Special education

1. Code 680
Presenter: Shamaila Hamid

6. Prenatal
Hereditary Disorders
Usher’s syndrome: characterized
by deafness due to an impaired
ability of the inner ear and
auditory nerves to transmit
sensory (sound) input to the
brain.

7. Waardenburg
syndrome:
some degree of
congenital hearing
loss and pigmentation
deficiencies, which
can include bright
blue eyes (or one blue
eye and one brown
eye)

8. Treacher-Collins syndrome: is a genetic
disorder characterized by deformities of the
ears, eyes, cheekbones, and chin, and can
cause hearing loss.
 Down’s syndrome: is a condition in which a
child is born with an extra copy of their 21st
chromosome — hence its other name, trisomy
21. This causes physical and mental
developmental delays and disabilities.

9. Viral Infection: Maternal Rubella (German
Measles): It causes a red rash on the body.
Aside from the rash, people with German
measles usually have a fever and swollen
lymph nodes.
Ototoxic drugs: Thalidomide, Quinine
Pathological conditions of Foetus:
Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic anemia
in the fetus, RBCs in the blood are
destroyed quickly)
Lack of the right vitamins (avitaminosis)
vitamin B12.

10.  Prematurity
 Anoxia (Lack of oxygen)
 Measles
 Influenza
 Mumps
 Hypothyroidism
 Smoking

11.  Age-related hearing loss
 Meningitis is an inflammation of the fluid and
membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and
spinal cord.
 Diabetes
 Aging and head Injury
 Excessive noise exposure/Noise Induced Hearing Loss
 Hypothyroidism
◦ is a common condition where the thyroid doesn't
create and release enough thyroid hormone into your
bloodstream. This makes your metabolism slow down.
Also called underactive thyroid, hypothyroidism can
make you feel tired, gain weight

14.  Perforation or scarring of Eardrum
 Infections of the ear canal or middle ear resulting in fluid or
pus buildup
 Otitis Media
 Wax buildup
 Dislocation of the middle ear bones (ossicles)
 Foreign object in the ear canal
 Otosclerosis (an abnormal bone growth in the middle ear)
 Abnormal growths or tumors in middle ear
 Aural Atresia (Missing or Block auditory canal)
 Stenosis (Narrow auditory canal)
 Microtia (absent or deshaped pinna)
 Cholesteatoma

18. Otosclerosis (progressive and bilateral)
 A bone disorder that affects the stapes and
the bony part of the inner ear. The disease
process is characterized by resorption of
bone and new spongy formation around the
stapes and oval window

20.  A non-cancerous skin cyst
that develops in the middle
ear or ear canal. As the
cholesteatoma grows
larger, it may destroy
numerous important
structures in the ear, to
include the delicate bones
of the middle ear.
 It may be a birth defect,
but it's most commonly
caused by repeated
middle ear infections

21.  Aural atresia is the absence of the ear canal. The
outer ear and ear canal develop at the same time,
which means that microtia and atresia are
commonly found together.
 This causes a hearing loss (usually a “maximal
conductive loss”) because the sound waves
cannot get through to the eardrum/inner ear

22. Aural atresia

24.  Eustachian Tube dysfunction:
◦ Due to disease of nose, paranasal sinusitis
 Eustachian catarrh (excessive discharge
from nose/ throat /ear)

25.  Functional
◦ No organic cause
◦ Not aware but its due to emotional/ psychological
cause
 Malingering
◦ No organic cause
◦ No psychological cause
◦ The person is aware that he is pretending