1. MARS SAFIR
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering
Mars Habitat Competition
UAE SPACE AGENCY

2. MARS HABITAT COMPETITION
UAE Space Agency
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Amity University
Dubai UAE
Aerospace Engineering Members of the “MARS SAFIR” Team
Athira Manikandan RufaidahSalim
Anvi Bhatnagar Akash Bandhyopadhyay
MuhammedMansoor Syed SaboorArif
Yousuf Khatir

3. ABSTRACT
From quite a while, it was viewed as thatthe universe was plenteous with water. In investigating
the system for information aboutthe universe andit's inceptions,we as people have explored
differentcourses for guaranteeinghuman home in spots other thanEarth. In the pastthere have
been disclosures of water and ice in our nearbyplanetary group,for example, stores of water on
blemishes and the moon,give an extraordinary possibility of revealingthe vicinity of life structures
according to our examination.In thatcapacity,water, a need for naturallife, oughtto be the group's
essentialmaterialassetreally taking shape of the living spaceoutline. Giventhe assessedmeasure
of water in specific parts on Mars, this methodologywillexploititas an essentialindigenous
materialthatgoes aboutas an existence power to supportus humanand the plantenvironment.
The capability of the exhibited idea is to fabricate structures of living spaceon the planetwithout
bringing substantialgear,supplies, materials, andstructuresfrom Earth. The capacityof
developmentto be taken care of semi-self-rulingly before the entry of spaceexplorers with
computerized fabricating systems is as convincing as itis actually testing, since development
strategies and travelvehicles are so connectedwith the generalresultof the naturalsurroundings. In
any case, we have laid outa sending anddevelopmentarrangement including the utilization of an
anticipated blemishes plummetvehicle, a deployable layer, andsemi-self-ruling mechanical
accomplices to both assemble and store subsurface water ice.
On Mars, water is rich in the higher and lower degrees.Site determination was controlled by
countless, which fused the need to conform access to a shallow ice table from the surface (inside
20cm-1m), with temperatures thatstay underneath setting allthroughthe Martian year. Considering
objectives, for instance, reasonably delicate grades and sensitive domain for improvement,
furthermore the longing for mostcompellingpossible sun based presentation, we havepickeda
locale on the northern flanks of Alba Mons between45 N-50Ndegreeand 230 E – 270 Elongitude.
The wellspring of fluid magma show flanks grades of 2.5-5, allowingus to abuse the colder
temperatures within the polar areas, while stayingas far south as the expected movementof ice
licenses for sun based presentation

4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………….…….
INTRODUCTION TO OUR IDEA……………………………………………………………………………
JOURNEY TO MARS……………………………………………………………………………………........
MARTIAN HABITAT-MARS-SAFIR………………………………………………………………………...
1. POTENTIAL OF MARS-SAFIR…………………………………………………………………...
2. SITE SELECTION………………………………………………………………………………….
3. LEVELS OF MARS-SAFIR………………………………………………………………………..
4. SETTING AND ESTABLISHMENT………………………………………………………………
5. METHODS.STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION………………………...……………………….......
6. MARS DRILLING…………………………………………………………………………………...
MATERIAL REQUISITES……………………………………………………………………………………..
1. SOLID ICE……………………………………………………………………………………………
1. PROCESS OF RPINTING ICE………………………………………………………………...
2. PHASE EXCHANGE PROCESS………………………………………………………………
3. PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATION……………………………………….
4. AIR COMPOSITION……………………………………………………………………………
5. SOLAR & MAGNETIC RADIATION…………………………………………………………
2. AEROGEL…………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. CARBON FIBRE GRATING………………………………………………………………………..
4. BNNT MEMBRANE …………………………………………………………………………………
5. DYNEEMA MEMBRANE……………………………………………………………………….......
DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS
1. TOP VIEW………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. GROUND FLOOR PLAN………………………………………………………………………….
3. FIRST FLOOR PLAN……………………………………………………………………………..
4. SECOND FLOOR PLAN…………………………………………………………………………
5. LEFT SIDE ELEVATION………………………………………………………………………..
6. RGHT SIDE ELEVATION…………………………………………………………………….....
7. CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW……………………………………………………………………..
CHALLENGES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS…………………………………………………………………...
1. FOOD PRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...
2. PRESENCE OF PERCHLORATES……………………………………………………………….....
3. PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN………………………………………………………………………...
4. MARTIAN GRAVITY CONTROL…………………………………………………………………...

5. SUBSTANTIAL AMENITIES……………………………..…………………………………………………….
1. COMMUNICATION FACILITIES…………………………………………………………………...
2. SANITATION…………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. POWER GENERATION……………………………………………………………………………….
4. PRESSURIZED AND ROBOT ROVERS…………………………………………………………….
1. DIMENSIONS……………………………………………………………………………………...
2. POWER SOURCE…………………………………………………………………………………
3. HEAT REJECTION SYSTEM……………………………………………………………………
4. TELECOMMUNICATION………………………………………………………………………..
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………
1. SANDSTROM…………………………………………………………………………………………...
2. RADIATION…………………………………………………………………………………………….
REFRENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. INTRODUCTION

7. INTRODUCTION TO OUR TEAM IDEA
"Water is the driving force of all nature"!
-Leornardo Da Vinci
From a long time, it was considered that the universe was abundant
with water. In exploring the galaxy forknowledge about the universe
and it's origins, we as humans have investigated various ways for
ensuring human habitation in places other than Earth. In the past
there have been discoveries of water and ice in our solar system,
such as deposits of water on mars and the moon, give a great chance
of uncovering the presence of life forms as per our research. As
such, water, a necessity for biological life, should be the team’s
primary material resource in the making of the habitat design. Given
the estimated amount of water in certain parts on Mars, this
approach will take fulladvantage of it as an necessary indigenous
material that acts as a life-force to sustain us human and the plant
ecosystem.
The idea came up from an imperative to throw light to the interior and to visualize and create connections to the landscape
beyond it, allowing the mind and the body to stay optimal. While scientists have been experimenting for a potential
synthetic replacement forsunlight, artificial substitutes will never hold nearly the same variance or ability to manage a
crew’s mental and physical health as is done experiencing the sun’s actual and throughits daily cycles. The water ice
prevents the danger of living above ground by serving as a barrier for radiation, nullifying fears of solar radiation , unti l
now, that had kept Mars and its architecture in a dark underworld—buriedbeneath the surface that is thought to contain
perchlorates, gypsum and other similar substances hazardous to humans.

8. THE JOUNRNEY TO THE “RED PLANET”!
The human Journeyto Mars starts approximately
250 miles overhead,as astronauts aboardthe
InternationalSpaceStation are working off the
Earth for the purpose of saving Earth. The space
station's microgravity environmentmakes
research possible thatcan'tbe possible on Earth,
leading to breakthroughsin understanding Earth
better, discovering aspects of spacethatwe do
notknow and physicalandbiologicalsciences,
including how future crews can survive on
longer missions and including round-trip
journeys to an asteroid and Mars.
Getting to Mars is a difficulttask, to getthere we have to fly through about483 million kms, of deepspaceand
targeta very accurate area to land. Adjustments to their flightpaths can be made along the way, buta smallerror in
the trajectory can resultin a big detour and or even missing the planetcompletely. The roadto the launch padis
nearly as difficultas the road to Mars. A spacecraft is builtthatnotonly can make the very long trip butcan also
complete its mission once itarrives. Nothing less than exceptionaltechnology andplanning is required.
The spacecraftthatNASA has builtwith the hope of carrying humansinto deep space was giventhe name Orion.
Filled with almost1,200 sensors, Orion has
completed a two-orbit, 4.5-hour flight to test
many of the systems mostcriticalto the safety of
astronauts. Orion can accommodateup to six
people and itwill use modern technology.
Offering the highest-ever payloadvolume and
mass capability and energyto speed missions
through space, SpaceLaunchSystem willbe the
mostpowerfulrocketin history.

