REMOTE SENSING USED IN DEFENCE FORCES {ARMY}

1. The military command, which
acquires the information fast and
uses it fast will be at advantageous
position in a future war.

2. APPLICATION OF REMOTE
SENSING IN DEFENCE FORCES
• NAME : NEERAJ SHARMA
• ROLL NO. : CUHP18ENV16
• SUBMITTED TO : ANURAG LINDA

3. INTRODUCTION
From its beginning remote sensing has served for
military purposes and has always been attractive to
the military field while taking different
configurations throughout History. Starting by
aerial photograph on a balloon, remote sensing in
the military has evolved to being today “satellised”.

4. HISTORY
The use of remote sensing in the military area can be traced
back to 1858, when Gaspar Felix Tournachon, nicknamed
“Nadar”, took the first aerial photograph on a balloon. Nadar
had patented the idea for taking aerial photographs for
surveying.

5. Photograph taken by a bird
Bird used for military surveillance

6. Aerial photograph taken by airplane

7. Aerial photograph taken by rocket

8. Geographic Information System (GIS) play a pivotal role in Military operations as the
operation are essentially related to spatial in nature The concept of Command, Control,
Communication and Coordination in military operations are largely dependent on the
availability of accurate information and take quickest possible time for decision making.
In the present digital era, GIS is an excellent tool for Military commanders in the
operations. The use of GIS applications in military forces has revolutionised the way in
which these forces operate and function. Military forces use GIS in a variety different
ways including cartography, intelligence, battle field management, terrain analysis,
remote sensing, military installation management and monitoring of possible terrorist
activity.
GIS

10. Supports coordinate conversion.
Perform linear and radial visibility
analysis across tiles, view data in 3D,
and create threat domes.
Batch coordinate conversion of coordinates
in files; convert features to shapefiles and
geodatabase feature classes.
Creates a series of spatially accurate and
projected ellipses for weapons system and
aircraft ranges.
ArcGIS Military Analyst also includes
Military
Overlay Editor (MOLE)
TOOLS
 A COORDINATE TOOL
 TERRAIN ANALYSIS TOOLS
 CONVERSION TOOLS
 RANGE RING TOOL

11. CREATE RANG RINGS FOR TARGET
ANALYSIS Multiple raster libraries

12. VECTOR DISTANCE TOOLS
• Buffer
• Near
• Make Closest Facility Layer
• Make Route Layer
Creates new feature data with feature
boundaries at a specified distance from input
features.
Adds attribute fields to a point feature class
containing distance, feature identifier, angle
and coordinates of the nearest point or line
feature.
Sets analysis parameters to find the closest
location or set of locations on a network to
another location or set of locations.
Sets analysis parameters to find the among a
set of points.

13. In land based military operations Military field commanders would like to know terrain
conditions, elevations for maneuvering Armour carriers, tanks and use various weapons.
In addition, they need vegetation cover, road networks, and communication lines with pin
pointing accuracy for optimizing the resource utilization. A detailed land map with
information on the land use, terrain model and proximity of habitat are essential for
military operations. All these details must be available to the field commanders on a
datum to match with the equipment he uses for position fixing and communication in his
area of operation. Any discrepancy in these inputs may endanger the operation. Target
assessment can be done if the inputs are properly matching with the system used for
firing the weapon. Magnetic variation, gravitational information are required for sensitive
military operations.
TERRAIN EVALUATION

15. At sea Naval vessels depend largely on indirect methods to navigate when there is no
means of establishing their position with visual aids. Global Positioning System (GPS)
provides the means of determining the position at sea. Echo sounder provided
measurement of the depth of the water below the vessel. Naval vessels will be operating
at sea using several electronic gadgets for operations. Recent technological advances
have provided the means to assess the unknown to greater accuracy. In the Oceans,
complex natural features such currents, Wave conditions Sea Surface temperatures and
tides may prove at times deterrent to naval operations. Using these natural features to the
advantage a clear understanding of the complex ocean dynamics is an essential element
for successful Naval operations.
The recent induction of Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), on
the bridge of the vessels helps the navigator to navigate the ship safely in all weather
conditions. Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC) is a replacement of conventional paper
chart, which is used as tool for navigation provides in put for detailed information about
depth, hazards and navigational aids within the area.
NAVAL OPERATION

16. •

17. Air Operations:
Air operations in battle environment require the similar inputs as per land operations
except they need height information more precisely for targeting. These include the
detailed information about the target location, proximity of civilian areas, and terrain
evaluation and meteorological conditions besides navigational data for. The virtual reality
concepts are of great help in fighter and bombing aircrafts for effective air strike
operations.
Weather Information:
Weather plays dominant role in the battlefield. Real time weather information is
essential for field commanders either on land or in sea or in Air for successful
completion of the task. At times, weather may play crucial role in success or failure
of an operation. Every battlefield commander would like to know the information
regarding cloud coverage, wind conditions, visibility and temperature parameters.

18. CREATING THREAT DOMES

19. SATELLITES
• GSAT-7 and GSAT-6 satellites have been developed for strategic purposes.
• Dual-purpose satellites like the technology experimental satellite (TES, 2000) and
the four cartographic satellites (CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A and 2B in 2005, 2007, 2008,
2010).
• Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites called RISAT II (2009) and RISAT I (2011)
essentially to address terrorism related threats.

21. CARTOSAT-2
• Dedicated satellite for the Indian Armed Forces.
• Spatial resolution < 1
• Spectral bands 0.50 – 0.85
• The swath covered is 9.6 km spatial resolution is 80 centimetres.
• The satellite carries a panchromatic (PAN) camera capable of
taking black-and-white pictures in the visible region of
electromagnetic spectrum.
• The highly agile Cartosat-2A can be steered up to 45 degrees.
• CARTOSAT 3 is upcoming satellite with 0.25m resolution

22. CARTOSAT – 2 A CARTOSAT 2B

23. RISAT-2
• Radar Imaging Satellite 2 has a primary sensor, the synthetic aperture radar.
• Altitude 536 km
• Repetitive cycle 25 days
• Spectral band 5.350 GHz (C – Band)
• Swath 100 – 600 km
• It has a day-night, all-weather monitoring capability and has a resolution of
one metre. Potential applications include tracking hostile ships at sea.
• Media preferred to classify it as a spy satellite.
• ISRO claims that the satellite will enhance ISRO's capability for earth
observation, especially during floods, cyclones, landslides and in disaster
management in a more effective way.

25. GSAT-7 OR INSAT-4F
• Multi-band military communications satellite developed
by ISRO. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band
communication spacecraft, which has been operational since
September 2013.
• According to defence experts, the satellite will enable the
navy to extend it's blue water capabilities and stop relying on
foreign satellites like Inmarsat, which provide communication
services to its ships

28. •

29. CARTOSAT SATELITE WHICH IS CALLED INDIA’S “EYE IN THE SKY”
The images provided by cartosat satellite helped INDIAN ARMED FORCES during the surgical strike

30. THANK YOU