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1. Chapter 15
• Tillage: working the soil to
provide a good environment
for seed placement,
germination, and crop growth

2. 3 goals for Tillage
• 1. Weed Control
–Before Planting
•Kill weeds
•weakens perennials
–After Planting
•destroys weeds
•covers seedlings

3. 2. Alteration of Physical Soil
Conditions
• Structure, Moisture, and Temperature
–Stirs and loosens soil
–improves aeration
–creates suitable medium for
growth
–may breakup soil compaction

4. 2. Alteration of Physical Soil
Conditions
• Causes long term decline in Structure
–loss of organic matter
–crushes soil aggregates
• Moisture and Temperature
–tilled warms earlier, causes earlier
seeding and better germination

5. Crop Residue Management
• amount depends on crop
–8500 lbs/acre off of 150 bu corn
–5600lbs/acre off of 100 bu corn

6. Crop Residue Management
• amount depends on type of tillage
–Plowing 5%
–Field Cultivator 80%
–Chisel 80%
–Disc 6” 25%, 3” 50%
–Harrow 65%

7. Seedbed Preparation
• Culmination of all 3 aspects
• Meets requirements for seed to grow
–moisture, temperature
–aerated, yet compacted
–free of clods
• Type of seed determines how smooth you
need seedbed

8. Conventional Tillage
• Primary Tillage
–Breaks up soil and buries crop
residue
–inverting equipment
•Plowing, time consuming, no
residue
•Discing

9. Conventional Tillage
• Secondary Tillage
–Produces fine seedbed that breaks
up into smaller chunks
–mixing implements

10. Conservation Tillage
• Leaves 30% of residue
–reduces erosion by 40-50%
–reduced tillage
–fewer trips, compaction less

11. Conservation Tillage
• Mulch Till
–Chisel, Secondary, 30-50% residue
• Strip Till
–No Primary tillage
–planter tills band of soil and plants
–bares 1/3 of soil
–50% residue

12. Conservation Tillage
• Ridge Till
–plants cleaned strip
–seed planted on ridge
–2/3 residue

13. Conservation Tillage
• No Till
–specialized planters
–90% untouched ground
–Herbicides used to control weeds
rather than tillage

14. Conservation and
Conventional
• Yields
–slightly lower in Conservation
• Equipment
–conservation needs specialized, but
fewer
• Fertility
–Conservation remains moist
longer,

15. Drawbacks to Conservation
• Management
• Adapted for select soils
• Perennials can be a problem
• Compaction in No Till can be a problem
• PH lowers
• Use of herbicides

16. Cropping Systems
• 3 Different ways to decide what to plant

17. Plant the Market
• Plant what the market wants you to,
highest price

18. Suit to Operation
• Plant what you will use in ag operation

19. Crop Rotation
• 1.Continuous Cropping
–grows same crop every year
–yields decline after several years

20. Crop Rotation
• Disadvantages
– planting less profitable crops
– do not use crops that you need to plant

21. Crop Rotation
• Advantages
– Control disease and insects
– Control weeds
• allelopathy: chemical emitted by a
crop that kills weeds in next crop
– supplies N
– Improves O.M.
– Reduces erosion

22. Dryland Farming
• No irrigation
• Summer Fallow
– left fallow for 1 crop season
– control weeds and crop on field
– 25% of rain will be stored in ground

23. Dryland Farming
• 3 Problems
• 1. Wind erosion
• 2. Decline in O.M.
• 3. Saline Seeps

24. Dryland Farming
• Saline Seeps:
– Deep rock layer stops water and pushes
it downhill
– water carries salt with it
– comes out at low spots of hill
– water evaporates leaving salt behind

25. Dryland Farming
• Avoid saline seeps by moving the water
before it can evaporate

26. Rangeland
• Four SCS ranks
– 1. Excellent
– 2. Good
– 3. Fair
– 4. Poor

27. Rangeland
• Things to do to make rangeland more
productive
• 1. Control grazing
• 2. Fertilize
• 3. Seed out new plants

28. Organic Farming
• No inorganic fertilizers or synthetic
pesticides are used
• Usually use rotation w/legumes to supply
N
• Rely on tillage and cultivation
– rotary hoe

29. Organic Farming
• Results of O.F.
– better bean and oats yield
– erosion is reduced
– use 1/3 of energy
– sell to regular markets
– some utilize only part organic

30. LISA
• Low Input Sustainable Agriculture
– Maximizes profits by reducing costs
– Minimizes off farm inputs