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MHBE 2013 BASIC
EPIDEMIOLOGY ;
Screening for health
(2 Hour)
Institut Latihan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (ILKKM)
Prog : Diploma in Medical And Health Science (DPMH)
Year 1 Sem I
9/10/2020 1
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
Learning outcome (LO) ;
1. Explain the principle of health screening
to populations.
2. Discuss a common method of screening
to infant, child , adolescence, adult and
elderly.
3. Explain Health Impact assessment
9/10/2020 2
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
Introduction:
Definition ;
“ Screening is defined as the
presumptive identification of
unrecognized disease in an
apparently healthy,
asymptomatic population by
means of tests, examinations
or other procedures that can
be applied rapidly and easily
to the target population”
“ Screening is a process –
one that begins with
invitation to participate
and ends with treatment
for appropriately identified
individuals”
9/10/2020 3
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
Concepts and principle of Health Screening ;
“ An important development in
preventive medicine is the
widespread screening of
populations for early
evidence of certain
diseases or their
precursors”
1. Screening aimed at protecting
public health. i.e screening for
food handlers .
2. Screening of a population or
define sample of its, as a
method of research to gain more
information for greater benefits.
i.e diabetes screening.
3. Prescriptive screening –
screening which is directed for
early detection and treatment.
9/10/2020 4
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
Criteria for
sceening ;
1
• Is there an effective intervention?
2
• Does intervention earlier than
usual outcome?
3
• Is there an effective screen test
that recognise earlier than usual?
Criteria for
sceening ;
4
•Is the test available and acceptable
to the target population?
5
• Is the disease one that commands
priority?
6
• Do benefits exceed the cost?
Common essential
screening ;
Infant and
Child
Parental testing
for chromosomal
abnormalities
Screening
newborn babies
for health
problems
Pemeriksaan Asas ;
• Bayi dan Anak .
• Ujian ibu bapa; untuk kelainan kromosom
boleh membantu menentukan sama ada bayi
mempunyai keadaan genetik tertentu seperti
Down Syndrome, Sindrom Edwards, Sindrom
Patau dan Kelainan Chromosomal Seks (iaitu
Sindrom Turner, Sindrom Klinefelter, Triple X
dan Sindrom XYY).
• Pemeriksaan bayi; yang baru dilahirkan
untuk masalah kesihatan (gangguan
kongenital) adalah amalan kesihatan umum
di seluruh dunia.
Adolescence ;
1. Malnutrition and obesity
2. Tobacco use
3. Violence
4. Alcohol and drugs
Adolescence
5. Mental health
6. HIV AIDS , STD
7. Sexual and reproductive health
8. Injury
Adult and Elderly ;
High blood
pressure
Type 2
diabetes
Dyslipidaemia Tobacco use
Cancers Mental health
Adult and Elderly ;
1. Screening for high blood
pressure -CVS Screening
2. Screening for type 2
diabetes
3. Screening for dyslipidaemia
4. Screening for tobacco use
5. Screening for cancers
6. Screening for
depression in later
life
7. Mental health
screening
Health Impact
Assessment (HIA) ;
• Penilaian kesan kesihatan adalah anggaran
keseluruhan kesan tindakan tertentu mengenai
kesihatan penduduk yang ditetapkan (misalnya:
dari projek seperti pembangunan perumahan,
program atau pemakaian dasar).
• HIA membina pemahaman yang diterima umum
bahawa pelbagai pengaruh ekonomi, psikologi dan
alam sekitar, dan pengaruh organisasi menentukan
kesihatan masyarakat.
• HIA adalah faktor predeterminant bagi Kualiti
hidup.
Procedure in managing
an HIA ;
1. Screening
2. Steering group and term of
reference
3. Negotiation of favoured
options
4. Implementation,monitoring
and evaluation
Concepts and principle of
Health Screening ;
Three(3)
type of
screening
Screening
aimed at
protecting
public health
Screening of
a population
Prescriptive
screening
Procedure in
managing an HIA ;
1. Screening.
2. Steering group and term of
reference.
3. Negotiation of favoured options.
4. Implementation, monitoring and
evaluation.
Methods of
assessing HIA;
1
• Policy analysis.
