SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 18
Download to read offline
VOICE
TECHNIQUES
“
WORDS MEAN MORE
THAN WHAT IS SET DOWN
ON PAPER.
IT TAKES THE HUMAN VOICE
TO INFUSE THEM
WITH DEEPER MEANING.
— Maya Angelou
VOICE
▸main instrument while giving a
presentation
 Tempo and Chunking
- vary the speed, pause from time to time
 Pitch and Intonation
- vary the pitch
 Volume
- adjust voice to the sound of audience
Vocal Delivery: General Advice
 Articulation
- pronounce words clearly
 Sentence length and style
- keep sentences fairly short, be natural
 Language Mistakes and Accent
- check problematic words
Vocal Delivery: General Advice
IMPORTANT VOICE
TECHNIQUES
STRESS
- change meaning of words/sentences by stressing
▸We all know that this is an extremely difficult market. (it’s
more than just difficult)
▸We all know that this is an extremely difficult market. (you
and I agree on this)
▸We all know that this is an extremely difficult market. (but
they don’t)
▸We all know that this is an extremely difficult market. (but we
do little about it)
PACING
- use pauses to slow your pace down and make your
sentences easier to understand and more effective
sounding
▸ In my opinion we should go into other markets.
In my opinion // we should go // into other markets.
▸ On the other hand, the figures prove that we are on the right
track.
On the other hand, // the figures prove // that we are on
the right track.
EMPHASIZING
- exaggerate a little
WAYS TO EMPHASIZE
1. Stressing unstressed or contracted words.
2. Placing emphasis on particular words and phrases.
3. Using INTENSIFIERS to emphasize points.
4. The ‘what ... is ...’ pattern.
5. The use of verbs.
EMPHASIZING
1. Stressing unstressed or contracted words.
Neutral Remark Emphatic Remark_____
It’s our best chance of success. It is our best chance of success.
We’re hoping for a better deal. We were hoping for a better deal.
We’re doing the best we can. We are doing the best we can.
EMPHASIZING
2. Placing emphasis on particular words and phrases.
This was successful.
This was very sucCESSful.
This was VEry successful.
3. Using INTENSIFIERS to emphasize points.
1. I’m afraid it just isn’t good enough — the entire system
needs updating.
2. We really need to rethink our whole recruitment procedure.
EMPHASIZING
EMPHASIZING
4. The ‘what ... is ...’ pattern.
 We can’t expect too much.
What we can’t do is expect too much too soon.
 I’d like to approach this question from two different angles.
What I’d like to do is approach this question from two different
angles.
5. The use of verbs.
1. I’d like to stress the following point.
2. I’d like to draw your attention to the latest figures.
GENERAL ADVICE
Be Articulate
Keep your sentences short
Check the spelling of difficult words
KEY POINTS:
TO CREATE RICH DELIVERY:
Vary the speed, volume intonation
Use various Stress, Pacing and Emphasis
Sound natural. Be eloquent and vivid.
KEY POINTS:
voice-techniques. Ppt
voice-techniques. Ppt

More Related Content

Similar to voice-techniques. Ppt

Communication and Presentation Skills cpf.ppt
Communication and Presentation Skills cpf.pptCommunication and Presentation Skills cpf.ppt
Communication and Presentation Skills cpf.pptUday Kumar
 
Malcolm Mann: Preparing students effectively for EGE Speaking
Malcolm Mann: Preparing students effectively for EGE SpeakingMalcolm Mann: Preparing students effectively for EGE Speaking
Malcolm Mann: Preparing students effectively for EGE SpeakingMacmillan Russia
 
voice modulation na-2020-008.pptx
voice modulation na-2020-008.pptxvoice modulation na-2020-008.pptx
voice modulation na-2020-008.pptxMOHAMMADSAZIDSHAIK
 
Retrospective in action
Retrospective in actionRetrospective in action
Retrospective in actionNhan Nguyen
 
Listening skills
Listening skillsListening skills
Listening skillsniel lopez
 
C2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made Easy
C2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made EasyC2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made Easy
C2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made Easyaprendeinglesenleganes.com
 
Task 1 prepare the tools of your assessment
Task 1   prepare the tools of your assessmentTask 1   prepare the tools of your assessment
Task 1 prepare the tools of your assessmentColladoLaura
 
Spoken english at workplace
Spoken english at workplaceSpoken english at workplace
Spoken english at workplacePoornima8
 
How to create an effective Speech
How to create an effective SpeechHow to create an effective Speech
How to create an effective SpeechAnuja Gurele
 
Public speaking and listening skills
Public speaking and listening skillsPublic speaking and listening skills
Public speaking and listening skillsnidahaseeb1234
 
Presentation_Skills.ppt
Presentation_Skills.pptPresentation_Skills.ppt
Presentation_Skills.pptSayedMaz
 
Strategies about successful listening and speaking skills Assignment
Strategies about successful listening and speaking skills AssignmentStrategies about successful listening and speaking skills Assignment
Strategies about successful listening and speaking skills AssignmentAli Shah
 
