Perception involves the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to represent and understand the environment. It is shaped by learning, expectations, and selective attention mechanisms. Perception depends on complex nervous system functions but seems effortless because processing occurs outside conscious awareness. It involves two main processes - processing sensory input to extract higher-level information like object recognition, and processing based on a person's concepts and expectations. Perception is important for understanding human behavior as each person perceives the world differently based on their unique experiences and needs.

1. PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION (FROM THE LATIN
ORGANIZATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF
INFORMATION IN ORDER TO REPRESENT AND UNDERSTAND THE
ENVIRONMENT. ALL PERCEPTION INVOLVES SIGNALS IN THE
SYSTEM, WHICH IN TURN RESULT FROM PHYSICAL OR CHEMICALSYSTEM, WHICH IN TURN RESULT FROM PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL
STIMULATION OF THE SENSE ORGANS
LIGHT STRIKING THE RETINA OF THE
MOLECULES, AND HEARING INVOLVES
OT THE PASSIVE RECEIPT OF THESE SIGNALS, BUT IS SHAPED BY
MEMORY, EXPECTATION
PERCEPTION
LATIN PERCEPTIO, PERCIPIO) IS THE
ORGANIZATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF SENSORY
IN ORDER TO REPRESENT AND UNDERSTAND THE
ENVIRONMENT. ALL PERCEPTION INVOLVES SIGNALS IN THE NERVOUS
, WHICH IN TURN RESULT FROM PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL, WHICH IN TURN RESULT FROM PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL
NS. FOR EXAMPLE, VISION INVOLVES
HE EYE, SMELL IS MEDIATED BY ODOR
, AND HEARING INVOLVES PRESSURE WAVES. PERCEPTION IS
OT THE PASSIVE RECEIPT OF THESE SIGNALS, BUT IS SHAPED BY LEARNING
EXPECTATION, AND ATTENTION.

2. ERCEPTION CAN BE SPLIT INTO TWO
ENSORY INPUT, WHICH TRANSFORMS THESE LOW
O HIGHER-LEVEL INFORMATION (E.G.
ECOGNITION). SECONDLY, PROCESSING
ERSON'S CONCEPTS AND EXPECTATIO
MECHANISMS (ATTENTION) THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION.MECHANISMS (ATTENTION) THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION.
ERCEPTION DEPENDS ON COMPLEX FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS
YSTEM, BUT SUBJECTIVELY SEEMS MOSTLY EFFORTLESS BECAUSE THIS
ROCESSING HAPPENS OUTSIDE CONSCIOUS AWARENESS.
O PROCESSES. FIRSTLY, PROCESSING
ENSORY INPUT, WHICH TRANSFORMS THESE LOW-LEVEL INFORMATION
.G., EXTRACTS SHAPES FOR OBJECT
PROCESSING WHICH IS CONNECTED WITH A
TIONS (KNOWLEDGE) AND SELECTIVE
) THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION.) THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION.
ERCEPTION DEPENDS ON COMPLEX FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS
YSTEM, BUT SUBJECTIVELY SEEMS MOSTLY EFFORTLESS BECAUSE THIS
ROCESSING HAPPENS OUTSIDE CONSCIOUS AWARENESS.

3. FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTIONFACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTION

4. THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE
PERCEPTIONS OF PEOPLE ARE:
• A. PERCEPTUAL LEARNING:
• BASED ON PAST EXPERIENCE
THAT WE GET, EVERY ONE OF
SOME SENSORY INPUTS AND TO IGNORE OTHERS. FOR
EXAMPLE, A PERSON WHO HAS GOT TRAINING IN SOMEEXAMPLE, A PERSON WHO HAS GOT TRAINING IN SOME
OCCUPATION LIKE ARTISTRY
PERFORM BETTER THAN OTHER UNTRAINED PEOPLE.
EXPERIENCE IS THE BEST TEA
SKILLS.
• FOR EXAMPLE, BLIND PEOPLE
THEIR VOICE OR BY SOUNDS OF THEIR FOOTSTEPS.
THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE
PERCEPTIONS OF PEOPLE ARE:
A. PERCEPTUAL LEARNING:
CES OR ANY SPECIAL TRAINING
OF US LEARNS TO EMPHASIZE
SOME SENSORY INPUTS AND TO IGNORE OTHERS. FOR
EXAMPLE, A PERSON WHO HAS GOT TRAINING IN SOMEEXAMPLE, A PERSON WHO HAS GOT TRAINING IN SOME
Y OR OTHER SKILLED JOBS CAN
PERFORM BETTER THAN OTHER UNTRAINED PEOPLE.
EACHER FOR SUCH PERCEPTUA
LE IDENTIFY THE PEOPLE BY
THEIR VOICE OR BY SOUNDS OF THEIR FOOTSTEPS.

5. B. MENTAL SET:
SET REFERS TO PREPAREDNESS OR READINESS
TO RECEIVE SOME SENSORY INPUT. SUCH
EXPECTANCY KEEPS THE I
WITH GOOD ATTENTION AND CONCENTRATION.WITH GOOD ATTENTION AND CONCENTRATION.
FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE ARE EXPECTING THE
ARRIVAL OF A TRAIN, WE LISTEN TO ITS HORN
OR SOUND EVEN IF THERE IS A LOT OF NOISE
DISTURBANCE.
SET REFERS TO PREPAREDNESS OR READINESS
TO RECEIVE SOME SENSORY INPUT. SUCH
E INDIVIDUAL PREPARED
WITH GOOD ATTENTION AND CONCENTRATION.WITH GOOD ATTENTION AND CONCENTRATION.
FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE ARE EXPECTING THE
ARRIVAL OF A TRAIN, WE LISTEN TO ITS HORN
OR SOUND EVEN IF THERE IS A LOT OF NOISE

6. C. MOTIVES AND NEEDS:
OUR MOTIVES AND NEEDS WILL DEFINITELY
INFLUENCE OUR PERCEPTION. FOR EXAMPLE, A
HUNGRY PERSON IS MOTI
ONLY THE FOOD ITEMS AMONG OTHERONLY THE FOOD ITEMS AMONG OTHER
ARTICLES. HIS ATTENTION CANNOT BE
DIRECTED TOWARDS OTHER THINGS UNTIL HIS
MOTIVE IS SATISFIED.
MOTIVES AND NEEDS:
OUR MOTIVES AND NEEDS WILL DEFINITELY
INFLUENCE OUR PERCEPTION. FOR EXAMPLE, A
TIVATED TO RECOGNIZE
ONLY THE FOOD ITEMS AMONG OTHERONLY THE FOOD ITEMS AMONG OTHER
ARTICLES. HIS ATTENTION CANNOT BE
DIRECTED TOWARDS OTHER THINGS UNTIL HIS

7. • D. COGNITIVE STYLES:
• PEOPLE ARE SAID TO DIFFER IN THE WAYS THEY
CHARACTERISTICALLY PRO
EVERY INDIVIDUAL WILL HAVE HIS OR HER OWN
WAY OF UNDERSTANDING THE SITUATION. IT IS
SAID THAT THE PEOPLE WHO ARE FLEXIBLE WILLSAID THAT THE PEOPLE WHO ARE FLEXIBLE WILL
HAVE GOOD ATTENTION AND THEY ARE LESS
AFFECTED BY INTERFERING INFLUENCES AND TO
BE LESS DOMINATED BY INTERNAL NEEDS AND
MOTIVES THAN OR PEOPLE AT THE CONSTRICTED
END.
PEOPLE ARE SAID TO DIFFER IN THE WAYS THEY
ROCESS THE INFORMATION.
EVERY INDIVIDUAL WILL HAVE HIS OR HER OWN
WAY OF UNDERSTANDING THE SITUATION. IT IS
SAID THAT THE PEOPLE WHO ARE FLEXIBLE WILLSAID THAT THE PEOPLE WHO ARE FLEXIBLE WILL
HAVE GOOD ATTENTION AND THEY ARE LESS
AFFECTED BY INTERFERING INFLUENCES AND TO
BE LESS DOMINATED BY INTERNAL NEEDS AND
MOTIVES THAN OR PEOPLE AT THE CONSTRICTED

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCEPTION:
IMPORTANT CHARACTERIST
MENTIONED BELOW
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCEPTION:-SOME OF THE
ISTICS OF PERCEPTION ARE
MENTIONED BELOW

9. • 1)PERCEPTION IS A PROCESS:-PERCEPTION IS ESSENTIALLY A
PROCESS RATHER THAN BEING A
SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENO
TERMS OF SYSTEMS APPROACH
GATHERED THROUGH OUR SENS
AS INPUT. THE WAY IN WHICH WAS INPUT. THE WAY IN WHICH W
TO THIS GATHERED INFORMATIO
PERCEPTION PROVIDES THE NECESSARY LINK IN TERMS OF
PROCESS FOR CONVERTING INP
ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETIN
PERCEPTION IS ESSENTIALLY A
G A PRODUCT OR OUTCOME OF
NOMENON. E.G IF WE TALK OF IN
CH, THEN, SENSORY IMPRESSION,
ENSORY ORGANS MAY BE TERMED
H WE FINALLY BEHAVE OR REACTH WE FINALLY BEHAVE OR REACT
TION MAY BE TAKEN AS OUTPUT.
PERCEPTION PROVIDES THE NECESSARY LINK IN TERMS OF
INPUT INTO OUTPUT BY WAY OF
TING THE SENSORY IMPRESSIONS.

10. • 2)PERCEPTION IS THE INFORMATION EXTRACTOR:
SENSORY RECEPTORS ARE BOMBARDED CONTINUOUSLY
BY VARIOUS STIMULI PRESENT
DIFFICULT AND RATHER IMPOS
A SELECTION PROCESS IS THEREFORE ESSENTIAL.A SELECTION PROCESS IS THEREFORE ESSENTIAL.
PERCEPTION PERFORMS THIS DUTY BY EXTRACTING
RELEVANT INFORMATION OUT
IMPRESSIONS AND CONVERTING THEM INTO SOME
MEANINGFUL PATTERNS.
2)PERCEPTION IS THE INFORMATION EXTRACTOR:-OUR
SENSORY RECEPTORS ARE BOMBARDED CONTINUOUSLY
NT IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. IT IS
OSSIBLE TO ALL STIMULATION.
A SELECTION PROCESS IS THEREFORE ESSENTIAL.A SELECTION PROCESS IS THEREFORE ESSENTIAL.
PERCEPTION PERFORMS THIS DUTY BY EXTRACTING
UT OF A JUMBLE OF SENSORY
IMPRESSIONS AND CONVERTING THEM INTO SOME

11. • 3)PERCEPTION IS PREPARATION TO RESPONSE:
IS THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS T
ORGANISMS. IT IS THE PREPARATORY STAGE THAT
PREPARES AN INDIVIDUAL FOR ACTION AND RESPONSE.
• 4)PERCEPTION INVOLVES SENSATION:• 4)PERCEPTION INVOLVES SENSATION:
PRECEDES PERCEPTION. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION IS ALWAYS DIRECT ,I.E.
WHAT WE DO HAVE IN SENSA
MEANING IS PERCEPTION.
3)PERCEPTION IS PREPARATION TO RESPONSE:-PERCEPTION
S THE ACTIVE BEHAVIOR OF AN
ORGANISMS. IT IS THE PREPARATORY STAGE THAT
PREPARES AN INDIVIDUAL FOR ACTION AND RESPONSE.
4)PERCEPTION INVOLVES SENSATION:-SENSATION4)PERCEPTION INVOLVES SENSATION:-SENSATION
PRECEDES PERCEPTION. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION IS ALWAYS DIRECT ,I.E.
SATION ATTACHED WITH SOME