9.  ORION LAUNCH
It all starts with the launch aboard a Delta IV Heavy rocket. As itpierces throughEarth’s orbit, Orion separates
from its protective fairing, and then separates from jettisons. The Orion has the ability to identify any error before
the launch and release the crew to safety beforeif
any danger is encountered.
After Orion completes one orbitof the Earth, the
upper stage of the rocketfires again to startOrion
to rise above the Earth by 3,600 miles. Orion's
shielding is putto the test as the vehicle goes
through the waves of radiation.The upper stageof
the rockettriggers separation.
Orion's jets fire to reposition itto re-enter Earth's
atmosphere. At75 miles above Earth, Orion travels
at a speed of more than 20,000 mph.
Even though its speed has beenloweredto about three hundred miles per hour consideringallthe danger itis likely
to face while landing, it is still too fast to land safely in the ocean. Orion has specially designed parachutes to help
reduce its speed and land the spacecraftdown to gentle pace, keepingthings comfortable for a future crew and for
landing atMars’s harsh surface.

10. HABITAT OVERVIEW

11. ALL ABOUT THE HABITAT
 POTENTIAL OF THE Mars-Safir
The potential of the presented concept is to build structures of habitat on the planet without bringing heavy equipment,
supplies, materials, and structures from Earth. The ability of construction to be handled semi-autonomously before the
arrival of astronauts with digital manufacturingtechniques is as compelling as it is technically challenging, because
construction techniques and transit vehicles are so linked with the overall outcome of the habitat. However, we have
outlined a deployment and construction sequence involving the use of a projected mars descent vehicle, a deployable
membrane, and semi-autonomous robotic partners to both gather and deposit subsurface water ice.
 SITE SELECTION
On Mars, water is rich in the higher and lower scopes. Site
determination was controlled by a huge number of parameters,
which incorporated the need to adjust access to a shallow ice table
from the surface (inside 20cm-1m), with temperatures that stay
underneath solidifying all through the Martian year. Considering
imperatives, for example, moderately tender inclines and delicate
territoryfor development, and also the yearning formost extreme
conceivable sun based introduction, we have chosen a region on
the northernflanks of Alba Mons between 45 N-50N scope and
230 E – 270 E longitude. The fountain of liquid magma show
flanks inclines of 2.5-5, permittingus to exploit the colder
temperatures inside of the polar districts, while staying as far
south as the anticipated conveyance of ice licenses for sun based
introduction.

12. SETTING UP AND ESTABLISHMENT
HABITAT OVER VIEW
SITE SELECTION
• Located atAlba Mons in Mars'northern hemisphere, the shellstructure draws on the anticipated
abundance of water in the region, covered by only 30 cm of loose regolith.
MERITS OF THE
ARCHITECTURE
• Fears of cosmic and solar radiation have buried proposals of Martian architecturebeneath the regolithic
surfaces believed to contain the substances hazardous to human life.The 5 cm ice shellprotects against
the radiation without compromising a life above the ground.
• The iceshell is envisioned as a seriesof nested domes enclosed by a transparent ETFE membrane.
Inside the outer shell, the occupied "front yard" provides a unique interstitialzonefor astronauts to
experience without donning an EVA suit.
MARS-SAFIR
SHIELD
• The double shellprovides a buffer to minimisethe contamination of mars.
• ECLSS systems vent into the interior column and the ETFE membrane sealsthe habitatfrom the
Martian elements.
BEACON OF
LIGHT
• Translucency of the icewashes the habitatwith the day light, connecting the inhabitants to natural dirunal
cycles.
THE WELL
BEING
• Large windows allow views of the martians landscape, giving crew members oppurtunities to contemplate
and reflect,ensuring the long term psycological well-being.
GREEN HOUSE
MODULE
• A vertical hydroponic green house surrounds the inhabitants, while excess oxygen is vented to the
front yard, the interstitial zone between the ice shells.

13. FLOWCHART OF THE METHODS / STAGES ON CONSTRUCTION
1. DESCENT
Organization is started by a lander, estimated for the as of now accessible payload of a Space X
Falcon Heavy and NASA's Space Launch System (SLS), both of which are experiencing trying and
improvement.
2. LANDING
Once inside of the 3-sigma landing range, super-sonic retro-impetus will brush off the meager upper
layer of free regolith, the perchlorates, gypsum and alternate debasements that is available on the
Martian surface, uncovering the subsurface ice and making it sublimate, in this way leaving a pit
afterward and taking out the requirement for removal preceding an auxiliary establishment.
3. IMPETUS OF AUTOMATON
The primary period of printing is outside in center, digging the encompassing scene for water and
making an establishment in which to ground the lander. Machines designed particularly for both
sintering and ice gathering drop from the lander's base lid, conveyed to mine subsurface ice and
fabricate another establishment.
4.RESEVOIR AND HOSE DEPLOY
The robots stay outside, along these lines keeping away from potential sullying with the inside. The
twofold acting machine uses it's capacity to scoop and warmth regolith both to gather Martian tidy
and concentrate water and different volatiles, while its laser serves to both sinter waste regolith and
also cut strong ice beneath the ice table. All ice is liquefied and saved inside of a store pack for use
in future utilization and nursery support. These bots are vitality proficient and low upkeep, as they
depend on the material science of sublimation as opposed to arduous geologic mining, utilizing sun
based vitality and the normally frosty environment (- 50C) for the water, ice and vapor stage
changes.
5. SINTER PROCESS:
The twofold acting machines gathers and laser sinters regolith to give an establishment to the ice
living space
6. INFLATABLE MEMBRANE:
A straightforward and completely shut ETFE film strengthened with elastic Dyneema is conveyed
from the lander and swelled to shape a pressurized limit between the lander and the Martian outside.
This film, accuracy produced on Earth, is basic insurance for the future ice shell, keeping any

14. printed ice from sublimating into the atmosphere. The isolated spaces are industrial facility made
and inserted inside of the ETFE layer
7. SECOND PHASE
The low-volume, short proximity spout guarantees that any water that stops mid direction softens
and refreeze momentarily by means of the vitality of its effect.
A sinewy clear silica added substance guarantees that the ice framed has more prominent elastic
strength,9 computed to support the quality of ice to the request of 3 times. While ice has been
appeared to have elastic properties that are, truth be told, better than materials, for example, block
and rock, the sinewy fortificationguarantees the life span and uprightness of the structure.
8. THE INNER THERMAL BREAK:
A translucent hydrophobic aerogel layer-a permeable substance, 99.8 percent unfilled space by
volume, this extra lightweight material brought on the lander from Earth, serves an effective air hole
to make the essential warm break. The protecting layer empowers the internal volume to accomplish
livable temperatures without softening the ice structure past.
9. GREEN HOUSE MODULE / GROWTH OF PLANTS:
Grower and seeds that would touch base with the lander start to develop inside of the territory. This
hydroponic framework makes utilization of the subsurface water reaped by the machines and put
away in the establishment supply. Considering the mechanical ECLSS frameworks, these plants will
change over the CO2 of the Martian climate (95% by volume) into the O2 expected to keep up
human life.
The middle of the road zone between the two ice shells will serve to keep up the ideal harmony
between 02 creation and perfect air structure for the inside natural surroundings. This will likewise

