Recent Advancements in the field of data storage

1. Recent Advancements
in the Field of Data
Storage
C.Murugananadam MSc., MPhil.,
SET
Assistant Professor in Computer
Science
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2.  Data storage is the collective methods
and technologies that capture and
retain digital information on
electromagnetic, optical or silicon-
based storage media
 Storage is a key component of digital
devices, as consumers and
businesses have come to rely on it to
preserve information ranging from
personal photos to business-critical
information
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3.  Storage is frequently used to
describe the devices and data
connected to the computer through
input/output (I/O) operations, including
hard disks, flash devices, tape
systems and other media types
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4. Why data storage is important
 Underscoring the importance of storage
is a steady climb in the generation of
new data, which is attributable to big
data and the profusion of internet of
things (IoT) devices.
 Modern storage systems require
enhanced capabilities to allow
enterprises to apply machine learning-
enabled artificial intelligence (AI) to
capture this data, analyze it and wring
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5.  Larger application scripts and real-
time database analytics have
contributed to the advent of highly
dense and scalable storage systems,
including high-performance computing
storage, converged infrastructure,
composable storage systems, hyper-
converged storage infrastructure,
scale-out and scale-up network-
attached storage (NAS) and object
storage platforms
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6. How data storage works
 The term storage may refer both to
a user's data generally and, more
specifically, to the integrated
hardware and software systems
used to capture, manage and
prioritize the data.
 This includes information in
applications, databases, data
warehouses, archiving, backup
appliances and cloud storage.
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7.  Digital information is written to target
storage media
 The smallest unit of measure in a
computer memory is a bit, described
with a binary value of 0 or 1, according
to the level of electrical voltage
contained in a single capacitor.
 Eight bits make up one byte.
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8. Other capacity measurements
 kilobit (Kb)
 megabit (Mb)
 gigabit (Gb)
 terabit (Tb)
 petabit (Pb)
 exabit (Eb)
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9. Larger measures
 kilobyte (KB) equal to 1,024 bytes
 megabyte (MB) equal to 1,024 KB
 gigabyte (GB) equal to 1,024 MB
 terabyte (TB) equal to 1,024 GB
 petabyte (PB) equal to 1,024 TB
 exabyte (EB) equal to 1,024 PB
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10.  Few organizations require a single
storage system or connected system
that can reach an exabyte of data, but
there are storage systems that scale
to multiple petabytes.
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11.  Data storage capacity requirements
define how much storage is needed to
run an application, a set of applications
or data sets.
 Capacity requirements take into account
the types of data. For instance, simple
documents may only require kilobytes of
capacity, while graphic-intensive files,
such as digital photographs, may take up
megabytes, and a video file can require
gigabytes of storage.
 Computer applications commonly list the
minimum and recommended capacity
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12. Types of data storage
devices/mediums
 Data storage media have varying
levels of capacity and speed.
 These include cache memory,
dynamic RAM (DRAM) or main
memory; magnetic tape and magnetic
disk; optical disc, such as CDs, DVDs
and Blu-ray disks; flash memory and
various iterations of in-memory
storage and cache memory
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13.  Along with main memory, computers
contain nonvolatile read-only memory
(ROM), meaning data cannot be
written to it.
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14.  The main types of storage media in use
today include hard disk drives (HDDs),
solid-state storage, optical storage and
tape. Spinning HDDs use platters
stacked on top of each other coated in
magnetic media with disk heads that
read and write data to the media.
 HDDs are widely used storage in
personal computers, servers and
enterprise storage systems, but SSDs
are starting to reach performance and
price parity with disk.
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16.  SSDs store data on nonvolatile flash
memory chips. Unlike spinning disk
drives, SSDs have no moving parts.
 They are increasingly found in all
types of computers, although they
remain more expensive than HDDs.
 Although they haven't gone
mainstream yet, some manufacturers
are shipping storage devices that
combine a hybrid of RAM and flash.
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18.  Optical data storage is popular in
consumer products, such as computer
games and movies, and is also used
in high-capacity data archiving
systems.
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20.  Flash memory cards are integrated in
digital cameras and mobile devices,
such as smartphones, tablets, audio
recorders and media players.
 Flash memory is found on Secure
Digital cards, CompactFlash cards,
MultiMediaCards and USB memory
sticks.
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22. Enterprise storage networks and
server-side flash
 Enterprise storage vendors provide
integrated NAS systems to help
organizations collect
 The hardware includes storage arrays
or storage servers equipped with hard
drives, flash drives or a hybrid
combination, and storage OS software
to deliver array-based data services.
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24.  Since 2011, an increasing number of
enterprises have implemented all-flash
arrays outfitted only with NAND flash-
based SSDs, either as an adjunct or
replacement to disk arrays.
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26.  Data storage is a must for everyone, as
technology has evolved
 Computers have allowed for increasingly
capacious and efficient data storage
 Which in turn has allowed increasingly
sophisticated ways to use it
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27. These include a variety of business
applications, each with unique storage
demands
The storage used for long-term data
archiving, in which the data will be very
infrequently accessed, might be different
from the storage used for backup and
restore or disaster recovery, in which
data needs to be frequently accessed or
change
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28. None of these new data storage
technologies would be possible
however, without a century of steady
scientific and engineering progress
From the invention of the magnetic
tape in 1928 all the way to the use of
cloud today, advanced data storage
has come a long way
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29. 1928 Magnetic Tape
Fritz Pfleumer, a German engineer,
patented magnetic tape in 1928
He based his invention off Vlademar
Poulsen’s magnetic wire
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30. 1932 Magnetic Drum
G. Taushek, an Austrian innovator,
invented the magnetic drum in 1932
He based his invention off a discovery
credited to Fritz Pfleumer
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31. 1946 Williams Tube
Professor Fredrick C. Williams and his
colleagues developed the first random
access computer memory at the
University of Manchester located in
the United Kingdom.
He used a series of electrostatic
cathode-ray tubes for digital storage. A
storage of 1024 bits of information
was successfully implemented in
1948.
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32. Selectron Tube
In 1948
The Radio Corporation of America
(RCA) developed the Selectron tube,
an early form of computer memory,
which resembled the Williams-Kilburn
design
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33. 1949 Delay Line Memory
The delay line memory consists of
imparting an information pattern into a
delay path
A closed loop forms to allow for the
recirculation of information if the end
of the delay path connects to the
beginning through amplifying and time
circuits
A delay line memory functions similar
to inputting a repeating telephone
number from the directory until an
individual dials the number 33

34. 1950
Magnetic Core
A magnetic core memory, also known
as a ferrite-core memory, uses small
magnetic rings made of ceramic to
store information from the polarity to
the magnetic field it contains
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35. 1956 Hard Disk
A hard disk implements rotating
platters, which stores and retrieves
bits of digital information from a flat
magnetic surface
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36. 1963 Music Tape
Philips introduced the compact audio
cassette in 1963
Philips originally intended to use the
audio cassette for dictation machines
however, it became a popular method
for distributing prerecorded music
In 1979, Sony’s Walkman helped
transformed the use of the audio
cassette tape, which became widely
used and popular
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37. 1963 Music Tape
Philips introduced the compact audio
cassette in 1963
Philips originally intended to use the
audio cassette for dictation machines;
however, it became a popular method
for distributing prerecorded music
In 1979, Sony’s Walkman helped
transformed the use of the audio
cassette tape, which became widely
used and popular
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38. 1966 DRAM (PDF)
In 1966, Robert H. Dennard invented
DRAM cells
Random Access Memory technology
(DRAM) or memory cells that
contained one transistor
DRAM cells store bits of information
as an electrical charge in a circuit
DRAM cells increased overall memory
density
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39. 1968 Twistor Memory
 Bell Labs developed Twistor memory
by wrapping magnetic tape around a
wire that conducts electrical current.
Bell Labs used Twistor tape between
1968 the mid-1970s before it was
totally replaced by RAM chips
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40. 1970 Bubble Memory
In 1970, Andrew Bobeck invented the
Bubble Memory, a thin magnetic film
used to store one bit of data in small
magnetized areas that look like
bubbles
The development of the Twistor
memory enabled him to create Bubble
Memory
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41. 1971 8″ Floppy
IBM started its development of an
inexpensive system geared towards
loading microcode into the
System/370 mainframes
As a result, the 8-inch floppy
emerged
A floppy disk, a portable storage
device made of magnetic film encased
in plastic, made it easier and faster to
store data 41

