Introduction definition types process therapies

1. Psychology
PowerPoint Presentation by
Cynthia K. Shinabarger Reed
Butchered

2. Motivation and
Emotion

3. • How do you know if your Motivated?
• How would others know you are
motivated?
What Is Motivation?

4. What Is Motivation?
• Motivation
• Physiological or psychological factors
that account for the arousal,
direction, & persistence of behavior.

5. What Is Motivation?
• The aspects of motivation are:
• Arousal:
• Factor or motivational state that prompts the behavior
• Direction:
• The goal(s)
• Persistence
• We do it no matter what
• Poor performance one day
• Lack of money
• Short on time

6. What Is Motivation?
• What activities are you motivated to do?
• Consider this:
• What you would most want if you were alone on
a desert island?
• You could have whatever you need.
• For example if it is snowboarding
• Mountain & snow would be provided.

7. Two Types Of Motivation
• Intrinsic
• Inner
• Extrinsic
• Exterior

8. Intrinsic Motivation
• A desire to perform a behavior that
originates within the individual.
• Don't care if:
• Paid
• Admired
• Rewarded
• Artist
• Sport
• PC games

9. Extrinsic Motivation
• A desire to perform a behavior to obtain
an external reward or avoid punishment.
• Child takes out the trash
• Reward
• Smile
• Allowance
• Avoid punishment
• Low level job like working at McDonalds
• Do it for the paycheck
• Fulfill intrinsic motivation
• Scuba diving

10. Motivation
• Which of these two is the
strongest?
• Intrinsic or Extrinsic?

11. Answer: Intrinsic
• You will do it no matter what
• You will find a way to get the money
• You will find the time

12. Theories of Motivation
• Biological theories
• Cognitive theories
• Incentive theories

13. Biological Theories
• Biological theories of motivation
• Focus on the importance of biological or
physiological processes that determine
behavior.
• Unlearned behaviors present from birth.
• Eat when hungry
• Theory applies better to animals than
humans.

14. Biological Theories
• Instincts are
unlearned
• Species-specific
behaviors
• More complex than
reflexes
• Triggered by
environmental events
• Releasing stimuli

15. Biological Theories
• Drive
• Internal motivational state created by a
physiological need.
• The Drive-Reduction Theory
• Updated version of the Instinct Theory
• Applies better to humans
• Views motivated behavior as designed to reduce
a physiological imbalance & return the organism
to homeostasis.

16. Biological Theories
• The Drive-Reduction Theory Cont.
• The discomfort associated with physiological needs
• Eat
• Drink
• Bathroom
• Creates aroused psychological state that drives the person to
reduce need.
• Reduce hunger
• Eat
• Our desire to reduce the drive is what motivates us.

17. Biological Theories
• Drive reduction signals that a particular need has been
reduced & that behaviors designed to reduce other
current drives can be engaged.

18. Biological Theories
• Optimum-Level Theory
• (Arousal Theory)
• Body functions best at a specific level of
arousal
• Varies from one individual to another.
• To reach this level, may seek added
stimulation or arousal.

19. Biological Theories
• Optimum-Level Theory
• Humans driven to some behaviors because
they feel good.
• Some will explore just for the fun of it
• Mountain climbing
• Excitement stimulation from just conquering the
mountain.
• Don’t serve any obvious physiological need
like eating or drinking.

20. Biological Theories
• Optimum-Level Theory
• Example
• Curiosity
• Monkeys press a lever to watch a toy train move.
• Work on a complicated lock just to open it.
• No other reward
• Each individual has optimum level of this type of
stimulation.
• Too much stimulation
• Tension
• We look for ways to reduce stimulation & get rid of
tension.

21. Biological Theories
• Example
• Live in country move to city
• Predict difficulty adapting
• Country low levels of stimulation
• Difficulty adapting to high levels of city

22. Cognitive Theories
• Focus on how we process & understand
information.
• According to cognitive-consistency
theories
• We are motivated to achieve a psychological
state in which our beliefs & behaviors are
consistent because inconsistency between
beliefs & behaviors is unpleasant.

23. Cognitive Theories
Cognitive dissonance
• Participants to select a
gift from 2 presented.
• When 1 low in
desirability
• Easy choice
• When both high in
desirability
• Choice more difficult

24. Cognitive Theories
• Cognitive dissonance produces
discomfort
• Motivates us to reduce discomfort.
• We seek to reduce the discomfort by
creating cognitive consonance
• State in which our cognitions are compatible
with one another.