15. guarantee that the Martian climate will stay uncontaminated by human use.
10. ARRIVAL AND INHABITATION, EXPLORATION:
The warmth from the lander and the team stays inside the natural surroundings because of the layer
of printed aerogel protection.
11. CREW EXPLORES:
With all EVA suits outside to sealed areas, we would like to keep out however much conceivably
poisonous Mars regolith as could reasonably be expected.
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATTION
DESCENT
LANDING
IMPETUS OF
AUTOMATON
RESEVOIR AND HOSE
DEPLOY
SINSTER PROCESS
INFLATION OF ETFE
MEMBRANE
SECOND PHASE OF
AUTOMATON DROP
THE INNER THERMAL
BREAK
GROWTH OF PLANTS
ARRIVAL OF THE CREW
INHABITATION OF CREW
EXPLORATION

16. MARS DRILLING
Mars drilling is another option which opted along the retro propulsion technique which will help make the setting
up process easier.
By drillinginto Martian soil, the astronauts would be able to get a peek under the Mars’ surface and search for signs
of life.
Our rover will drill the surface and collect samples. The planet’s weak atmosphere doesn’t offer much protection
from radiation and sunlight, so there are possibilities for organic molecules to have been preserved underground
than on the surface. The Rover will search for these molecules to see if they provide any hints that life existed on
Mars.
The Rover is expected to collect at least 17 differentsamples for analysis during the course of their stay. An
onboard analytical laboratory will crush the samples to a fine powder and examine their chemical, physical and
spectral properties, identifyingany organic molecules present. The drill also includes a miniaturized infrared
spectrometer, a device used to figure out the physical and chemical properties of the borehole itself.
It was challenging to create a drillthat could work well despite the low temperature and pressure on the Martian
surface. The process uses its expertise in drilling a differentinhospitable environment—the seabed—to build the
drill, which can extract samples fromdepths of up to 2 m (6.5 ft). It consists of multiple components, with a 0.7-m
(2.3-ft)drill as well as three extension rods of 0.5 m (1.6 ft)each. The extension rods are attached to the drill, which
extend to its full length when need, and disassembled after a sample is recovered.
The drill is able to collect samples in Mars-like temperature and pressure conditions, and could also automatically
assemble itself to its full length and collect samples up to a depth of 2 m (6.5 ft).
Technology will play a critical role in the ExoMars mission’s ability to unearth the mysteries that lie beneath the
planet’s soil. In the future it may even lead to benefits much closer to home, as the technology could be adapted to
improve oil and gas exploration here on Earth.

17. The Martian Habitat: “Mars-Safir”
“Mars-Safir” - The traveler’s adobe on mars!!
Our habitat, Mars- Safir is made up of fourmajor layers, each layer pertaining to overcome the difficulties faced on the
mars. The structure is hemispherical in shape with the elliptical base to provide maximum stability. The layers consists of
ice, aerogel, ETFE membranes, Dyneema and carbon fibergrates each whose merits are discussed further in the portfolio.
By taking maximum advantage of water-ice’s ability to filter the sun’s rays and protect against radiation, Mars-safir gives
importance to life above ground and protects the human presence on the surface of the planet. The partially translucent
exterior covering reintroduces the concept of interior-to-exteriorgradientdesigns, challenging the basic assumptions that
extraterrestrial habitats always require visually unbreathable barriers which separate the interiorfrom the outside terrain.
The center of the structure that is the living quarters, is strictly interiorthus benefiting from the protection provided of the
redundant pressure envelopes.
LEVELS OF MARS-SAFIR
THE VERTICAL HABITAT:
The vertically oriented habitation, which consists the mechanical services provided by the habitat, inherits the orientation of
the crew’s optimal Transit Habitat to hasten the crew’s adjustment to their life on the Martian surface. The habitat’s levels
organize the various core programs by activity provided within the lander, introducing a range of private to communal
interior spaces. Efficiency of the interiorcreates sizable pockets of storage at the lander’s base to store both the bots as well
as the fourcrucial Environmental Control and the Life Support Systems. Once the lander has deployed , safely, the
inflatable ETFE membrane, pre-fabricated bridges will unfold from within the lander, creating ‘pockets’ for the inserted
program. A spiral staircase at the core of the lander will provide circulation to the various upper levels of the habitat, while
simultaneously issuing the crew a means for exercise when traversing levels.
THE INTERIOR ZONES:
 GROUND LEVEL:
A. Airlock poyer
B. Entry Level
C. Rover Connection
D. Intermediate regulation zone
E. EVA Prep room
F. Storage module

18.  LEVEL ONE:
A. Medical Bay / First Aid Support
B. Research work area/ Laboratory
C. Space for the Media and Recreational activity(LEISURE )
D. Santitation Area , and the other essential components
E. Greenhouse
F. Intermediate Regulation Zone
 LEVEL TWO
A. Crew Sleeping Space
B. Personal Desk
C. Sanitation
D. Food preparation Area
E. Galleria
F. Greenhouse
G. Intermediate Regulation Zone
WINDOWS:
Where the ice shell thins, large ETFE inflatable windows filled with radiation shielding gas further expand the perceived
volume and frame views into the landscape. Together, these features enable opportunities to contemplate the view of the
extraordinary Martian terrain.
ENTRY LEVEL TO THE BASE:
Crew member generally enter and leave the habitat through this hatch, which opens into an airlock capable of holding up to
the two suited astronauts at a time. If the hatch is for some reason not usable, entry and exit fromthe habitat is also possible
through the docking hatch forthe pressurized rover. This sort of double redundancy is important for guaranteeing the safety
of the crew over their long term stay.
EXIT BASE/ ROVER CONNECTION
The airlock enables crew members to pass in and out of the habitat without letting the atmosphere in the habitat leak out.
Since the atmosphere of the Mars is only about 1/100 the pressure of the atmosphere on Earth , the airlock has to be
incredulously strong.
Designfeatures:
Both the hatches on the airlock swing out from the airlock to diminish the possibility of a crew member being trapped
inside. With the hatch to the outside it is very important that the hatch door not be opened until the pressure inside the
airlock matches the outside pressure of the Martian atmosphere. Ifthe hatch were opened while the pressure in the airlock
were greater than the outside, the hatch could fly open and damage its hinges as well as anyone and anything located just
outside the hatch. The sudden release of air pressure could also cause the crew member inside the airlock to be hurled out
onto the Martian surface as high speed. Forthis reason, the hatch to the outside does not open until the green light goes on,
indicating that the pressure inside and outside have been equalized.

19. STAIR TO UPPERLEVEL:
The stair takes you to the main living quarters that are located in the upper levels. The stairs are much steeper than a normal
stair. Its design is based on so-called "ship's ladders" that are used on naval vessels on Earth. A "ship's ladder" is really a
stair that is nearly as steep as a conventional ladder, but it enables one to walk up and down without necessarily holding onto
the sides. The design makes it easier for crew members to carry out things from one level of the habitat to the other.
GEO/ BIO LABAROTORY:
Purpose:
One of the significant reasons to go to Mars is to enable the scientists to do the sophisticated scientific studies that cannot be
carried out by robots alone. This scientific research involves exploring the vista of Mars, collecting samples and conducting
its analysis in the laboratory.
Designfeatures:
The laboratory contains the sample port, where samples can be brought into the habitat without exposing them to the
habitat's atmosphere. The lab also contains glove boxes and work tables where these samples can be analyzed. Equipment
that is used to process the samples includes cutting and polishing tools, as well as a variety of instruments that perform
scientific analysis. These include various instruments as well as the safety gear.
EVA PREPARATION:
The EVA (Extra Vehicular Activity) Preparation Area serves many functions that serves many functions that assist the crew
members when they are getting ready to go out on a "traverse", i.e., an excursion outside the habitat. The equipment is laid
out in preparation forthe traverse. This is also where pre-breathing typically takes place. A pure oxygen based breathing
system enables suit pressure to be much lower thereby making the suits themselves more flexible.
AIRLOCK:
There is a large difference in pressure between the air inside the habitat and the atmosphere of Mars. In fact, the atmospheric
pressure on Mars is much closer to the Earth's atmospheric pressure. The purpose of the airlock is to prevent the air from
rushing out of the habitat when the crew members enter and leave. When they enter the habitat, the airlock replaces the low
pressure with the higher pressure habitat air, and the vice-versa when they leave.
MEDICAL BAY:
Medical Facility is used for treating and stabilizing a crew member who has been critically injured. Mars is a hostile
environment that creates an ever- present potential formedical emergencies. To deal with the medical facility rapidly and
effectively, there must be a medical facility that contains all the necessary medical supplies and instruments.
Designfeatures:
The medical facility has its own lights and electrical outlets. The bed folds out and can be reconfigured in various ways as
needed. The medical equipment in the emergency station may include the following:
1. Pre-assembles surgical instruments kit
2. Gasses, such as oxygen and nitrous oxide, pressurized air, etc.
3. Drugs and chemical not stores in the sample lab
4. Various monitors like a heart monitor or an ultrasound device and a ray imager
5. Peripheral equipment such as IV bags, gloves, etc.
An emergency medical facility is provided in the ground level, so that the crew need not haul an injured person up the
ladder.

