RE1- Motivation and organization.pdf

Mirpur University of Science and Technology
Renewable Energy Systems
Motivation and Organization
Dr. Anwar Ul Haq
Week 1
Department of Electrical Engineering

Learning Objectives of Course
• Get an idea of where and how engineering can help in
building a sustainable energy future (know your value in the
energy field)
• Understand functionality and operation of smart metering
infrastructure (learn to talk to a power systems engineer)
• Understand the challenges of renewable integration (know
key properties of renewable energy and energy storage)
• Become familiar with emerging renewable technologies
(know the technological options)
Renewable Energy Systems (EE-48E6) | Dr. Anwar Ul Haq 2

Course Material
• Reading the slides and additional lecture material is required
to understand the subject
• In some lectures, additional readings will be recommended
that provide a deeper understanding
• I would like to acknowledge that some course material
(RE-1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 14, and 15) is in collaboration with
– Prof. Dr. Hans Arno Jacobsen
Chair of Application and Middleware Systems (Informatics-13)
Technical University of Munich
Germany

About Me
• Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering
– Technical University Munich, Germany, December 2018.
• M.Sc. Electrical, Electronics, Control & Instrumentation
Engineering
– Hanyang University, South Korea, February 2012.
• B.Sc. Electrical Engineering
– University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Mirpur AJK, September 2008
• CISCO Certified Network Associate (Industrial), 2009
• CISCO Certified Network Associate (Academic), 2008
• Research Interests
– Energy Informatics, Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), Energy
Management Systems, Ubiquitious Sensor Networks, and Smart
Microgrids.

My Core Work
• Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM)
• Appliance-level energy monitoring
• Use single point measurement to
– Detect events from different appliances
– Predict the operating appliances
– Estimate power consumption
• Use cases
– Energy management for demand side management
– Predictive maintenance of appliances

Outcome Based Education (OBE)
An educational theory that centers each part of an
educational system around goals (outcomes).
• By the end of the educational experience, each student
should have achieved the goal.
• Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)
– Consists of 12 qualities each electrical engineer should possess
by the end of his/her degree
– E.g., engineering knowledge, problem analysis, modern tool
usage, team work, and so on
• Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
– Each course designed in a way to gradually meet overall PLOs

OBE Concept
• Outcome Based Education (OBE) is an educational system
focusing on what is learned and not what is taught.
• OBE is a process that involves assessment and evaluation
practices in education to reflect the attainment of expected
learning and showing mastery in the programme area.
7
Renewable Energy Systems (EE-48E6) | Dr. Anwar Ul Haq

OBE Concept
• POTENTIAL EMPLOYERS LOOK FOR
1. CGPA 2. Communication Skills 3. Management and Leadership
Skills 4. Overall Personality
• STUDENTS LOOK FOR
1. CGPA 2. CGPA 3. CGPA 4. CGPA
• OBE focuses on the graduate attributes or outcomes after completing
degree
• OBE does not specify or require any particular style of teaching or learning
rather specifies assessment.
8

Bloom’s Taxonomy
9

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
CLOs Domain
Taxonomy
Level
PLO
1. Understand the working principle of
renewable power systems.
Cognitive 4 2
2. Discuss effect of different power
generation methods on environment and
renewable energy sources for its
improvement.
Cognitive 2 7
3. Compare the modern concepts for
distributed flexible loads, load monitoring
and data analytics techniques in smart grids
Cognitive 4 4
4. Perform experiments in a laboratory
enabling the students to gain insight into
renewable energy technologies.
Psycho-
motor
3 9

Learning Outcomes Assessment Plan
Learning Outcomes Assessment Plan
Sr.
No.
Course Learning Outcome Assessment
1 1 Assignment No. 1
2 1 Quiz No. 1
3 1 Mid-term Exam
4 2 Assignment No. 2/ CEP
5 2 Quiz No. 2/ CEP Presentation
6 1,2 Terminal Examination
P.S: No. of quizzes subject might change

Required and Recommended Reading
• Books
– John Twidell, Tony Weir, “Renewable Energy Resources”,
Taylor and Francis, New York and London. Latest Edition
– Blaabjerg, Frede Ionel, Dan M - Renewable Energy Devices
and Systems with Simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS (2017,
CRC Press)
– Power Generation Technologies (2nd Edition) by Paul Breeze
• You are required to refer to the slides, if anything is
unclear, refer to the books
• If anything from slides is not accessible, do contact me

Assignment(s)
• Students can turn in their solutions via CMS, but always
prior to the submission deadline (details will be shared)
• Main component of assignment
– Complex Engineering Problem (CEP)
– Based on the topics treated in class
– Final report
– Final presentation
– Grading rubrics will be shared

14
Complex
Problems
Broadly Defined
Problems
Well defined
Problems
Can be solved
using limited
theoretical
knowledge, but
normally requires
extensive practical
knowledge
Requires
knowledge of
principles and
applied
procedures or
methodologies
Requires in-depth
knowledge that
allows a
fundamentals-
based first
principles
analytical
approach
Complex Engineering Problem
Evaluation through rubrics