2
• Profiling of affected area/communities.
3
• Identification of potential positive and
negative health impact.
4
• Assessment of perceived health risks.
Methods of
assessing HIA;
5
• Quantification and valuation of
health impact
6
• Ranking the most important
impacts
7
• Consideration of alternative
options and recommendations
19
20
Status ; Piawai kriteria ;
Sihat
 Semua bacaan saringan adalah normal dan
tiada sejarah penyakit
Berisiko
 Ada bacaan saringan dalam julat borderline
 Indek Jisim Badan (BMI) adalah berat badan
berlebihan dan obes
 Tidak disahkan menghidap penyakit tidak
berjangkit
Berpotensi
Berpenyakit
• Ada bacaan saringan di dalam julat tidak normal.
Carta Alir Saringan ;
PENGUKURAN
TAHAP KESIHATAN ASAS ;
Meliputi:
1. Pengukuran Antropometri.
2. Pengukuran Tekanan Darah .
3. Pengukuran Gula Dalam
Darah.
9/10/2020
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
22
9/10/2020
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
23
• Sumber;
http://jknperlis.moh.gov.
my/v3/index.php/info-
kesihatan/83-
peningkatan-obesiti-di-
malaysia
9/10/2020
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
24
PENGUKURAN ANTROPOMETRI ;
Melibatkan pengukuran:
 Tinggi
 Berat Badan
 Indeks Jisim Tubuh(IJT) (Body Mass Index, BMI )
Pengukuran Tinggi ;
 Stadiometer diletakkan pada tempat
yang rata dan keras
 Anda berdiri tanpa kasut
 Berdiri tegak dengan tumit, belakang
bahu dan kepala menyentuh alat
pengukur.
 Tarik nafas dan tahan nafas seketika
semasa bacaan diambil
 Bacaan diambil dalam unit sentimeter
(cm) dan direkodkan.
DIABETES MELLITUS ;
 Diabetes berlaku apabila organ pankreas tidak lagi menghasilkan
insulin atau badan tidak boleh menggunakan insulin dengan
berkesan.
 Makanan yang dimakan akan bertukar kepada gula dalam badan
kita. Insulin akan membantu gula dalam darah masuk ke dalam
sel dan tisu untuk membekalkan tenaga.
 Apabila kekurangan insulin, gula tidak boleh
memasuki sel dan tisu, maka paras
gula dalam badan akan meningkat
PENGUKURAN PARAS GULA
DALAM KAPILARI DARAH ;
 Masukkan strip ujian ke dalam alat glukometer
 Bersihkan hujung jari dengan kapas pembasmi
kuman.
 Cucuk hujung jari dengan jarum.
 Picit hujung jari sehingga darah keluar.
 Masukkan darah ke dalam strip.
 Bersihkan dengan gunakan kapas yang kering.
 Buang strip dan jarum dalam sharp bin.
Tahap Gula Dalam Kapilari Darah ;
 Apakah tahap gula yang normal ?
i. Normal < 5.6 mmol/L
ii. Tidak normal ≥ 5.6 mmol/L apa yang perlu dilakukan?
 Adakah anda telah mengambil apa-apa makanan dalam tempoh 2
jam yang terdekat?
 Sekiranya YA, anda dinasihatkan membuat ujian gula dalam darah
dalam keadaan berpuasa atau 2 jam selepas makan
 Jika paras gula masih melebihi 5.6mmol/L, anda mungkin hidap
diabetes.
 Rujuk Klinik Kesihatan ( agensi awam) atau klinik panel (agensi
swasta).
Paras Gula Dalam
Darah
Bacaan (mmol/L) Tindakan
Normal < 5.6
Teruskan amalan gaya hidup
sihat
Tidak Normal ≥ 5.6 Rujuk ke klinik dan intervensi
Tekanan Darah Tinggi (HIPERTENSI);
 Apabila bacaan tekanan darah semasa rehat melebihi
140/90 mmHg untuk dua atau lebih bacaan yang diambil
semasa 2 atau lebih temujanji bersama doktor.
PENGUKURAN TEKANAN DARAH ;
 Bacaan tekanan darah diambil dalam keadaan anda
duduk.