20. THE BASIC CREW COMPARTMENT (Bed and the personal work space):
The Basic crew sleeping compartment and the private study area that serves as each crew member's personal space in the
habitat. The crucial additional function of the bunks is to serve as the recovery facility forsick.
KITCHEN / PERSONAL HYGIENE:
Crew members should bath at least 3 times a week; so a facility forfull body cleaning is provided in the habitat. Similarlyto
satisfy the need for cooked food and the other food requirements, the facility to cook food has also been provided at various
levels.
The toilet, sink and shower are all designed for Martian gravity of 0.38g. The shower is stacked above the ECLSS
(Environmental control and life support system) to reduce the length of plumbing. This has 2 benefits: There are fewer pipes
to clog and there is less heat loss through the pipe because it travels a shorter distance.
THE SPACE TO THE ROVER CONNECTION:
One of the most importantactivities for humans on mars is using the pressurized rover to explore the surface. This rover
enables the crew to explore up to 400 kilometres.
Along the space to the rover connection, there is a small port which acts as the place wherein the rock samples could be
brought into the habitat for analysis in the laboratory. The crew members uses the mechanical arms and a conveyor belt to
bring the samples thought the hatch into the sample lock-- an argon based lock that move the samples in to the glove boxes.
The robot rovers extend the range of Mars terrainthat the crew can explore. Each robot is designed to travel over the
ground that is too difficultto for the pressurized rover to cover. The crew can haul the wagon which has the robots fitted into
and release the robot rovers to explore that terrain and to identify and retrieve the samples.

21. MATERIAL REQUISITES

22. MATERIAL REQUISITES
1. SOLID ICE
 PROCESS OF PRINTING ICE
Through a comprehension of the material science of stage change and the temperature and weight
states of the Martian environment, and additionally a comprehension of the physical affidavit
strategies required we've planned a procedure to transform subsurface ice into water vapor, vapor
used to store fluid water, in a domain sufficiently frosty to print a structure in strong ice.
The i-bots utilize a triple spout to apportion a composite of water, fiber and aerogel along layered
rings, making a dynamite light-transmitting lenticular structure that is basically stable, protected and
translucent.
The i-bot is intended to store layers of ice with a low-volume, short proximity spout that guarantees
that any water that stops mid-direction liquefies and refreeze promptly by means of the vitality of its
effect.
Mechanism of igloo as an insulator

23.  THE MERITS OF THE ICE AS THE MAJOR INGREDINET
We now accept there to be a plenitude of water in subsurface and uncovered ice in the higher and
lower scopes. Site determination was controlled by a large number of parameters, including
adjusting access to a shallow ice table from the surface, with temperatures that stay beneath
solidifying all through the Martian year.
Water's one of a kind retention range retains high vitality short wavelength radiation making it a
powerful radiation shield. In meantime it permits light in the noticeable range to go through making
a one of a kind daylit inside.
 THE PHASE EXCHANGE PROCESS
The noteworthy element to be comprehended
while gathering and utilizing water on Mars is
its it's stage change in various weights and
temperatures.
Water ice is found underneath the subsurface of
a significant number of the northern scopes of
Mars. In spite of the fact that the weight of the
Martian air is slight, the temperatures are
sufficiently icy to permit water to exist as ice
underneath the weight of the Martian regolith.
In the event that the subsurface ice is presented
to the meager Martian environment with weights
around 600kpA, it will instantly sublimate
transforming from a strong to a vaporous state and scatter into the air. In any case, in the event that
we could catch some of that subsurface ice, wall it in, and utilize the suns radiation to warmth it, we
could catch water in it's vaporous stage. In it's vaporous state we can begin to gather and pump
water vapor for use in the printing of a
strong water ice structure.

24.  PRESSURE CONSIDERATION:
A straightforward and completely shut ETFE layer strengthened with tractable Dyneema is sent
from the lander and swelled to frame a pressurized limit between the lander and the Martian outside.
This layer, accuracy produced on Earth, is basic assurance for the future ice shell, keeping any
printed ice from sublimating into the climate.
By making an inside air around 70 kPa, like the space transport, and keeping the temperature at the
encompassing Mars surface temperature which at this scope will stay beneath solidifying
throughout the entire year, we guarantee water will stay in it's strong state.
The Dyneema fortifiedfilm is the main weight limit, taking the heap of 70 kPa of inside weight.
The type of Mars-safir altogether decreases weight stress reacting to essential weight geometries.
With the weight of the weight vessel evacuated by this layer, the ice can stay as slim as
gravitationally basically essential.
A sample of ETFE membrane used for greenhouses
 TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATION:
A translucent hydrophobic aerogel layer with U estimations of 1 W.m2K and light transmittance of
66% is printed between the inward ice shell and the possessed automatic spaces to guarantee warm
solace. A permeable substance, 99.8 percent unfilled space by volume, this extra lightweight
material brought on the lander from Earth, serves a productive air hole to make the fundamental
warm break. The protecting layer empowers the internal volume to accomplish livable temperatures
without dissolving the ice structure past.
 CONSIDERATION OF THE AIRCOMPOSITION
Thermally isolated from the living space inside, the occupiable 'front yard' stash simply inside the
external shell gives a genuinely interesting ensured nonpartisan zone that is not so much inside or
outside; it empowers the space explorers to encounter the "outside" while never wearing an EVA
suit. This interstitial zone space shows another, freeing and progressive meaning of living additional
terrestrially—one that praises the oddity and marvel of living on Mars. The ice offers a limit that