What is Energy Informatics?
• Emerging interdisciplinary field
– Carry out joint research with Electrical, Mechanical, and
Computer Engineering
– Identify and learn to apply new knowledge (e.g., power systems)
– Make contributions based on unique computer skills
• Two perspectives
– Develop systems that manage energy generation, conversion,
and consumption more sustainably (~ green Information Systems)
– Develop more sustainable information systems (~ green IT)
• Research method
– Develop prototypes of cyber-physical systems
– Evaluate systems based on realistic models and data

Motivation
• Why now?
– Fast and accurate evaluation of technological options for energy
transition required (major investments!)
– Many of these options require large and complex information
systems which have to be carefully designed and evaluated
before being deployed (it‘s not Facebook!)
• Why us?
– We have the skills to do the necessary energy monitoring and
optimization
– We know how to design systems that are scalable and reliable
(e.g., distributed systems and middleware paradigms)

Today‘s Agenda
• Motivation for the energy transition
• Discussion of transition options
– Useful measures
– Energy balance sheet approach and energy transition plans
– Role of information technology
• Course roadmap

Today‘s Agenda
– Useful measures
• Course roadmap

Motivation for the Energy Transition
• Actually three motives
– Fossil fuels are a finite resource
– We are interested in security of energy supply
– It is very probable that using fossil fuels changes the climate

Finite Fossil Fuels
• Worldwide reserves at current production rate
– ~ 50 years of oil and natural gas
– ~ 100 years of coal
[BP2010]

Peak Oil
• Most of the oil reserves
have already been
discovered
• Oil production from
existing fields is already
decreasing
• High demand for oil
justifies exploitation of
unconventional oil
[Bartlett2008]
[IEA2010]

Environmental Impact of Oil Production
Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010)
(Estimated discharge=4.9 million
barrels)
Oil production from tar sands in
Alberta, Canada (A mixture of
crude bitumen, sand, minerals &
water)

Security of Energy Supply
• Oil crisis of 1973
– Arab petroleum exporting
countries proclaimed oil
embargo
– Reaction to U.S. decision
to support the Israel
Car-free sundays in Germany

Oil Trade Movements
[BP2010]

DESERTEC

Shale Oil
• Conventional Oil
– Oil extracted from oil wells
– Crude Oil
– Natural Gas
• Unconventional Oil
– Oil extracted from other
sources
– Oil Sands
– Shale Oil
• Shale Oil
– Oil extracted from rock
fragments by
• Pyrolysis
• Hydrogenation
• Thermal Dissolution

Climate Change Motivation
• The causal chain
1. Human fossil-burning
causes CO2
concentrations to rise
2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas
3. Increasing the greenhouse
effect increases average
global temperatures (and
has many other effects)
• Natural CO2 flows are large
but balanced, but fossil
burning causes sustained
imbalance!
[McKay2008]

CO2 Emissions in Different Countries
[McKay2008]

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Breakdown
[McKay2008]

Climate Change Scenarios
• A lot of uncertainty –
climate science is difficult
• Business as usual would
probably increase global
average temperature by
roughly three degrees
Celsius within the
current century
[IPCC2007]

U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector
[DOE2019]

U.S. End Use Energy Consumption (2015)
[DOE2019]

Demand Acceleration
[MGI2007]

Residential Demand
[MGI2007]

Today‘s Agenda
– Useful measures
• Course roadmap

Recommended Reading (Important)
• How much average energy is
consumed by a regular car in a day?
• How much energy is produced per day
by a regular offshore windfarm?
[McKay2008]

Today‘s Agenda
– Useful measures
– Energy balance sheet approach and energy transition
plans
• Course roadmap

Power Balance Sheet
• Compare different sources of
power to different types of
power demand in a unified
framework similar to a balance
sheet
• This approach can be used to
specify different energy
turnaround plans
• In the following, let us look at
ways to satisfy our current
power demand using
sustainable power sources
• Transport (Cars,
planes, etc.)
• Heating & cooling
• Lighting
• Gadgets
• Food
• Manufacturing
• Wind
• Solar
(photovoltaics,
thermal, biomass)
• Hydroelectric
• Wave
• Tide
• Geothermal
Power demand Power supply
[McKay2008]

Balance Sheet for the UK
• Maximal exploitation of UK renewable
energy sources could almost cover
current consumption in the UK
• But…
– No consideration of political opposition
– No consideration of economic constraints
– Some renewable energy sources may
compete for space
• Renewable facilities must be country-
scale and will be highly intrusive!
[McKay2008]

Possible Strategies
• Reduce demand, increase renewable supply, or do both
• Reduce demand
– Reduce population
– Change our lifestyle
– Keep our lifestyle, but reduce its energy intensity through technology
• Increase renewable supply
– Invest in “new” renewables and storage
– Buy, beg or steal renewable energy from other countries
• Non-renewable alternatives
– Invest in “clean” coal
– Invest in nuclear fission
[McKay2008]