42. 1975 5.25″ Floppy
Allan Shugart developed a the 5.25-
inch floppy disk in 1976
Shugart developed a smaller floppy
disk, because the 8-inch floppy was
too large for standard desktop
computers
The 5.25-inch floppy disk had a
storage capacity of 110 kilobytes
The 5.25-inch floppy disks were a
cheaper and faster alternative to its
predecessor 42

43. 1980 CD
During the 1960s, James T. Russel
thought of using light to record and
replay music. As a result, he invented
the optical digital television recording
and playback television in 1970;
however, nobody took to his invention
In 1975, Philips representatives
visited Russel at his lab. They paid
Russel millions for him to develop the
compact disc (CD). In 1980, Russel
completed the project and presented it
to Sony 43

44. 1981 3.5″ Floppy
The 3.5-inch floppy disk had
significant advantages over its
predecessors
It had a rigid metal cover that made it
harder to damage the magnetic film
inside
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45. 1984 CD Rom
The CD-ROM, also known as the
Compact Disk Read-Only Memory,
used the same physical format as the
audio compact disks to store digital
data.
The CD-ROM encodes tiny pits of
digital data into the lower surface of
the plastic disc, which allowed for
larger amounts of data to be stored
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46. 1987 DAT
In 1987, Sony introduced the Digital
Audio Tape (DAT), a signal recording
and playback machine
It resembled the audio cassette tape
on the surface with a 4 millimeter
magnetic tape enclosed into a
protective shell
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47. 1989 DDS
In 1989, Sony and Hewlett Packard
introduced the Digital Data Storage
(DDS) format to store and back up
computer data on magnetic tape
The Digital Data Storage (DDS)
format evolved from Digital Audio Tape
(DAT) technology
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48. 1990 MOD (PDF)
The Magneto-Optical disc emerged
onto the information technology field in
1990
This optical disc format used a
combination of optical and magnetic
technologies to store and retrieve
digital data
A special magneto-optical drive is
necessary to retrieve the data stored
on these 3.5 to 5.25-inch discs
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49. 1992 MiniDisc
The MiniDisc stored any kind of digital
data; however, it was predominately
used for audio
Sony introduced MiniDisc technology
in 1991
In 1992, Philip’s introduced the Digital
Compact Cassette System (DCC)
MiniDisc was intended to replace the
audio cassette tape before it
eventually phased out in 1996
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50. 1993 DLT (PDF)
The Digital Equipment Corporation
invented the Digital Linear Tape (DLT)
It is an alternative to the magnetic
tape technology used for computer
storage
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51. 1994 Compact Flash
Compact Flash (CF), also known as
“flash drives,” used flash memory in
an enclosed disc to save digital data
CF devices are used in digital
cameras and computers to store
digital information
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52. Zip
The Zip drive became commonly used
in 1994 to store digital files
It was a removable disk storage
system introduced by Iomega
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53. 1995 DVD
 DVD became the next generation of
digital disc storage
 DVD, a bigger and faster alternative to
the compact disc, serves to store
multimedia data
 SmartMedia
Toshiba launched the SmartMedia, a
flash memory card, in the summer of
1995 to compete with MiniCard and
SanDisk
53

