (6:2) and Ragi broadcasting (as farmers' practice) on 2% sloping land. (Source: Jakhar, P., 2010)

40. Runoff and soil conservation under different multitier cropping systems

42. Results indicated a significant decrease of 50% (on average basis) both in runoff and soil loss in all the treatments in comparison to control. Among different crop combinations maximum percent increase in nutrients availability was found in Ginger + Pigeon pea (8:2) treatment in all the models to the tune of 12-23 for phosphorus and 17-59 for potassium. (Source: Jakhar, P., 2010)

43. Conclusion  Almost 30 % of the world’s land area is degrading  Agroforestry; a new science which can control land degradation by reducing soil erosion, water logging, salinity, deforestation and increasing fertility level of soil  Agroforestry systems have potential to rehabilitate degraded land to support livelihoods, improve food security and restore ecosystems services on sustainable basis

44. Thank you

Agroforestry: A land degradation control and mitigation approach

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