 Letak tangan anda diatas meja dengan tapak tangan
menghadap ke atas.
 Ambil 2x bacaan dengan selang 30 saat antara ukuran.
 Jika terdapat perbezaan sebanyak 10mmHg antara 2
bacaan , bacaan ke -3 perlu diambil.
PENGUKURAN TEKANAN DARAH;
Klasifikasi Tekanan
Darah
Tekanan Sistolik
(mmHg)
Tekanan
Diastolik
(mmHg)
Tindakan
Optimal < 120 < 90
Teruskan amalan
gaya hidup sihat
Pra- Hipertensi 120-139 80-89 Intervensi
Hipertensi Tahap I 140-159 90-99 Rujuk ke klinik
Hipertensi Tahap II 160-179 100-109 Rujuk ke klinik
Hipertensi Tahap III >179 >110 Rujuk ke klinik
Penyakit Jantung (Heart Disease);
• Berlaku akibat daripada penimbunan tisu gentian lemak
di dinding arteri. Timbunan ini boleh mengakibatkan arteri
koronari menjadi sempit dan separa tersumbat.
• Ini mengakibatkan angina pektoris atau sakit dada kerana
pengurangan aliran darah ke otot jantung. Arteri koronari
yang tersumbat sepenuhnya boleh menyebabkan
serangan sakit jantung.
Student reading/ priority references :
Book / Journal / Article
No References
1. Gordis Leon (2013) Epidemiology, 5th edition,Elsevier
Suander,USA.
2. William C. Cockerham (2016) Medical sociology 13th edition,
Routledge,USA
3. Schneider.M.J(2014),Introduction to public health (4th
Edition),Jones & Bartlett Learning,USA
9/10/2020 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology 34
Internet/ e book/ online
No References
1. http://www.moh.gov.my/
2. https://www.who.int/
3. https://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis-
screening/screening/en/
4. http://fh.moh.gov.my/v3/index.php/30-kesihatan-
dewasa
5. https://www.infosihat.gov.my/
9/10/2020
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
35
Recommendation for student Independent Learning (IL) ;
Activities Source
1. Search and download https://www.infosihat.gov.my/
2. Reading related topic As above
3. Make short note related
topic
As above
9/10/2020
ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
36

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Health screening.pdf

  • 1. MHBE 2013 BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ; Screening for health (2 Hour) Institut Latihan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (ILKKM) Prog : Diploma in Medical And Health Science (DPMH) Year 1 Sem I 9/10/2020 1 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
  • 2. Learning outcome (LO) ; 1. Explain the principle of health screening to populations. 2. Discuss a common method of screening to infant, child , adolescence, adult and elderly. 3. Explain Health Impact assessment 9/10/2020 2 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
  • 3. Introduction: Definition ; “ Screening is defined as the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease in an apparently healthy, asymptomatic population by means of tests, examinations or other procedures that can be applied rapidly and easily to the target population” “ Screening is a process – one that begins with invitation to participate and ends with treatment for appropriately identified individuals” 9/10/2020 3 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
  • 4. Concepts and principle of Health Screening ; “ An important development in preventive medicine is the widespread screening of populations for early evidence of certain diseases or their precursors” 1. Screening aimed at protecting public health. i.e screening for food handlers . 2. Screening of a population or define sample of its, as a method of research to gain more information for greater benefits. i.e diabetes screening. 3. Prescriptive screening – screening which is directed for early detection and treatment. 9/10/2020 4 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
  • 5. Criteria for sceening ; 1 • Is there an effective intervention? 2 • Does intervention earlier than usual outcome? 3 • Is there an effective screen test that recognise earlier than usual?
  • 6. Criteria for sceening ; 4 •Is the test available and acceptable to the target population? 5 • Is the disease one that commands priority? 6 • Do benefits exceed the cost?