25. can moderate fumes from the natural surroundings and deal with the patterned relationship between
the trade and exchange creation of oxygen and CO2.
 CONSIDERATION OF THE SOLAR AND MAGNETIC RADIATION
For green house like asylum, multi-layer intelligent sort plastic movies issued. The movies are
planned so obvious daylight light would go into the safe house however would square infrared
warmth light from getting away. This procedure is regularly utilized as a part of green houses on
earth utilizing sheets of glass to trap the warmth, and the same is connected here.
Radiation are the waves or sub-nuclear particles that vehicles vitality to another element – whether
it is a space traveler or shuttle segment. Lively particles can be unsafe to people since they go
directly through the skin, saving vitality and harming cells or DNA along the way. In any case, the
utilization of ice should shield the inside of the living space from such sun oriented radiation thus
wiping out the likelihood of any harm to the human body.
There are approaches to shield from these higher-vitality particles and their optional radiation:
The sheer volume of the material, for example, strong ice encompassing the structure that would
retain the lively particles and their related auxiliary molecule radiation before they could achieve the
space explorers. This will shield all the more proficiently and would likewise eliminate weight and
cost.
Hydrogenated boron nitride nanotubes—known as hydrogenated BNNTs—are modest, nanotubes
made of carbon, boron, and nitrogen, with hydrogen mixed all through the unfilled spaces left in the
middle of the tubes. Boron is likewise an incredible safeguard optional neutrons, making
hydrogenated BNNTs a perfect protecting material, which is one of the critical material which is
utilized as a part of the development of the natural surroundings.
2. AEROGEL
The foremost inner (2nd innermost) layer which is further covered by the ice from the interior, is
made of the translucent hydrophobic aerogel which is a porous solid, 98.2 percent empty space by
volume. Silica aero gels are produced by extracting the liquid component of a gel through
supercritical drying, that will collapse from capillary action, as would happen with conventional
evaporation. The composition of the air also nullifies the various methods of the heat transfer
(convection, conduction, and radiation). The silica aerogels has its extra benefit of providing low
thermal and electrical conductivity.
In addition, the aerogel has excellent insulating properties and load bearing capabilities due to the
dendtritic microstructure. On absorbing moisture, there is a structural change which it suffers, i.e,
contraction, but however the complete deterioration is prevented by making them hydrophobic.
The so-obtained ultra violet material is of extremely low density and has the efficient property of
thermal conductivity that will help serve the purpose of providing the efficient air gap to create the

26. necessary thermal-break. This additional light weight material is brought on the lander from the
mars, and is used in printing the layer that would cover the ice from the interior set up. The
insulating layer enable the inner volumes to achieve habitable temperatures without melting the ice
structure beyond.
3. CARBON FIBER GRATING
Carbon fibers forms the intermediate layers that covers the interstitial zone from both the sides that
adds on to the extra strength to the structure of the habitat. The properties of carbon fibers such as
high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature and low
thermal expansion, make them the most appropriate material.
It is combined with the other materials to form the composite to form he carbon-fiber-reinforced
polymer which has a very high strength-to-weight ratio.
Considering their very high conductivity they are mixed with the acetate that will impart high
insulating properties to act as the shield to the magnetic and electrical radiation, and will help
maintain the temperature in the interiors.
4. ETFE MEMBRANE
Ethylene tetrafluroethylene(ETFE) is a fluorine based plastic that has the properties of high
corrosion resistance and strength over a wide temperature range. It has relatively high melting point,
excellent chemical, electrical and high energy radiation resistance properties which in turn makes
the suitable and the best option to make the intermediate layer.
ETFE is effectively the high-strength version, along with its self-cleaning properties and the
recyclability and has high resistance to the ultra violet light. However, the appropriate caution is
taken against any chances of the combustion. Such devastating possibilities are eliminated by the
usage of the other materials which counter this effect.
5. BNNT MEMBRANE
Hydrogenated boron nitride nanotubes—known as hydrogenated BNNTs—are tiny, nanotubes
made of carbon, boron, and nitrogen, with hydrogen interspersed throughout the empty spaces left

27. in between the tubes. Boron is also an excellent absorber secondary neutrons, making hydrogenated
BNNTs an ideal shielding material, which is one of the significant material which is used in the
construction of the Altair.
Outstanding piezoelectric and electrostintive properties of the BNNT, combined with the creation of
the non- toxic light weight piezoelectric systems allows the better response and mechanical
properties of this layer.
Thermally conducting and electrically insulating components will be possible by the usage of the
BNNT ultra strong composite membranes.
The other major properties that serves its purpose in the construction of the Altair includes the
biomedical, electrical insulation, fire retardation, radiation shielding etc.
6. DYNEEMA MEMBRANE
Dyneema/ Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene
which offers the characteristics such as Resistance to abrasion, high lubrication, and so on.
Furthermore, this is enhanced by another very thin multi-layer reflective type plastic films which
shields the habitat from the external radiation and the harsh Martian atmospheric conditions.

28. DESIGN &MEASUREMENT

29.  COST EFFECTIVENESS
PREFABRICATED PANELLED HABITAT
Mars Safir is a proposal for a human mission to Mars which purports to be both cost effective and
possible with the current technology It is habitat that is intended as permanent settlement rather than
as a simple way-station or other dedicated mechanism.
Considering the cost of the rocket launch, and the various stages of construction of the habitat by
the semiautonomous robots, we have calculated the total approximate cost.
Digitized and ready to use custom made panels as per given design and suitable connectors with
high level of quality control. The panels are made of lightweight materials like ETFE, carbon fiber,
etc. with complete modular solutions including vacuum, water supply, drainage, and power supply.
Another advantage of Mars Safir is a single point of source of information allowing all the designed
disciplines to work together saving time and cost.
Cost of Total built up area= 1525 sq. feet approx.
Cost per sq. foot (lump sum) as per 2015 Dubai Market,
i.e., = 450- 600 AED (The source is Gulf News GN properties)
Hence, the total cost= 1525 * 600 = 915000 AED
THE MATERIAL COST as per the source is GN properties
AEROGEL: Cost per sq. foot=200$ = 800AED
Greenhouse Hydroponic ETFE Greenhouse Film:
Zibo King-Trading Int'l Trade Co., Ltd.
378.2 AED- 100 AED per sq. foot
(US $1600-3300 = 6400-13,200 AED for 3 Metric Tons)
TRANSPARENT CARBON FIBER: $94.55 = 378.2 AED
DYNEEMA MEMBRANE: $60.00 = 240.00AED
THE TOTAL COST OF THE MSSION MARS SAFIR =
ROCKET LAUNCH + HABITAT CONSTRUCTION = 5 Billion(approx.)

30. “Requisites, Challenges AND Solutions”
FOR THE SURVIVAL ON MARS

31.  “FOOD”: THE BASIC NEED
The first humans to reach Mars may not be identified as astronauts but farmers. In order to live a sustainable life on Mars
humans must know how to grow fresh food on it.
Although there would be food taken from Earth for the trip to Mars, it’ll only serve as emergency rations therefore the
astronauts will depend on fresh food that will be produced on Mars.
 CHALLENGES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD:
Growing crops on the Martian soil is of primary importance. Frozen packets of food would be taken from Earth for
temporary use until the crops start to grow. The challenges that astronauts would face are: Gravity difference,
atmosphere variation, lower light intensity is lower, no atmosphere protection from harmful solar radiation.
Furthermore, the presence of perchlorates is a life-threateningsituation. These are toxic in nature and are a huge
hindrance to growth of crops. If not completely removed from the soil surrounding and underneath the habitat, it
can be fatal. Ongoing research on the ISSshows that crops are capable of growing in microgravity, given that
certain other conditions are fulfilled.
 Greenhouse module of the Mars Safir will reduce the light intensity causing a reduction in growth of plants.
Furthermore, researchers are also studying growth of plants under lower pressures than that of Earth because
the more pressure inside a greenhouse, the much bigger it has to be to contain it. However, the greenhouse must
be separate from the crews living quarters.
 On the other hand, another major issue at hand is the radiation. Mars does not have the thick protective
atmosphere that Earth has therefore particles fromspace reaching its surface would be damaging to the humans
and the plants on it. Thus, some kind of protection needs to be there.
 SOLUTIONS OFFERED BY “Mars-Safir”:
Keeping all these challenges and advancements in mind, we have come together to device a solution or a theory as to
how crops can be grown on the Martian soil. Its essential points are:
 Plants will be produced under a controlled greenhouse.
 It’lloccur under artificial lighting.
 A thick layer of Martian soil on top of the habitat to protect the plants from radiation.
 CO2 available from Mars atmosphere.
 Water available from underneath the soil.
 Nutrients for the soil can be imported fromthe Earth or used from Human Waste.
 Martian soil is devoid of the nutrients found in Earth's soil, and it is also fine, meaning water would likely go
through it much more quickly than it would on Earth. Using fertilizers or human waste could provide a fast
boost of nutrients, such as nitrogen, and may also change the texture of the soil so it would stick to water for
longer.