25. Cognitive Theories
• Once a difficult decision has been made
• People may wonder whether made right
decision.
• Postdecisional dissonance
• Reduced by raising evaluation of chosen
item
• Decreasing evaluation of rejected item.

26. Cognitive Theories
• After choice made
chosen gift rated
more positively.
• Rejected gift rated
more negatively.

27. Cognitive Theories
• Maslow's theory
• Motivational needs are arranged
hierarchically from basic physiological needs
to self-actualization.

28. Cognitive Theories
• Maslow’s theory often characterized as a
growth theory of motivation
• People strive to satisfy successively higher
needs.
• Critics
• Not everyone goes stage by stage
• 3rd
world countries
• People have difficulty meeting basic need
• May be able to satisfy higher needs such as belonging.

29. Incentive Theories
• Takes into account the factors that lure us into
an aroused state
• Food cooking
• Not hungry until smelled the food
• Sexy dress & tight jeans
• Designed to put people in an aroused state
• Incentive?
• Motivated behavior pulled by the incentive or goal
• Larger or more powerful the incentive, the stronger
the pull.
• More handsome and sexy dressed male
• Stronger the pull to approach

30. Incentive Theories
• Motives and conflict
• Existence of multiple motives often results in
conflicts.
• Purchasing a computer
• The most common conflicts are:
• approach-approach
• avoidance-avoidance
• approach-avoidance
• multiple approach-avoidance

31. Specific Motives
Motivated behaviors
• Primary drives
• Physiologically based
• Hunger
• Sex
• Achievement

32. Primary Drive: Hunger
• 4 tasks
1. Detect need for food
1. Feel hungry
2. Initiate eating
1. Start
3. Monitor
1. Amount
2. Nourishment of the food eaten
4. Signal end to eating
1. Stop

33. Primary Drive: Hunger
• Hunger & satiety (full) controlled by 2
centers in the hypothalamus.
• Hunger center
• Start
• Lateral hypothalamus, LH
• Satiety center
• Stop
• Ventromedial hypothalamus, VMH

34. Primary Drive: Hunger
• What causes us to become
hungry?
• Sugar & fat
•Sugar (glucose) & fat are your
metabolisms energy sources

35. Primary Drive: Hunger
• When glucose is high & the cells are able
to use it, hunger is low.
• As the blood sugar supply decreases,
hunger increases.
• Glucose low > hungry
• Information sent to the hypothalamus

36. Primary Drive: Hunger
• Amount of stored body fat also serves as
a hunger signal.
• When a person’s weight falls, fat is
withdrawn from the fat cells & hunger
signal is sent to the brain.
• Low fat > hungry

37. Satiety
• Satiety center, VMH
• High glucose levels & full fat cells.
• Pressure detectors in the stomach signal
fullness.
• Message sent to VMH stop eating

38. Hunger
• New research indicates that all this is
true yet it is more complicated than
thought.
• Example
• Hormone in the small intestine is another stop-
eating signal.
• What other factors cause hunger?

39. Factors That Cause Hunger
• Classical & operant conditioning
• Food aversions
• Time of day
• Smells
• Seeing food
• Stress
• Dinner bell

40. Anorexia Nervosa
• Potentially life-threatening eating
disorder
• Primarily in adolescent & young adult
females
• Recently upsurge in middle age females
• Intense fear of becoming fat
• Distorted body image
• Self-starvation

41. Anorexia Nervosa
• Life is focused on food.
• Meal
• Breakfast
• Tea & dry toast
• Lunch
• Salad no dressing
• Dinner
• Fruit salad, no sugar
• Exercise
• 4 hours a day
• Want weight to be 0
• Do not want to not exist

42. Anorexia Nervosa
• Overachievers
• Good students
• White middle class
• Cooperative
• Look good
• Feel out of control in their lives
• May have history of sexual abuse

43. Anorexia Nervosa
• Highest mortality rate of any mental disorder
• Starvation
• Cardiac arrest
• Suicide
• Depression
• Deplete seratonin
• Reuptake inhibitors do not work
• Seratonin controls
• 1. Eating behavior
• 2. Mood