  • 7. Common essential screening ; Infant and Child Parental testing for chromosomal abnormalities Screening newborn babies for health problems
  • 8. Pemeriksaan Asas ; • Bayi dan Anak . • Ujian ibu bapa; untuk kelainan kromosom boleh membantu menentukan sama ada bayi mempunyai keadaan genetik tertentu seperti Down Syndrome, Sindrom Edwards, Sindrom Patau dan Kelainan Chromosomal Seks (iaitu Sindrom Turner, Sindrom Klinefelter, Triple X dan Sindrom XYY). • Pemeriksaan bayi; yang baru dilahirkan untuk masalah kesihatan (gangguan kongenital) adalah amalan kesihatan umum di seluruh dunia.
  • 9. Adolescence ; 1. Malnutrition and obesity 2. Tobacco use 3. Violence 4. Alcohol and drugs
  • 10. Adolescence 5. Mental health 6. HIV AIDS , STD 7. Sexual and reproductive health 8. Injury
  • 11. Adult and Elderly ; High blood pressure Type 2 diabetes Dyslipidaemia Tobacco use Cancers Mental health
  • 12. Adult and Elderly ; 1. Screening for high blood pressure -CVS Screening 2. Screening for type 2 diabetes 3. Screening for dyslipidaemia 4. Screening for tobacco use 5. Screening for cancers 6. Screening for depression in later life 7. Mental health screening
  • 13. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) ; • Penilaian kesan kesihatan adalah anggaran keseluruhan kesan tindakan tertentu mengenai kesihatan penduduk yang ditetapkan (misalnya: dari projek seperti pembangunan perumahan, program atau pemakaian dasar). • HIA membina pemahaman yang diterima umum bahawa pelbagai pengaruh ekonomi, psikologi dan alam sekitar, dan pengaruh organisasi menentukan kesihatan masyarakat. • HIA adalah faktor predeterminant bagi Kualiti hidup.
  • 14. Procedure in managing an HIA ; 1. Screening 2. Steering group and term of reference 3. Negotiation of favoured options 4. Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
  • 15. Concepts and principle of Health Screening ; Three(3) type of screening Screening aimed at protecting public health Screening of a population Prescriptive screening
  • 16. Procedure in managing an HIA ; 1. Screening. 2. Steering group and term of reference. 3. Negotiation of favoured options. 4. Implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
  • 17. Methods of assessing HIA; 1 • Policy analysis. 2 • Profiling of affected area/communities. 3 • Identification of potential positive and negative health impact. 4 • Assessment of perceived health risks.
  • 18. Methods of assessing HIA; 5 • Quantification and valuation of health impact 6 • Ranking the most important impacts 7 • Consideration of alternative options and recommendations
  • 19. 19
  • 20. 20 Status ; Piawai kriteria ; Sihat  Semua bacaan saringan adalah normal dan tiada sejarah penyakit Berisiko  Ada bacaan saringan dalam julat borderline  Indek Jisim Badan (BMI) adalah berat badan berlebihan dan obes  Tidak disahkan menghidap penyakit tidak berjangkit Berpotensi Berpenyakit • Ada bacaan saringan di dalam julat tidak normal. Carta Alir Saringan ;
  • 21. PENGUKURAN TAHAP KESIHATAN ASAS ; Meliputi: 1. Pengukuran Antropometri. 2. Pengukuran Tekanan Darah . 3. Pengukuran Gula Dalam Darah.
  • 22. 9/10/2020 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology 22
  • 23. 9/10/2020 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology 23
  • 25. PENGUKURAN ANTROPOMETRI ; Melibatkan pengukuran:  Tinggi  Berat Badan  Indeks Jisim Tubuh(IJT) (Body Mass Index, BMI )
  • 26. Pengukuran Tinggi ;  Stadiometer diletakkan pada tempat yang rata dan keras  Anda berdiri tanpa kasut  Berdiri tegak dengan tumit, belakang bahu dan kepala menyentuh alat pengukur.  Tarik nafas dan tahan nafas seketika semasa bacaan diambil  Bacaan diambil dalam unit sentimeter (cm) dan direkodkan.