32.  PERCHLORATION – THE MAJOR CHALLENGE
Due to the presence of perchlorates on the Martian soil which is harmfulfor human life, it needs to be removed. The
perchlorate chemicals found on Mars are reactive chemicals which are capable of disrupting the basic functioning of the
metabolic system; it interferes with our ability to absorb iodine which is importantfor the production of thyroid
hormones.
 SOLUTIONS OFFERED BY “Mars-Safir”:
In our design, we aim at tackling this hazard in two ways, each of them serving a different purpose:
Firstly, we know that ammonium perchlorate is widely used ingredient in rocket fuels. Based on this fact, the
perchlorates can be separated from the Martian soil by incorporating innovative technology of mining, to obtain
ammonium perchlorate; hereby, producing an essential ingredient of solid rocket fuel. This will prove to be a requisite
in the astronauts’ journey back to Earth.
Furthermore, perchlorates are highly soluble in water. So the area of Martian soil that is going to be used for growing
crops can be simply just washed with water, hereby getting rid off the toxic substances.
Some ways of managing calcium perchlorate exposure include: dust suppression, dust extraction and blood monitoring
will be employed. Other ideas include a wash-down spray that can clean the suits and equipment of dust deposits.
Furthermore, another approach is that the astronauts would climb into their suits through a bulkhead opening to avoid
back contamination when dealing with per chlorates.

33.  PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN
We have worked on generating oxygen on Mars by considering various theories and experiments that are being
performed. We’ve come up with 3 most essential methods, multiple methods enable astronauts to have alternatives if
any one fails due to unforeseen incidents.
There are mainly three methods:
1. Regolith bacteria
2. Water on Mars
3. MOXIE
 Regolith bacteria:
In experiments, certain organisms were able to produce oxygen on Mars which are known as regolith which were placed
on the soil. Regolith is a layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil,
broken rock, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestrial
planets and moons.
The regolith not only produces oxygen but also removes the nitrogen fromthe soil thereforea nitrogen fixing bacteria is
needed. These microbes would be a much more efficient way of producing oxygen than carrying containers filled with
O2.
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
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 WATER ON MARS:
However, if Regolith method fails then the astronauts can resort to another method, which is separating the oxygen and
hydrogen from the water on Mars. This method will help generate oxygen as well as store hydrogen for use on Earth .
The oxygen will be used to provide a breathable atmosphere in the living units, and a portion will be stored in reserve
for conditions when there is less power available, forexample at night, and during dust storms.

34.  MOXIE: Mars Oxygen InSitu resource utilization Experiment
The moxie device willbrew oxygen from the abundantCO2 presenton Mars. CO2 consists of one Carbon atom
and two oxygen atoms andthe MOXIE’s job is to splitthe two of them. This process requires energyand the
end resultwill be oxygen molecules anda by-productCarbonmonoxide. The MOXIEwillgetits energy from a
Radio ThermalGenerator which produces energy from heatdeveloped in radioactive plutonium.
The plan is to build an oxygen factoryon Mars thatis 100 times bigger than this prototype.

35.  MARTIAN GRAVTY CONTROL:
Considering the effectthese various environmentalfactorshave while designing the surfacehabitat, we find
thatit has the following implications and the correspondingon the various factors.
 STABILITY AND TRANSPORT:
The lower gravity of Mars mustbe consideredfor the overallbenefit, allowing the easier transportof building
materials, and erection of structures, along with the reductionin the innate deadloads.
 LANDING & PYSCOLOGICALEFFECT:
Physiologicaleffects of zero ORmicro gravityincludethe effects on the balance andcardiovascular system.
With these mitigated for to some extent, such signs onthe bodyare less likely to be experienced onthe journey
to Mars. As a result, the life of the astronauts on the Martian atmospherewillnotbe so different, however the
consequences of ravellingbeyondthe Earths' lower orbitand living onMars is far less territory in the history.
After the long space flight, the astronauts willfind ithad to withstand and orientate themselves in the Martian
gravity. Considering the gravity of Mars whichis 0.38 times thatof Earth, astronauts willbe able to able adopt
to the surroundings easily on landing.
However, on the longer run,the force of gravity whichthe bodieshave to adaptwillnotbe presentto re-
strengthen the cells, bones andthe musclesof the astronauts as theyreadaptto the gravity environment.
Adjusting to the lower levelof the Martian gravitationalpullmay causea physiologicalchange in the
astronaut’s bone density, muscle strength, and circulation.
These conditions evenhave the chance of makingthe survivalimpossible.However, the Mars-Safir have
provided the various levels which counter acts sucheffects of gravity mentally or physically.
 GROWTH OFPLANTS:
In the NASA's initialspace biology
experiments, itis proved thatitis
notof ease for the further
reproduction of plants in space. In
weightlessness, the plants cannot
be watered with. Similar is the
problem of waterloggingwhich is
faced, where the water instead if filtering down throughthe soil, water encasedthe plants' roots.
The plantbiology investigations called Petriplants are made use whichhas exploredthe fundamentalgenetic
mechanisms plants use to adaptto a microgravity environment. When the crew leavesthe lower orbitof the
Earth, plants recycle the exhaled carbondioxideand the waste in additionto the production of food.

36. Likewise, the seeds thatwould be produced onMars is likely to have differentnutritionalqualities thatthe ones
produced on Earth.
However, the Mars-Safir providesthe adequate environmentfor the proper growth of plants on the Martian
atmosphere. In the same manner, the plants gives us an insightaboutthe learningaboutthe metabolism of
plants by respondingto the uniqueand challenging environment.
 COROLLIS EFFECT:
In a spinning hab, the change in gravity is likely to make a
difference in the verticalmotion,if the gravity is notmaintained.
For instance, if a ballis thrown upwards, itwillcurve away in the
direction of the habitatwhich is spinning. Similarly, therecouldbe
a feeling og getting pushed over in the direction of the spin if one
stands up suddenly.
To counter such effects which couldbe faced bythe astronauts
within the stable habitat, the artificialgravity can be maintained, if
in case of emergency despite allthe other counter measures.
Artificial gravity can be easily be created. In the case of
emergency, the giantwheel-in-spacethatlooks like a cover of a
1950's sci-finovel. A viable designcouldbe something as simple as a crew compartmentattached to a
counterweightcompartmentby a long cable thatis initially coiled in a spindle. Attitude thrusters on the
compartments couldstartthe ship spinningwhile the cable uncoiled to its desired length.The centripetalforce
would keep the cable straightas itlengthened, andhencecounter acting the devastating effects of the micro-
gravity, and hence providing the protection.