12. • 5)PERCEPTION HELPS IN PROPER ARRANGEMENT AND
ORGANIZATION:-A PART FROM
SENSORY IMPRESSIONS, PERC
ARRANGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION, REFLECTING A
PARTICULAR PATTERN RATHER THAN BEING MERELY APARTICULAR PATTERN RATHER THAN BEING MERELY A
SUMMATION OF THE SENSOR
PERCEIVES, HE PERCEIVES AS A
PATTERN AND NOT AS THE SUM TOTAL OF VARIOUS
STIMULI.
5)PERCEPTION HELPS IN PROPER ARRANGEMENT AND
OM DERIVING MEANING FROM
RCEPTION HELPS IN ITS PROPER
ARRANGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION, REFLECTING A
PARTICULAR PATTERN RATHER THAN BEING MERELY APARTICULAR PATTERN RATHER THAN BEING MERELY A
ORY IMPRESSIONS. WHAT ONE
S A WHOLE IN AN ORGANIZED
PATTERN AND NOT AS THE SUM TOTAL OF VARIOUS

13. • 6)PERCEPTION IS HIGHLY INDIVIDUALIZED :
AN INDIVIDUAL AFFAIR DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS DO NOT
PERCEIVE OBJECTS, EVENTS OR RELATIONSHIP IN SAME
WAYS.EVEN INDIVIDUAL PERC
MAY VARY FOR E.G. A HAWKEMAY VARY FOR E.G. A HAWKE
THE OPEN AND A FARMER STANDING IN HIS FIELD ARE
LIKELY TO PERCEIVE RAIN IN QUITE DIFFERENT WAYS.THE
SAME RAIN MAY CAUSE DIFFER
SAME FARMERS AT THE TIME OF HARV
6)PERCEPTION IS HIGHLY INDIVIDUALIZED :-PERCEPTIONS
AN INDIVIDUAL AFFAIR DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS DO NOT
PERCEIVE OBJECTS, EVENTS OR RELATIONSHIP IN SAME
RCEPTION OF THE SAME EVENT
KER SELLING COMMODITIES INKER SELLING COMMODITIES IN
THE OPEN AND A FARMER STANDING IN HIS FIELD ARE
LIKELY TO PERCEIVE RAIN IN QUITE DIFFERENT WAYS.THE
FERENT PERCEPTIONS FOR THE
SAME FARMERS AT THE TIME OF HARVEST.

14. 7)PERCEPTION DEPENDS ON SELECTION:
DEPENDENT UPON SELECTION. WE CONFRONT VARIOUS
STIMULI BUT WE DO NOT RESPOND TO ALL OF THEM. OUT OF
THEM WE SELECT ONLY A PARTICULAR ONE FOR OUR
PERCEPTION. FOR E.G. AT THE TIME OF READING A BOOK
SITTING ON OUR STUDY TABLE, THSITTING ON OUR STUDY TABLE, TH
THE TABLE LIKE PEN, OTHER BOOKS ETC DO NOT COME
WITHIN THE COMPASS OF OUR PERCEPTION. THUS IN THE
PROCESS OF PERCEPTION, WE GENERALLY IGNORE THE
SURROUNDING THINGS AND WE SELECT ONLY A CERTAIN
THINGS FOR OUR PERCEPTION.
7)PERCEPTION DEPENDS ON SELECTION:-PERCEPTION IS
DEPENDENT UPON SELECTION. WE CONFRONT VARIOUS
STIMULI BUT WE DO NOT RESPOND TO ALL OF THEM. OUT OF
THEM WE SELECT ONLY A PARTICULAR ONE FOR OUR
PERCEPTION. FOR E.G. AT THE TIME OF READING A BOOK
, THE OTHER THINGS LYING ON, THE OTHER THINGS LYING ON
THE TABLE LIKE PEN, OTHER BOOKS ETC DO NOT COME
WITHIN THE COMPASS OF OUR PERCEPTION. THUS IN THE
PROCESS OF PERCEPTION, WE GENERALLY IGNORE THE
SURROUNDING THINGS AND WE SELECT ONLY A CERTAIN