Future Energy System
• Savings in heating and
transportation
– Physical efficiency (isolation,
etc.)
– Intelligent use (information
systems)
• Electrification!
– Electric cars
– Electric heating
[McKay2008]

… and the Cost
[McKay2008]
• GBP 870 billion
~ EUR 1.1 trillion
• EUR 27.5 billion per
year until 2050
• Cost to U.S. of last war
in Iraq: EUR 1.6 trillion
• Cost of U.S. bail-out of
Wall Street banks:
EUR 570 billion

Today‘s Agenda
• Motivation for energy turnaround
• Discussion of turnaround options
– Useful measures
– Energy balance sheet approach and energy turnaround plans
• Course roadmap

Role of Information Technology
• Reduce energy consumption
– Analyze energy consumption
– Actively avoid wasting energy by intelligent automatic control
• Enable further electrification
– Replace over-provisioning with intelligent control
– Enable electric heating and mobility
• Enable deep renewable integration
– Help to make electricity demand more flexible
– Enable intelligent control of flexible loads and energy storage
• Assess the impact of technology deployment
– Simulate impact of renewables, energy storage, and
energy-saving technology

Reduce Power Consumption
• The past
– Let users control building services and appliances
– Basic automation, e.g., thermostats and clock timers
• The future
– Learn user behavior and optimize consumption according to
individual preferences
– Leverage existing personal communication infrastructure (smart
phones, building management systems, etc.)
– Full automation

Reduce Power Consumption
ETH Zürich: “eMeter”
iPhone app for displaying
smart meter data
Web link
Onzo: “Smart Energy Kit”
Complete solution for
displaying smart meter data
at homes
Web link
Nest: “The learning thermostat”
Thermostat that saves energy by
learning occupant needs and
control in-door climate
accordingly.
Web link
UC Berkeley: “ACme“
Wireless sensor nodes
for measuring power,
light, and vibration
Web link

• The past
– Over-dimension the grid
– Generously add standard equipment
– No monitoring or control of grid
equipment or demand
• The future
– Right-size the grid
– Use existing grid equipment as
efficiently as possible
– Monitor and control grid equipment,
distributed generation, and demand
Support Electrification

Support Renewable Integration
• The past
– Some output from variable renewables, e.g.,
non-dispatchable, uncertain, and random
– Established ways to match supply with inflexible
and fairly predictable demand
• The future
– Large amounts of output from variable
renewables
– Need for broad and continuous demand side
management
– Paradigm shift in grid operation: from demand-
following supply to supply-following demand

Variable Renewable Output
[CAISO2010]

Impact of Wind and Solar Power Generation
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Today‘s Agenda
– Useful measures
• Course roadmap

Course Roadmap (1)
• Course introduction and motivation
(Motivation and possible contribution of information and communication technology)
• Smart grid and energy management
(Essential for understanding smart grid basics and characteristics)
• Smart grid communication and grid technologies
(Essential for understanding why communication is important for any smart
grid)
• Variable renewables
(Understand the challenges of integrating variable renewables; learn how to
assess the consequences of renewable integration and how they can be used
to facilitate renewable integration in power system operations)
•

Course Roadmap (2)
• Solar Power
• Wind Power
• Geothermal Power
• Hydropower
• Tidal Power
• Marine Power
• Bio-Mass based Power
– Power from Waste
• Energy storage
(Understand energy storage and its future potential in smart grids; learn how CS will
help to maximize its benefit)

Course Roadmap (3)
• Advanced energy monitoring techniques
(Explore state of the art energy monitoring techniques)
• Software defined buildings
(Understand how future information systems will help to manage the
power consumption of buildings; learn innovative CS-enabled approaches to
improve the energy efficiency of buildings)
• Guest lecture (if time admits)
(Get practical insights from managers working in the energy sector)
• Complex Engineering Problem

References
• David McKay, 2008: Sustainable Energy without the Hot Air.
[http://www.withouthotair.com]
• IPCC, 2007: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical
Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf]
• British Petroleum (BP), 2010: Statistical Review of World Energy June 2010.
[http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_an
d_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2010_downlo
ads/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2010.pdf]
• Roscoe Bartlett, 2008: Peak Oil.
[http://www.bartlett.house.gov/uploadedfiles/peakoilgapdiscoveryconsumption.pdf]
• International Energy Agency (IEA), 2010: World Energy Outlook 2010.
[http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,27324,en.html]
• California Independent System Operator (CAISO), 2010: Integration of Renewable
Resources: Operational Requirements and Generation Fleet Capability at 20% RPS.
[http://www.caiso.com/2804/2804d036401f0.pdf]

References
• J. M. Cullen and J. M. Allwood, 2010: The Efficient Use of Energy: Tracing the
Global Flow of Energy from Fuel to Service. Energy Policy (38:1), pp. 75-81.
• US Department of Energy (DOE), 2019:
[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/]
• Bressand et al., 2007: Curbing Global Energy Demand Growth: The Energy
Productivity Opportunity. McKinsey Global Institute (MGI).
• McKinsey Global Energy and Materials, 2009: Unlocking Energy Efficiency in the
U.S. Economy.

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