37. LEISURE / RECREATIONAL
ACTVITY

38. THE NEED AND THE KINDS OF THE RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY IN MARS -SAFIR
Astronauts have to make sometimefor themselves to give them a break from their strenuous and high
pressure work of being able to live on Mars. In their break-time, they canindulgein nearly allleisure
activities as long as they’re indoors- play games, watch TV, exercise(indoors), use the internet, watch
movies, and so on.
However, there is going to be some communicationand media limitations, due to the large distance between
Mars and Earth, causing time delays, theywill
have to request, beforehand, the movies or news
broadcasts they wantto see. If an astronaut
would like to watch Cricket, he or she can ask
for it, and it would be uploadedto the Mars
servers. However, there willalways be a time
delay of a minimum of three minutes, so the
people on Mars willgetto know who won a few
minutes after the people on Earth.
Our space explorers willlikewise discover time
to unwind. They can do the vastmajority of the indoor exercisesthatindividuals can do onEarth:read, play
diversions, compose, paint, work outin the rec center, sitin frontof the TV, utilize the Internet, contact
companions athomeetcetera, for which the facilities are providedin our habitatMars-Safir.
There will be some correspondence andmedia confinements, because of the separationin the middle of
Earth and Mars, bringing abouttime delays:they willneed to ask for the motion picturesor news shows
they need to find ahead of time. In the eventthata space explorer mightwantto watch the Super Bowl, he
or she can ask for it, and itwould be transferred to the server on Mars. There willdependably be a period
postponementof no less than three minutes,so
the generalpopulationon Mars willknow who
won a couple of minutes after the general
population on Earth. Ideally this slight
postponementwon'truin their happiness
regarding our 'Earth sports'. Easy Internet
access willbe limited to their preferred sites
thatare constantly updated onthe localMars
web server. Other websites willtake between 6
and 45 minutes to appear on their screen- first
3-22 minutes for your click to reach Earth, and
then another 3-22 minutesfor the website data to reach Mars.Contactingfriends athomeis possible by
video, voice or text, butrealtime dialogue is notpossible, because of the time delay.

39. SUBSTANTIAL AMENITIES

40.  COMMUNICATION
For communication between the people of Earth and our astronauts on Mars to be possible, we're going to need networking
protocols that can function properlyfor long distances, long communication times, loads of interruptedsignals and the issue
of connectivity- disconnections and breaks in communication, which are caused by anything ranging from the spin of a
planet about its axis (something that can be predicted and scheduled for) to solar storms.
To tackle this, we’ve depended on the platformthat accounts for these hindrances: Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN).
 Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN):
The centre of DTN is something called the Bundle Protocol(BP), which is similar to Internet Protocol. The big
difference is where IP depends on an uninterruptedstream of data between one device and the next, Bundle Protocol
allows data to be stored in packets when communications are severed, and forwarded when communication is no longer
interrupted or severed. This "store and forward"technique, as NASA calls it, allows space-based networks to make up
for its non-continuous connectivity.
On the other hand, Internet access will be limited to their preferredsites that will be constantly updated on the Mars web
server. Other websites which are not constantly updated will take between 6 and 45 minutes to appear on their screen in
Mars, the first 3-22 minutes for your click to reach Earth, and then another 3-22 minutes for the website data to reach
Mars. Contacting friends at home is possible by video, voice or text message, but real time dialogue is not possible,
because of the time delay.

41.  SANITATION AND ITS RELATION WITH THE PLANT GROWTH
Proper and hygienic disposal of human waste produced is of primary importance as it ensures good working conditions
for the astronauts as well as their good health. In our design, we put forward a theory of using the human feces as
manure for growing crops in the Martian soil.
While using manure to fertilize soil is common on Earth, there are some obstacles—especially when it comes to using
human feces. Human waste has human pathogens in it. Crops grown fromsoil fertilized that way would have those
pathogens on or inside of them. If the astronauts consume those crops, they will contract those pathogens. This can get
them sick.
To tackle this problem, the waste has to be completely desiccated, freeze-dried, and then dumped out on the surface of
Mars wherein the crops are to be grown. Any pathogens in there would have been dead.
 POWER GENERATION
 Power generation using the sun’s energy is the most cost effective method. In our design we use 20 solar panels that
are capable of producing 5kW of power. This is utilized for experimental as well as mundane activities.
 The solar arrays produce more power than the dome needs at one time for its systems and experiments. During the
day, about 60 percent of the electricity that the solar arrays generate is used to charge the system's batteries. At
night, these batteries power the station.
 5kW-20 solar panels
 The method of mounting solar arrays on a ‘blanket’ is used while transporting it. The blanket can be folded like an
accordion fordelivery to Mars and then deployed, or spread out over the domes of the habitat with the assistance of
the rovers.

42.  PRESSURIZED AND ROBOT ROVERS
The main science goal of the Martian rover, Rahala, would be to evaluate whether Mars has or has ever had an
environment that could possibly support bacteria or other microbial life. To try to find out we study rocks and soil to find
records of the geologic and climate history of Mars. It will also look forcarbon and other chemical building blocks of life.
Since the planet has future hopes forhabitation, these will have specialized equipment to collect samples, mostly soil
samples. These rovers would also contain smaller units or robots that would be able to collect data in very narrow and small
spaces.
 SPECIFICATIONS:
 Dimensions
 Power Source
 Heat rejection system
 Telecommunication

43.  DIMENSIONS:
Rahala has a mass of around a ton or about 900kgs including 120 kg of scientific instruments. The rover is 3.2 m long
by 3.0 m wide by 2.5 m in height. These dimensions are quite similar to most other rovers but are slightly larger because
it contains the smaller robot units.
 POWER SOURCE:
Rahala is powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), like the successful Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars
landers in 1976.
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators, or RTGs, provide electrical power for space crafts and rovers by converting
the heat generated by the decay of plutonium-238 (Pu-238)fuel into electricity using devices called thermocouples.
A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consists of two wire legs made fromdifferent
metals. The wires legs are welded together at one end, thus forminga junction. This junction is where the temperature is
measured. Since they have no moving parts that can fail or wear out, RTGs have historically been viewed as a highly
reliable power option. Thermocouples have been used in RTGs fora total combined time of over 300 years, and a not a
single thermocouple has ever ceased producing power.
Thermocouples are common in everyday items that must monitor or regulate their temperature, such as air conditioners,
refrigeratorsand medical thermometers. The principle of a thermocouple involves two plates, each made of a different
metal that conducts electricity. Joining these two plates to form a closed electrical circuit while keeping the two
junctions at different temperatures produces an electric current. Each of these pairs of junctions forms an individual
thermocouple. In an RTG, the radioisotope fuel heats one of these junctions while the other junction remains unheated
and is cooled by the space environment or a planetary atmosphere.
Radioisotope power systems are generators that produce electricity that get generated from the decay of radioactive
isotopes, such as plutonium-238, which is one of the isotopes of plutonium. Heat given offduring the decaying of the
isotopes is converted into electric voltage by thermocouples; this will in turn provide a constant power supply to the
rover day and night through all the seasons. Waste heat can be used to heat internal systems and processes via pipes and
tubes, freeing electrical power for the operation of the vehicle and instruments.
Rahala power generator will be of the latest RTG generation. Based on legacy RTG technology, it represents a more
flexible and compact development step, and is designed to produce 200 watts of electrical power from about 2,000 watts
of thermal power at the start of the mission. The MMRTG produces less power over time as its plutonium fuel decays:
at its minimum lifetime of 14 years, electrical power output is down to 100 watts. The power source will generate10 MJ
each day, much more than the solar panels of the Mars Exploration Rovers, which can generate about 2.1 MJ (0.58
kWh) each day. The electrical output from the MMRTG will thus be able to charge multiple rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries. This enables the power subsystem to meet peak power demands of rover activities when the demand
temporarily exceeds the generator’s steady output level. Each battery has a capacity of about 45 ampere-hours
The Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) is a type of Radioisotope Thermoelectric
Generator developed for for various space missions for example those used formars mission.