15. THE NATURE OF PERCEPTIONTHE NATURE OF PERCEPTIONOF PERCEPTIONOF PERCEPTION

16. ITHIN THE FRAMEWOR
HE PHYSICAL WORLD, THERE ARE TWO
ENERAL THEORIES OF THE NATURE OF
RCEPTION. THE FIRST IS STRONG DIRECT
EALISM (SDR). THIS ACCEALISM (SDR). THIS ACC
F THE PHYSICAL WORLD
UR PERCEPTUAL ACCESS TO THIS WORLD IS
YCHOLOGICALLY DIREC
ROAD REPRESENTATIVE THEORY (BRT).
RK OF A REALIST VIEW O
HE PHYSICAL WORLD, THERE ARE TWO
ENERAL THEORIES OF THE NATURE OF
RCEPTION. THE FIRST IS STRONG DIRECT
CCEPTS A REALIST VIEWCCEPTS A REALIST VIEW
LD, AND CLAIMS THAT
UR PERCEPTUAL ACCESS TO THIS WORLD IS
ECT. THE SECOND IS TH
ROAD REPRESENTATIVE THEORY (BRT).

17. • THIS TOO ACCEPTS A REA
BUT CLAIMS THAT PERCE
PHYSICAL ITEMS IS ALWA
MEDIATED, I.E. IT IS CONSTITUTED BY THE
COMBINATION OF THE S
FUNDAMENTAL PSYCHO
NOT IN ITSELF PHYSICAL
CERTAIN ADDITIONAL FACTS.
EALIST VIEW OF THE WOR
CEPTUAL CONTACT WITH
WAYS PSYCHOLOGICALLY
MEDIATED, I.E. IT IS CONSTITUTED BY THE
SUBJECT'S BEING IN A MO
‐
OLOGICAL STATE, WHICH I
NOT IN ITSELF PHYSICAL‐ITEM PERCEPTIVE, AND
CERTAIN ADDITIONAL FACTS.

18. DR CANNOT PROVIDE A SATIS
ENOMENAL CONTENT OF PE
NTENT FEATURES IN THE SE
NTACT. BRT CANNOT EXPLAIN HOW WE CAN HAVE
NUINE PERCEPTUAL ACCES
ALL. IN THE FACE OF THIS DALL. IN THE FACE OF THIS D
OVIDING A SATISFACTORY A
ABANDONING THE ASSUMP
D ADOPTING AN IDEALIST VIEW OF THE PHYSICAL
ORLD. THIS VIEW CAN, IN AN
RRECT BY INDEPENDENT ARGUMENTS
TISFACTORY ACCOUNT OF TH
PERCEPTION AND HOW SUCH
SECURING OF PERCEPTUAL
NTACT. BRT CANNOT EXPLAIN HOW WE CAN HAVE
ESS TO THE PHYSICAL WORLD
S DILEMMA, THE ONLY WAYS DILEMMA, THE ONLY WAY
Y ACCOUNT OF PERCEPTION I
MPTION OF PHYSICAL REALIS
D ADOPTING AN IDEALIST VIEW OF THE PHYSICAL
ANY CASE, BE ESTABLISHED
RRECT BY INDEPENDENT ARGUMENTS.

19. IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION:IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION:IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION:IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION:

20. ERCEPTION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN UNDERSTANDING THE
UMAN BEHAVIOR, BECAUSE EVERY PERSON PERCEIVES THE
WORLD AND APPROACHES THE LIFE PROBLEMS DIFFERENTLY
WHATEVER WE SEE OR FEEL IS NO
ALLY IS. IT IS BECAUSE WHAT WALLY IS. IT IS BECAUSE WHAT W
AID, BUT WHAT WE PERCEIVE AS
OMETHING, IT IS NOT BECAUSE
AKE IT TO BE THE BEST. THUS, IT I
AN FIND OUT WHY ONE INDIVI
WHILE ANOTHER ONE MAY NOT BE SATISFIED WITH IT
ERCEPTION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN UNDERSTANDING THE
UMAN BEHAVIOR, BECAUSE EVERY PERSON PERCEIVES THE
WORLD AND APPROACHES THE LIFE PROBLEMS DIFFERENTLY-
NOT NECESSARILY THE SAME AS
WE HEAR IS NOT WHAT IS REALWE HEAR IS NOT WHAT IS REAL
AS BEING SAID. WHEN WE BUY
SE IT IS THE BEST, BUT BECAUSE W
IT IS BECAUSE OF PERCEPTION, W
IVIDUAL FINDS A JOB SATISFYING
WHILE ANOTHER ONE MAY NOT BE SATISFIED WITH IT.

21. PEOPLE BEHAVE ON THE BASIS O
EDICT THEIR BEHAVIOR IN THE C
NDERSTANDING THEIR PRESENT PERCEPTION OF THE
VIRONMENT. ONE PERSON MAY
NE WAY WHICH MAY BE DIFFER
ANOTHER VIEWER.
ITH THE HELP OF PERCEPTION, T
AN BE DETERMINED, BECAUSE PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION IS
FLUENCED BY THEIR NEEDS. LIKE THE MIRRORS AT AN
MUSEMENT PARK, THEY DISTORT
EIR TENSIONS.
IS OF THEIR PERCEPTION, WE CA
E CHANGED CIRCUMSTANCES BY
NDERSTANDING THEIR PRESENT PERCEPTION OF THE
AY BE VIEWING THE FACTS IN
ERENT FROM THE FACTS AS SEEN
, THE NEEDS OF VARIOUS PEOP
AN BE DETERMINED, BECAUSE PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION IS
FLUENCED BY THEIR NEEDS. LIKE THE MIRRORS AT AN
RT THE WORLD IN RELATION TO

22. PERCEPTION IS VERY IMPORT
WHO WANTS TO AVOID MAKING ERRORS WHEN
EALING WITH PEOPLE AND EVENTS IN THE WORK
ETTING. THIS PROBLEM IS M
Y THE FACT THAT DIFFERENT
ITUATION DIFFERENTLY. IN O
UBORDINATES EFFECTIVELY, THE MANAGERS MUST
NDERSTAND THEIR PERCEPTIONS PROPERLY
RTANT FOR THE MANAGER
WHO WANTS TO AVOID MAKING ERRORS WHEN
EALING WITH PEOPLE AND EVENTS IN THE WORK
MADE MORE COMPLICATED
NT PEOPLE PERCEIVE THE SAM
ORDER TO DEAL WITH THE
UBORDINATES EFFECTIVELY, THE MANAGERS MUST
NDERSTAND THEIR PERCEPTIONS PROPERLY.

23. THUS, FOR UNDERSTANDING TH
MPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THEIR PERCEPTION, THAT IS,
HOW THEY PERCEIVE THE DIFFE
BEHAVIOR IS BASED ON THEIR P
S, NOT ON REALITY ITSELF. THES, NOT ON REALITY ITSELF. THE
THE WORLD THAT IS IMPORTAN
HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
THE HUMAN BEHAVIOR, IT IS VE
MPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THEIR PERCEPTION, THAT IS,
FERENT SITUATIONS. PEOPLE’S
R PERCEPTIONS OF WHAT REALIT
HE WORLD AS IT IS PERCEIVED ISHE WORLD AS IT IS PERCEIVED IS
ANT FOR UNDERSTANDING THE