  • 27. DIABETES MELLITUS ;  Diabetes berlaku apabila organ pankreas tidak lagi menghasilkan insulin atau badan tidak boleh menggunakan insulin dengan berkesan.  Makanan yang dimakan akan bertukar kepada gula dalam badan kita. Insulin akan membantu gula dalam darah masuk ke dalam sel dan tisu untuk membekalkan tenaga.  Apabila kekurangan insulin, gula tidak boleh memasuki sel dan tisu, maka paras gula dalam badan akan meningkat
  • 28. PENGUKURAN PARAS GULA DALAM KAPILARI DARAH ;  Masukkan strip ujian ke dalam alat glukometer  Bersihkan hujung jari dengan kapas pembasmi kuman.  Cucuk hujung jari dengan jarum.  Picit hujung jari sehingga darah keluar.  Masukkan darah ke dalam strip.  Bersihkan dengan gunakan kapas yang kering.  Buang strip dan jarum dalam sharp bin.
  • 29. Tahap Gula Dalam Kapilari Darah ;  Apakah tahap gula yang normal ? i. Normal < 5.6 mmol/L ii. Tidak normal ≥ 5.6 mmol/L apa yang perlu dilakukan?  Adakah anda telah mengambil apa-apa makanan dalam tempoh 2 jam yang terdekat?  Sekiranya YA, anda dinasihatkan membuat ujian gula dalam darah dalam keadaan berpuasa atau 2 jam selepas makan  Jika paras gula masih melebihi 5.6mmol/L, anda mungkin hidap diabetes.  Rujuk Klinik Kesihatan ( agensi awam) atau klinik panel (agensi swasta). Paras Gula Dalam Darah Bacaan (mmol/L) Tindakan Normal < 5.6 Teruskan amalan gaya hidup sihat Tidak Normal ≥ 5.6 Rujuk ke klinik dan intervensi
  • 30. Tekanan Darah Tinggi (HIPERTENSI);  Apabila bacaan tekanan darah semasa rehat melebihi 140/90 mmHg untuk dua atau lebih bacaan yang diambil semasa 2 atau lebih temujanji bersama doktor.
  • 31. PENGUKURAN TEKANAN DARAH ;  Bacaan tekanan darah diambil dalam keadaan anda duduk.  Letak tangan anda diatas meja dengan tapak tangan menghadap ke atas.  Ambil 2x bacaan dengan selang 30 saat antara ukuran.  Jika terdapat perbezaan sebanyak 10mmHg antara 2 bacaan , bacaan ke -3 perlu diambil.
  • 32. PENGUKURAN TEKANAN DARAH; Klasifikasi Tekanan Darah Tekanan Sistolik (mmHg) Tekanan Diastolik (mmHg) Tindakan Optimal < 120 < 90 Teruskan amalan gaya hidup sihat Pra- Hipertensi 120-139 80-89 Intervensi Hipertensi Tahap I 140-159 90-99 Rujuk ke klinik Hipertensi Tahap II 160-179 100-109 Rujuk ke klinik Hipertensi Tahap III >179 >110 Rujuk ke klinik
  • 33. Penyakit Jantung (Heart Disease); • Berlaku akibat daripada penimbunan tisu gentian lemak di dinding arteri. Timbunan ini boleh mengakibatkan arteri koronari menjadi sempit dan separa tersumbat. • Ini mengakibatkan angina pektoris atau sakit dada kerana pengurangan aliran darah ke otot jantung. Arteri koronari yang tersumbat sepenuhnya boleh menyebabkan serangan sakit jantung.
  • 34. Student reading/ priority references : Book / Journal / Article No References 1. Gordis Leon (2013) Epidemiology, 5th edition,Elsevier Suander,USA. 2. William C. Cockerham (2016) Medical sociology 13th edition, Routledge,USA 3. Schneider.M.J(2014),Introduction to public health (4th Edition),Jones & Bartlett Learning,USA 9/10/2020 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology 34 Internet/ e book/ online No References 1. http://www.moh.gov.my/ 2. https://www.who.int/ 3. https://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis- screening/screening/en/ 4. http://fh.moh.gov.my/v3/index.php/30-kesihatan- dewasa 5. https://www.infosihat.gov.my/
  • 35. 9/10/2020 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology 35
  • 36. Recommendation for student Independent Learning (IL) ; Activities Source 1. Search and download https://www.infosihat.gov.my/ 2. Reading related topic As above 3. Make short note related topic As above 9/10/2020 ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology 36