Speaking expo ready
Speaking expo readySpeaking expo ready
Speaking expo readyAdry Lara
 
Principles of Teaching/ Classroom Management
Principles of Teaching/ Classroom ManagementPrinciples of Teaching/ Classroom Management
Principles of Teaching/ Classroom ManagementDr. Cristobal
 
Basic Communication skills
Basic Communication skillsBasic Communication skills
Basic Communication skillsVICTOR NKWOCHA
 

Similar to voice-techniques. Ppt (20)

Communication and Presentation Skills cpf.ppt
Communication and Presentation Skills cpf.pptCommunication and Presentation Skills cpf.ppt
Communication and Presentation Skills cpf.ppt
 
Malcolm Mann: Preparing students effectively for EGE Speaking
Malcolm Mann: Preparing students effectively for EGE SpeakingMalcolm Mann: Preparing students effectively for EGE Speaking
Malcolm Mann: Preparing students effectively for EGE Speaking
 
Oral Presentation
Oral PresentationOral Presentation
Oral Presentation
 
voice modulation na-2020-008.pptx
voice modulation na-2020-008.pptxvoice modulation na-2020-008.pptx
voice modulation na-2020-008.pptx
 
Retrospective in action
Retrospective in actionRetrospective in action
Retrospective in action
 
Presentation Skills
Presentation  SkillsPresentation  Skills
Presentation Skills
 
Presentation skills
Presentation skillsPresentation skills
Presentation skills
 
Listening skills
Listening skillsListening skills
Listening skills
 
C2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made Easy
C2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made EasyC2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made Easy
C2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made Easy
 
Task 1 prepare the tools of your assessment
Task 1   prepare the tools of your assessmentTask 1   prepare the tools of your assessment
Task 1 prepare the tools of your assessment
 
Reported Speech
Reported SpeechReported Speech
Reported Speech
 
Spoken english at workplace
Spoken english at workplaceSpoken english at workplace
Spoken english at workplace
 
How to create an effective Speech
How to create an effective SpeechHow to create an effective Speech
How to create an effective Speech
 
Public speaking and listening skills
Public speaking and listening skillsPublic speaking and listening skills
Public speaking and listening skills
 
Presentation_Skills.ppt
Presentation_Skills.pptPresentation_Skills.ppt
Presentation_Skills.ppt
 
Strategies about successful listening and speaking skills Assignment
Strategies about successful listening and speaking skills AssignmentStrategies about successful listening and speaking skills Assignment
Strategies about successful listening and speaking skills Assignment
 
From Campus to Corporate
From Campus to CorporateFrom Campus to Corporate
From Campus to Corporate
 
Speaking expo ready
Speaking expo readySpeaking expo ready
Speaking expo ready
 
Principles of Teaching/ Classroom Management
Principles of Teaching/ Classroom ManagementPrinciples of Teaching/ Classroom Management
Principles of Teaching/ Classroom Management
 
Basic Communication skills
Basic Communication skillsBasic Communication skills
Basic Communication skills
 

More from MuhammadSheraz836877 (20)

Quick & Merge Sort.ppt
Quick & Merge Sort.pptQuick & Merge Sort.ppt
Quick & Merge Sort.ppt
 
Bubble Sort.ppt
Bubble Sort.pptBubble Sort.ppt
Bubble Sort.ppt
 
dynamic-programming
dynamic-programmingdynamic-programming
dynamic-programming
 
CHAPTER 1 BASIC sql STATEMENTS.pptx
CHAPTER 1 BASIC sql STATEMENTS.pptxCHAPTER 1 BASIC sql STATEMENTS.pptx
CHAPTER 1 BASIC sql STATEMENTS.pptx
 
Sortings .pptx
Sortings .pptxSortings .pptx
Sortings .pptx
 
Lecture9_StackQueue.ppt
Lecture9_StackQueue.pptLecture9_StackQueue.ppt
Lecture9_StackQueue.ppt
 
Articles Eng.ppt
Articles Eng.pptArticles Eng.ppt
Articles Eng.ppt
 
FORMS OF MATTER.pptx
FORMS OF MATTER.pptxFORMS OF MATTER.pptx
FORMS OF MATTER.pptx
 
Bonds of solids.pptx
Bonds of solids.pptxBonds of solids.pptx
Bonds of solids.pptx
 
Infinitives_by_M._Sheraz.PPT
Infinitives_by_M._Sheraz.PPTInfinitives_by_M._Sheraz.PPT
Infinitives_by_M._Sheraz.PPT
 
articles.ppt
articles.pptarticles.ppt
articles.ppt
 
Speakingskills. Ppt
Speakingskills. PptSpeakingskills. Ppt
Speakingskills. Ppt
 
speakingskills. Ppt
speakingskills. Pptspeakingskills. Ppt
speakingskills. Ppt
 
body language. Ppt
body language. Pptbody language. Ppt
body language. Ppt
 
latchesandflipflops.ppt
latchesandflipflops.pptlatchesandflipflops.ppt
latchesandflipflops.ppt
 
listeningskills.ppt
listeningskills.pptlisteningskills.ppt
listeningskills.ppt
 
listeningskills.ppt
listeningskills.pptlisteningskills.ppt
listeningskills.ppt
 
listeningskills.ppt
listeningskills.pptlisteningskills.ppt
listeningskills.ppt
 
Business Econimics.ppt
Business Econimics.pptBusiness Econimics.ppt
Business Econimics.ppt
 
latchesflip-flop DLD
latchesflip-flop DLDlatchesflip-flop DLD
latchesflip-flop DLD
 

