Water Resourses

1. CET226- Water Supply
Engineering
RURAL WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT VS URBAN
WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
Submitted to:
Dr. Amit Kumar
Civil Engineering
Submitted
by: Group-9

2. 2020UCE1744 VEERU SINGH
2020UCE1746 MANISH KUMAR SINGH
2020UCE1750 AMAN KHERALIYA
2020UCE1884 PRERNA JAIN
2020UCE1917 NIDHI MEENA
2020UCE1951 MUKUND MAHESHWARI
2020UCE1953 DIKSHA SINGH
2020UCE1955 RAHUL SHARMA
2020UCE1957 MAHESH RAUTRAO
2020UCE1959 RAGHVENDRA BHADAURIA
2020UCE1961 RISHI KUMAR
2020UCE1963 KUMARI NANCY
2020UCE1964 SWARIT RAJPUT
2020UCE1966 REEPU KUMAR GUPTA
2020UCE1968 RAHUL YADAV
2020UCE1970 LAGAN SINGH
2020UCE1971 MONU KUMAR
2020UCE1973 LAXMI
GROUP MEMBERS

3. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 Sources of Water for small communities in Rural areas
 Selection of the suitable source of water
 Quantitative requirement of water in rural water supply scheme
 Water Treatment methods for rural supply
 Urban water supply management
 Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION
 Water is the most important natural resource for
survival.
 Sources of water-
• Ground water
• Rivers
• Rain water
 Water is getting polluted day by day
• By on-site sanitation
• By effluent from wastewater treatment plants
• By over application of fertilizer in agriculture
• By sewer leakage

5. CLEAN DRINKING WATER
CHALLENGES
Scarcity of good drinking water in rural and urban areas
Requirement of providing suitable drinking water to every household
Water treatment plants for providing suitable drinking water
Wastewater management

6. SELECTION OF THE SUITABLE SOURCE OF WATER
 The reliability of the source
 The purity of water available in the source
 There are three standard kits for checking water purity
i - Merck quant -Used to check the presence of arsenic ,cobalt ,lead, etc.
ii- Aqua Merck -Helps us to measure acidity ,alkalinity, carbonate, hardness, chloride,etc.
iii- Aqua quant -Used to measure small concentration of parameter like aluminum, calcium,
chromium, etc.
 The ease with which the water from the source can be supplied to the consumers

7. SOURCES OF WATER FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES IN RURAL AREAS
1. RIVERS AND STREAMS:
 Often affected by fecal
Pollution
 High turbidity
2. LAKES:
 May contain bilharzia
contamination nearshore
 Algal growth forming,
because of sewage and
industrial effluent
discharge
3. SWAMP WATER:
 Faecal pollution.
 Have low pH

8.  Less impurities
 Top section is sealed with brick or concrete
 May contain large scale minerals and dissolved
salts
 Water from tube wells is lifted by-
 Electrical and Diesel pumps
 Windmills (use reciprocating pumps)
 Animal Power (mote & Persian wheel)
 Manually by using pulley and rope
4. SPRINGS AND BOREHOLES:

9.  Collecting rainwater from paved or Galvanized Iron
corrugated roofs or paved courtyards in storage tanks or
groundwater reservoirs.
 Places where rainfall occurs only for few months, other
water sources are scarce and groundwater levels have
gone down.
 Rainwater collection can be used for -
 Direct use - By collecting the water into a storage tank
 Groundwater recharge - By joining water to the ground
through a recharge pit, recharge well with or without a
pressure filter
5. RAINWATER HARVESTING OR ROOFTOP WATER
HARVESTING:

10. WATER TREATMENT METHODS FOR RURAL
SUPPLIES
1.Assessment of required water treatment for a given source-
If deep bore water is used for drinking purpose (which is very
common in rural areas)
Testing of dissolved metals like fluorides, iron, manganese, nitrates,
arsenic etc. becomes necessity.
a.Excess concentrations of Nitrates
 Can’t be easily removed
 Use of alternate source

11. WATER TREATMENT METHODS FOR RURAL
SUPPLIES
b. Acidic & Alkaline waters
 Easily tested with pH papers.
c. Suspended Matter
 Settlement
 Filtration
d. Organic Matter
 Derived from faecal pollution
 Contains pathogenic bacteria
 Generally chlorination is done
 Treatment methods for high fluoride waters

12. WATER TREATMENT METHODS FOR RURAL
SUPPLIES
2. Treatment methods for high fluoride waters
Fluorides in high concentration causes mottling of
teeth and bone fluorosis.
 Defluoridation (removal of excess fluorides from
water) becomes necessary

13. Nalgonda Method
 Uses aluminium salt (alum) for removing fluoride
 This method involves precipitation, settling and filtration.

14. WATER TREATMENT METHODS FOR RURAL SUPPLIES
3. Treatment methods for Removing Iron
Permissible value is 0.3 mg/l
Excess concentration of Iron;
 Imparts bitter metallic taste to the water.
 Coloration of water.
 Deposition of Iron oxide reduces carrying capacity of pipes.
 Growth of iron bacteria.
Iron without combination with organic matter  Aeration
Soluble ferrous compounds  Oxidation  Settling  Filtration

15. WATER TREATMENT METHODS FOR RURAL
SUPPLIES
4. Chlorination
 Sterilization of water.
 By bleaching powder, chlorinated lime, sodium hypochlorite, etc.
 Dosing equipment

16. URBAN WATER SUPPLY
 Water that is not used for agriculture is referred to as “Urban Water”
 Urban water includes water that is used for: Drinking, Toilets,
showers, Landscaping, Car washing.
 Sources of water supply in urban areas :-
River & Lakes Reservoirs Sea Water Ground Water

17. COMPARISON BETWEEN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN URBAN AND
RURAL AREAS
 The term "urban water" can be used to
describe towns, cities.
 The use of water in urban regions is higher
than in rural areas
 People in urban areas rely entirely on
municipal water supplies
 Population is more in urban areas so the use of
water is more here
 People in urban areas tends to use water for
washing vehicles and lives a luxury life where
water is used for a lot of extra needs
 People in urban areas tends to pollute water
less than the people from the rural areas
 The population density in rural regions is low and
there is lot of underdeveloped territory.
 The use of water in rural areas are lesser than the
urban regions.
 Residents in rural regions rely on pools, tubewell,
bore wells and other sources of water.
 Population is comparatively lesser than the urban
areas so water usage is less.
 People in rural areas tends to use water for basic
needs and requirements.
 People pollute water more as they use water for
bathing, washing.
URBAN AREAS RURAL AREAS

18. QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENTS OF WATER IN RURAL
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
 Minimum per capital domestic consumption for rural communities
(population up to 20,000) as per bureau of Indian standards New Delhi:
1. Piped supply with service connection : not less than 70-100 l/c/d.
2. Supply is proposed through hand pump or Central stand post:40/l/c/d.
 Estimated water requirement by using more detailed formation:
1.Average per capita demand (houses with tapes):45 l/c/d, (houses without tapes):18 l/c/d.
2.Per capita demand (Piped house with flush system):225 l/c/d (min. 200 l/c/d) further be reduced up
to 135 l/c/d.
3. Demand for school and hostel may be taken as 45 l/c/d.
4.Loss through faulty joints and careless handling of taps may be taken as 25%.

19. Water requirement for rural and urban areas
PURPOSE RURAL AREAS (lpcd) URBAN AREAS (lpcd)
Drinking Water 5 5
Cooking 3 5
Ablution 6 -
Bathing 15 55
Washing of utensils and
household
11 45
Flushing of toilets /sewer - 30
Total basic water
requirement (BWR)
40 140
Source : WG(1999)

20. Distribution system of water in Urban
Areas

33. THANK YOU!