44. Symptoms of Anorexia
• Weight loss due to dieting.
• Too much exercise.
• Tiredness & low energy.
• Muscle weakness.
• Obsession with food, calories,
recipes
• Complaining of being "too fat",
even when thin.
• Cooking for others, but not
eating themselves.
• Guilt or shame about eating.
• Depression, irritability, mood
swings.
• Signs of vomiting, laxative abuse,
diet pills & irregular
menstruation.
• Excuses for not eating meals.
• Unusual eating habits.
• Noticeable discomfort around
food.
• Perfectionist attitude.
• Wearing baggy clothes to hide
weight loss.
• Frequently checking weight on
scale.
• Fainting and dizziness.
• Difficulty eating in public.
• Feelings of self worth determined
by what is or is not eaten.
• Very secretive about eating
patterns.
• Pale complexion.
• Headaches

45. Proanorexia Web Sites
Blog Postings
• skinnyl3gs
2008-07-03 04:53 am UTC (link) i am 5'11. i got
down to 112 last november and although
everyone else said i looked "gross", i plan to
beat that lw
• dancefloordead
2008-07-03 05:17 am UTC (link) I'm 5'10", and
I'd love to be around 110-115 (25 lbs, bah). I
saw photos once of a model who's my height
and 106, but much as I'd love that, I don't
know that I could quite manage it.

46. Proanorexia Web Sites
Blog Postings
• peace_love82 ( peace_love82) wrote in proanorexia,
@ 2008-07-02 00:37:00
• i dont know what the f… is wrong with me.
im such a failure
to my self
my body
my family
and my friends
i work at tgifridays and when i started i was doing so
good and i was skinniest i have ever been.
that was back in march...
now my thighs f…ing touch.
im so disgusted with myself and how much of a
disgrace i am..e
i swear its from working there
ive gained so much
what do i do now.. :(

47. Anorexia Videos
• Steve Wilkos Show

48. Bulimia Nervosa
• An eating disorder
• Characterized by binges of eating followed by self-
induced vomiting.
• Binges
• 20-30 minutes
• Whole pizza
• Carton of ice cream
• Box of
• Doughnuts
• Vomiting
• May after every meal
• Each morsel of food or water
• Prevent absorption of needed vitamins & minerals
• Problems with enamel on teeth, esophagus, skin ages.

49. Bulimia Nervosa
• Exercise
• 3 hours a day
• Self-medicate
• Speed
• Enemas
• Laxatives (whole box)
• Diuretics

50. Dangers Associated with Bulimia
• Foreign Objects:
Objects used to induce purging.
(rupture)
• Teeth rotted away from stomach acid.
• Acid / food damage to the esophagus.
• Finger skin and nail damage from acid.
• Red spots around the eyes.
• When throwing up intense pressure in head -
if pressure is too great burst some blood
vessels in your eye. It's called a
subconjunctival hemorrhage.

51. Specific Motives
Obesity
• America considered an overweight
nation.
• Why?

52. Obesity
• Dietary factors
• Contribute to preventable illnesses & premature
deaths in U.S.
• Significant risk factor
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Colon
• Gallbladder
• Prostate
• Kidney

53. Obesity
• BMI
• Body mass index to indicate health status & disease
risk
• Numerical index calculated based on
• Height
• Weight
• Obesity
• Body weight of 20% or more in excess of BMI
• Genetic factors play a key role in determining a
person's weight.

54. Obesity
• Heredity may influence what we weigh by affecting
our basal metabolic rate (BMR), the minimum
energy needed to keep an awake, resting body alive.

55. Specific Motives
• Obesity due to
• Biological factors
• Social factors
• Cultural factors
• Economic factors
• Women
• Rates of obesity higher in lower socioeconomic classes

56. Obesity
• Body does not treat all calories alike.
• 1 gram of carbohydrates or protein contains 4
calories
• 1 gram of fat contains 9 calories.
• High-fat diets require fewer calories for digestion
than high-carbohydrate diets.
• Once the fat is deposited in the body, few calories
are needed to maintain it, so it is difficult to
remove.

57. Achievement
• Consists of 3 components:
a) behaviors that manipulate the
environment in some manner,
b) rules for performing those behaviors, and
c) accepted performance standards against
which people compete and compare their
performance.