Recently uploaded

Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxRamakrishna Reddy Bijjam
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfDr Vijay Vishwakarma
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
 
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxHMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxmarlenawright1
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxEsquimalt MFRC
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxDenish Jangid
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...Poonam Aher Patil
 
How to Manage Call for Tendor in Odoo 17
How to Manage Call for Tendor in Odoo 17How to Manage Call for Tendor in Odoo 17
How to Manage Call for Tendor in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add a Tool Tip to a Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a Tool Tip to a Field in Odoo 17How to Add a Tool Tip to a Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a Tool Tip to a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Details on CBSE Compartment Exam.pptx1111
Details on CBSE Compartment Exam.pptx1111Details on CBSE Compartment Exam.pptx1111
Details on CBSE Compartment Exam.pptx1111GangaMaiya1
 
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptxJoelynRubio1
 
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf artsTatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf artsNbelano25
 
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxJisc
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxJisc
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
 
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answers
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answerslatest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answers
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answersdalebeck957
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.christianmathematics
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsMebane Rash
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Pooja Bhuva
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
 
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxHMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
 
How to Manage Call for Tendor in Odoo 17
How to Manage Call for Tendor in Odoo 17How to Manage Call for Tendor in Odoo 17
How to Manage Call for Tendor in Odoo 17
 
How to Add a Tool Tip to a Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a Tool Tip to a Field in Odoo 17How to Add a Tool Tip to a Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a Tool Tip to a Field in Odoo 17
 
Details on CBSE Compartment Exam.pptx1111
Details on CBSE Compartment Exam.pptx1111Details on CBSE Compartment Exam.pptx1111
Details on CBSE Compartment Exam.pptx1111
 
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx
 
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf artsTatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
 
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answers
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answerslatest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answers
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answers
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
 

voice-techniques. Ppt

  • 2. “ WORDS MEAN MORE THAN WHAT IS SET DOWN ON PAPER. IT TAKES THE HUMAN VOICE TO INFUSE THEM WITH DEEPER MEANING. — Maya Angelou
  • 3.
  • 4. VOICE ▸main instrument while giving a presentation
  • 5.  Tempo and Chunking - vary the speed, pause from time to time  Pitch and Intonation - vary the pitch  Volume - adjust voice to the sound of audience Vocal Delivery: General Advice
  • 6.  Articulation - pronounce words clearly  Sentence length and style - keep sentences fairly short, be natural  Language Mistakes and Accent - check problematic words Vocal Delivery: General Advice
  • 8. STRESS - change meaning of words/sentences by stressing ▸We all know that this is an extremely difficult market. (it’s more than just difficult) ▸We all know that this is an extremely difficult market. (you and I agree on this) ▸We all know that this is an extremely difficult market. (but they don’t) ▸We all know that this is an extremely difficult market. (but we do little about it)
  • 9. PACING - use pauses to slow your pace down and make your sentences easier to understand and more effective sounding ▸ In my opinion we should go into other markets. In my opinion // we should go // into other markets. ▸ On the other hand, the figures prove that we are on the right track. On the other hand, // the figures prove // that we are on the right track.
  • 10. EMPHASIZING - exaggerate a little WAYS TO EMPHASIZE 1. Stressing unstressed or contracted words. 2. Placing emphasis on particular words and phrases. 3. Using INTENSIFIERS to emphasize points. 4. The ‘what ... is ...’ pattern. 5. The use of verbs.
  • 11. EMPHASIZING 1. Stressing unstressed or contracted words. Neutral Remark Emphatic Remark_____ It’s our best chance of success. It is our best chance of success. We’re hoping for a better deal. We were hoping for a better deal. We’re doing the best we can. We are doing the best we can.
  • 12. EMPHASIZING 2. Placing emphasis on particular words and phrases. This was successful. This was very sucCESSful. This was VEry successful. 3. Using INTENSIFIERS to emphasize points. 1. I’m afraid it just isn’t good enough — the entire system needs updating. 2. We really need to rethink our whole recruitment procedure.
  • 14. EMPHASIZING 4. The ‘what ... is ...’ pattern.  We can’t expect too much. What we can’t do is expect too much too soon.  I’d like to approach this question from two different angles. What I’d like to do is approach this question from two different angles. 5. The use of verbs. 1. I’d like to stress the following point. 2. I’d like to draw your attention to the latest figures.
  • 15. GENERAL ADVICE Be Articulate Keep your sentences short Check the spelling of difficult words KEY POINTS:
  • 16. TO CREATE RICH DELIVERY: Vary the speed, volume intonation Use various Stress, Pacing and Emphasis Sound natural. Be eloquent and vivid. KEY POINTS: