the slide entails introduction in detail on the concept of cell and tissue culture

1. BTEC849: CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
By
Dr. Aliyu Muhammad
N.C.E., BSc. (Sokoto), MSc., PhD (Ibadan), MNYA
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2. OUTLINES
• Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity pathways
• Theoretical concepts on cell and tissue culture
• In-vivo techniques:
– production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
• Applications of monoclonal antibodies in cancer
therapy
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3. Humoral Immunity
• Humoral immunity describes the pathway by which
antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes to target
exogenous antigens……….
• When macrophages engulf exogenous pathogens, they digest
them within lysosomes to release antigenic fragments
• These fragments are presented on special surface receptors
(MHC class II) that denote the material as being foreign
• The antigens are presented to helper T cells, which in turn
secrete cytokines to activate the appropriate B lymphocytes
• The specific B lymphocytes divide and differentiate (clonal
selection) to form antibody producing plasma cells
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4. Figure 1: Humoral immunity pathway
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5. Cell-mediated Immunity
• Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not
involve antibodies.
• Rather, cell mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes,
antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various
cytokines in response to antigen
• Cancerous and virus-infected cells involve the body’s own cells and thus are
not recognised as foreign, evading normal detection
• These cells may instead present antigenic fragments as a complex with their
own self markers (MHC class I)
• When helper T cells identify these cells, they stimulate a second type of T
lymphocyte – cytotoxic T cells (TC cells)
• Cytotoxic T cells show specificity to particular antigens and will bind to the
presented antigen and release perforating enzymes
• These enzymes cause the infected / cancerous cell to by lysed, preventing
the further spread of infection
• Virus infected cells can also be destroyed non-specifically by NK cells, which
respond to interferon released by the infected cell
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6. Figure 2: Cell mediated immunity pathway
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7. Theoretical concepts on cell and
tissue culture
• Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells
in an artificial medium separate from the
organism.
• This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-
solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar.
...
• The term "tissue culture" was coined by American
pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows.
• The main difference between cell culture and tissue
culture is that the
– cell culture is the laboratory process in which cells are grown
under controlled conditions in vitro whereas
– tissue culture is the growth of cells taken from a multicellular
organism.
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9. Monoclonal antibodies
• Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by
identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
• Monoclonal Antibodies are a type of protein, which made in the
laboratory that can bind to substances in the body, including cancer cells.
– A monoclonal antibody is made so that it binds to only one substance.
– They can be used alone or to carry drugs, toxins, or radioactive substances
directly to cancer cells.
– Monoclonal antibodies kill tumor cells by several mechanisms, including
apoptosis and lysis mediated by complement and cytotoxic cells.
– They can also act as conduits for radioisotopes or toxic agents linked to
them.
– The generic name assigned to a monoclonal antibody or fragment ends in -
mab.
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10. Figure 3: Monoclonal antibodies production scheme
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11. Polyclonal antibodies
• Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies
that are secreted by different B cell lineages
within the body…………
– (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a
single cell lineage).
– They are a collection of immunoglobulin
molecules that react against a
• specific antigen,
• each identifying a different epitope.
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12. Figure 4: Polyclonal antibodies production scheme
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14. Side effects
• Common Side Effects – In general, the more common side
effects caused by monoclonal antibody drugs include:
– Allergic reactions, such as hives or itching
– Flu-like signs and symptoms, including chills, fatigue, fever, and muscle
aches and pains
– Nausea, vomiting
– Diarrhea
– Skin rashes
– Low blood pressure
• Serious Side Effects: Serious, but rare, side effects of
monoclonal antibody therapy may include:
– Infusion reactions
– Low blood cell counts
– Heart problems
– Lung problems
– Skin problems
– Bleeding
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15. Figure 5: Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy
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16. Source: Tarah et al., 2016
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17. THANK YOU
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