58. • Some theorists stress need to succeed
• Some theorists stress need to avoid
failure
• 2 students earn As in the same course
• 1. Pride that comes from mastering the material
• 2. Avoid the shame associated with failing or
making a lower grade.
Achievement

59. The What and The Why of
Emotion
• Emotion
• Physiological changes & conscious feelings of
pleasantness or unpleasantness, aroused by
external and internal stimuli, that lead to
behavioral reactions.
• Mood
• Feelings associated with an emotion last for an
extended period of time

60. The What and The Why of
Emotion
• Charles Darwin
• Emotional expressions have a biological
basis.
• Emotions can increase survival
• Anger
• Providing a readiness for actions such as fighting
predators that have helped us survive throughout
our evolutionary history.

61. The Physiological Components of
Emotion
• The commonsense view of emotions
states the sequence of events in emotional
responding as:
• stimulus
• emotion
• physiological changes

62. James-Lange Theory 1890’s
• Physiological changes precede & cause
emotions.
• Sequence of events in emotional
responding is:
• Stimulus (Monster)
• Physiological changes (heart pounding)
• Emotion (fear)

63. Cannon-Bard Theory
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• Physiological arousal
• Your body’s response to a stimulus
• Occurs at the same time as the feeling of emotion
• Physical response
• Not cause of emotional feeling

64. Cannon-Bard Theory
• Example
• Monster chasing you
• Heart starts pounding
• Body tensing
• Feel scared
• All at the same time
• Physical response not the cause of
emotional feeling

65. Cannon-Bard Theory
• Thalamus relays information
simultaneously
• Cortex (outer part of brain)
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Emotional feelings
• Physiological changes
• Occur at the same time

66. Schachter’s 2 Factor Theory
(Cognitive Labeling)
• 1. Must have a physical response
• 2. Must be able to recognize and label
the response

67. Emotions
• Today we believe
• Memory
• Thoughts
• Way we interpret situations
• Play a part in how we interpret
emotions

68. The Physiological Components of
Emotion
• Anger tends to be associated with
cardiovascular changes.

69. The Physiological Components of
Emotion
• Physiological patterns in certain
emotions
• Embarrassment
• Blushing
• Communicates valuing positive regard of
others.
• Can occur when we are praised
• Told that we appear to be blushing.

70. The Physiological Components of
Emotion
• Entire brain plays a role in emotion.
• Right hemisphere
• specialized in perceiving emotion from facial
expressions.
• Women more accurate than men or teens
• Negative emotions such as fear or disgust
• Left hemisphere
• Positive emotions such as happiness
• Increased activity

71. The Physiological Components of
Emotion
• Alexithymia
• Inability to experience & express emotions
• Lack self-awareness
• Rarely cry
• Described as colorless and bland
• Unable to discriminate among emotions
• Unaware of what others around them feel.

72. • Electronic device (lie detector)
• Senses & records changes in physiology
• Blood pressure
• Heart rate
• Respiration
• Galvanic skin response
• Caused by sweating & increased blood flow
• Past: Individual might be able to modify these
responses & affect test accuracy.
• Present: Difficult to fool due to technological changes
Polygraph

73. The Expressive Components of
Emotions
• Universal recognition of six basic emotions
• Anger
• Disgust
• Fear
• Happiness
• Sadness
• Surprise
• Pride might be added to the list

74. Facial Feedback Hypothesis
• Feedback from facial muscles affects
our experience of emotion.

75. The Expressive Components of
Emotions
• Smiling is a social act; we rarely smile
when we are alone.
• It is such a prominent social signal that
we can recognize a smile 300 feet away.

76. The Expressive Components of Emotions
Duchenne smile
• A real smile of
enjoyment
• Involves activation of
muscles that are not
activated during faked
smiles.

77. • Communication that involves
movements, gestures, facial expressions,
eye contact, use of personal space, and
touching.
• Tone of voice and posture can convey
information that is different from what
we verbalize.
Nonverbal Communication

78. The Expressive Components of
Emotions
• Across ages, cultures women are more accurate
in decoding emotion from nonverbal cues:
• Face
• Body
• Voice
• Women display more emotional awareness.
• Is it because women's roles & occupations tend to
require greater sensitivity to emotional expressions
in others?

79. The Cognitive Components of
Emotion
• At approximately 3 years of age, the
emotions a child experiences become highly
differentiated.

80. The Cognitive Components of
Emotion
• EI or Emotional intelligence describes 4
qualities:
a) the ability to perceive emotions in
others
b) the ability to facilitate thought
c) understanding emotions
d) managing emotions.