54. Phasewriter Dual
The Phasewriter Dual (PD) was the
first device that used phase-change
technology to store digital data
Panasonic introduced the Phasewriter
Dual device in 1995
It was replaced by the CD-ROM and
DVD
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55. CD-RW
The Compact Disc Rewritable disc,
a rewritable version of the CD-ROM,
allows users to record digital data over
previous datas
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56. 1997 Multimedia Card
The Multimedia Card (MMC) uses a
flash memory card standard to house
digital data
It was introduced by Siemen’s and
SanDisk in 1997
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57. 1999 Microdrive
A USB Flash Drive uses a NAND-type
flash memory to store digital data
A USB Flash Drive plugs into the USP
interface on standard computers
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58. 2000
SD Card
The Secure Digital (SD) flash memory
format incorporates DRM encryption
features that allow for faster file
transfers
Standard SD cards measure 32
millimeters by 32 millimeters by 2.1
millimeters
A typical SD card stores digital media58

59. 2003 Blu Ray (PDF)
 Blu-Ray is the next generation of
optical disc format used to store high
definition video (HD) and high density
storage
 Blu-Ray received its name for the blue
laser that allows it to store more data
than a standard DVD
 Its competitor is HD-DVD
 xD-Picture Card
 Olympus and Fujifilm introduced the
xD-Picture Card in 2002, which are
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60.  2004 WMV-HD
 The Windows Media High Definition
Video (WMV-HD) references high
definition videos encoded with
Microsoft Media Video nine codecs.
WMV-D is compatible for computer
systems running Windows Vista,
Microsoft Windows XP. In addition,
WMV-D is compatible with Xbox-360
and Sony’s PlayStation 3.
 HD-DVD
 High-Density Digital Versatile Disc
(HD-DVD), a digital optical media
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61. Holographic (PDF)
 The future of computer memory
resides in holographic technology.
Holographic memory can store digital
data at high density inside crystals
and photo-polymers.
 The advantage of holographic memory
lies in its ability to store a volume of
recording media, instead of just on the
surface of discs. In addition, it enables
a 3D aspect that allows a
phenomenon known as Bragg volume
to occur. 61

62. TODAY
Cloud Data Storage
 Improvements in internet bandwidth
and the falling cost of storage capacity
means it’s frequently more economical
for business and individuals to
outsource their data storage to the
cloud, rather than buying, maintaining
and replacing their own hardware
 Cloud offers near-infinite scalability,
and the anywhere/everywhere data
access that users increasingly expect 62

63.  Data storage technology has
transformed completely since the
initial models from the 1920s
 Today, the cloud is not just making
data storage easier and more
convenient
 it’s providing a platform for the
businesses and services building the
next era of computing
 keeping business-critical data
backed up and available for recovery
anytime, anywhere
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68. Current and Future Trends in
DBMS
 New applications yield new techniques
 New techniques yield new applications
 Some “new” applications:
◦ Data warehousing
◦ On-line analytical processing (OLAP)
◦ Data mining
◦ Distributed data
◦ Heterogeneous data and data integration
◦ Scientific/sequential/ordered data
◦ Partial or approximate query answers
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69. Current and Future Trends in DBMS
(cont.)
◦ Active DBs: rule management (ICs and
triggers)
◦ Real-time DBMS
◦ Web-based DBMS
◦ XML and semi-structured data
◦ Spatial and high-dimensional data (lots of
columns)
◦ Special-purpose DBMSs
◦ Digital Libraries
◦ Geographic Information Systems
◦ etc…..
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70. Current and Future Trends in
DBMS
(cont.) Some “new” techniques:
◦ New kinds of indices
◦ Improved B Trees
◦ Faster aggregation algorithms
◦ New QP algorithms
◦ Better optimization techniques
◦ Data broadcasting
◦ Generic data models
◦ Faster sorting algorithms
◦ New query languages
◦ Deductive DBMSs 70

71. Current and Future Issues
(cont.)
◦ Object databases
◦ New algebras
◦ Query cost estimation
◦ New locking and commit protocols
◦ Main-memory databases
◦ CC/R techniques for non-relational
settings
◦ DBMS interfaces, visualization tools
◦ DBMS development tools
◦ etc….
 Lots of opportunities for research and71

72. Thank U
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