44.  HEAT REJECTION SYSTEM:
The rovers while landing and while duringoperation will come across a variety of temperatures ranging from40 °C to -127
°C. Thus a heating system is required. This heat will be provided by the thermal system of the rover throughout the year.
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS:
Telecommunication includes a small deep space transponder on the descent stage and a solid-state power amplifier on the
rover for X band. The rover also has two UHF radios, the signals of which the 2001 Mars Odyssey satellite is capable of
relaying back to Earth. An average of 14 minutes, 6 seconds will be required for signals to travel between Earth and Mars.
Rahala can communicate with Earth directly at speeds up to 32 kbit/s.
COMPONENTS:
 Mast Camera (Mast Cam)
The Mast Camera is the Rahala’s main imaging tool. It will be able to capture high-resolution photographs and video of
the Martian landscape, which scientists will study and be able to find out various aspects of the Martian environment.
Mast Cam consists of two camera systems that are attached or mounted at an elevated position above the body of the
rover so the instrument will have a good view of the Red Planet environment as the rover explores and scavenges the
planet. Mast Cam images will also help the mission team drive and operate the rover.
 Sample Analysis at Mars
SAS (Sample analysis system) is the main component of Rahala, which would way about 40 to 45 kilograms. This
weight; it makes up about half of the rover's science payload.
SAS is actually a suite of three separate instruments — a mass spectrometer, a gas chromatograph and a laser
spectrometer. These instruments will search for carbon-containing compounds, the building blocks of life as we know it.
They will also look forother elements associated with life on Earth, such as hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
The SAS instrument suite is located in the main body. The rover's robotic arm will drop samples into SAS via an inlet
on the rover's exterior. Some of these samples will come from the interior of rocks, powder bored out by a 2-inch (5-
centimeter) drill situated at the end of the arm.
Other than carbon-containing compounds, the rover could potentially also find various other compounds like ice,
ferrous oxides etc. crucial forthe habitation of humans and their sustenance.
 Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD)
The toaster-size RAD is designed specifically to help prepare for future human exploration of Mars. The instrument will
measure and identify high-energyradiation of all types on the Red Planet, from fast-movingprotons to gamma rays.
RAD's observations will allow scientists to determine just how much radiation an astronaut would be exposed to on
Mars.

45.  Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)
DAN is an instrument located near the back of the rover’s main body, will help the rover search for ice and water-
logged minerals beneath the Martian surface.
The instrument will firebeams that comprise of neutrons at the ground and then note the speed at which these particles
travel when they bounce back. Hydrogen atoms tend to slow neutrons down, so an abundance of sluggish neutrons
would signal underground water or ice.
DAN should be able to map out water concentrations as low as 0.1 percent at depths up to 6 feet (2 m).
 Hexali
Of all the main components of the rover one of the key components, is the hexali. It’s at its basic level a simple football
like mini-drone which is used to scavenge and use materials. It consists of 5 reaction wheels. Each one of these wheels
are connected to a brushless DC motor, motion controllers, inertial sensors and a central unit that acts as a processor,
along with batteries. Inertial sensors are used to measure tilt of the device and also find out the velocity of the hexali and
the hull sensor provide data about the angular velocity of the action wheels. Based on these estimates, a non-linear
controller is used to balance the hexali on its corner. The angular velocity of the reaction wheel is kept close to zero.
This mechanism is used to stabilize satellites.
Due to gravity the algorithms used are very different. With this setup Hexali can be liftedwithout making any
disturbances, rotate while balancing and balance on its edge. In addition the momentum wheels can rotate at very high
angular velocities and build up sufficient angular momentum a rapid breaking of the wheel allows for the transferring
the angular momentum to the hexali phase body. Thus it is able to jump and traverse any kind of terrain.

46. EMERGENCY AND
MANGEMENT

47. EMERGENCY AND MANGEMENT
Disasters and management on Mars:
1. Radiation
2. Sand storm
• SAND STORM:
It is unknown how the fine Mars dust might affect humans, should they be exposed to it. However, the astronauts will
only go outside in their fully-enclosed Mars suits, and inside the habitat, the air will be filteredto remove the dust.
Mars has a very thin atmosphere, about 1% of Earth’s atmosphere. Because of this, hurricane forces on Mars feel like a
gentle breezes on Earth. The problem of a storm is not that it will push you over or destroy material, the problem is that
Mars is extremely 'dusty'.
 Power during a dust storm:
Solar power however has a few disadvantages: during night time, the energy must come from batteries; and during dust
storms, the solar panels will yield less energy. The solar panel system used by Mars will deliver enough energy to power
all critical systems during a dust storm.
Non-critical systems however will be shut down or restricted, to save energy:
• Oxygen and water will come primarilyfrom the storage tanks (not from powered extraction)
• Dirty water will be stored (for later recycling, when full power is available)
• Oxygen from the storage tanks will be consumed Greenhouse lighting will be dimmed
• EVAs will be limited to emergency repairs
• Rover operation will be limited
The astronauts will have enough water stored for 15 days of normal water usage, and for 150 days if usage is limited.
The oxygen storage tanks will contain enough oxygen for 60 days. Because electrical power is so critical for the
survival of the crew, extra safety margins will be built into the power usage profiles for dust storms.

48. • RADIATION ON MARS:
Mars's surface receives more radiation than the Earth's but still blocks a considerable amount. Radiation exposure on the
surface is 30 µSv per hour during solar minimum; during solar maximum, dosage equivalent of this exposure is reduced
by the factor two.
If the settlers spend on average three hours every three days outside the habitat, their individual exposure adds up to 11
mSv per year.
The Mars One habitat will be covered by several meters of soil, which provides reliable shielding even against galactic
cosmic rays. Five meters of soil will provide the same protection as the Earth's atmosphere-- equivalent to 1,000 g/cm2
of shielding.
With the help of a forecasting system, taking shelter in the habitat can prevent radiation exposure from SPEs.
 Total radiation exposure:
The 210-day trip results in radiation exposure of the crew of 386 +/- 61 mSv. On the surface, they will be exposed to
about 11 mSv per year during their excursions on the surface of Mars. This means that the settlers will be able to spend
about sixty years on Mars before reaching their career limit, with respect to ESA standards.

49. REFERENCES
 NASA SPACE MISSION//mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/spacecraft
 CALIFORNIA CENTRE-californiasciencecenter.org/exhibits/air-space/mission-to-the-
planets/viking-lander
 NASA - Report of the 90-Dav Studv on Human Exploration of the NOOM & MARS.
Washington, D.C.
 NASA/USRA, Proceedinas of the 4th Annual Summer Conference, June 1988.
 ASADSRA, Proceedinas of the 5th Annual Summer Conference, June 1989.
 ASA/USRA, Proceedinas of the 6th Annual Summer Conference, June 1990. National
Commission on Space, Pioneerins the Space Frontier, May 1986.
 Planetary Society, Poster: An Explorer's Guide to Mars. 1990. School of Architecture,
Habitabilitv Camelot 111.
 University of Pureto Rico. 1989. School of Architecture. Habitabilitv: Camelot IV.
University of Pureto Rico. 1990.
 SICSA OUTREACH. llPlanetarv Missions and Settlementsf1. University of Houston's
College Vo1.1, N0.3: September 1987.
 SICSA OUTREACH. Variable-G Life Science Facilitv'l. University of Houston's College
of Architecture. Vol.1, No.5: January-February 1988. SICSA OUTREACH. IIOcean
Communitiest1. University of Houston's College of Architecture. Vo1.1, N0.6, March-
April 1988.
 SICSA OUTREACH. llInflabable Space Structures1@. Unviersity of Houston's College
of Architecture. Vol.1, No.7: May-June 1988. SICSA OUTREACH. "The Antarctie
Planetary Testbed (APT): A Planned International Initiative’! University of Houston's
College of Architecture. Vol. 1, No.8, July-Sept., 1988.
 SICSA OUTREACH. llLivinu in SPace: Considerations for Planninq Human Habitats
Bevond Eartht1. University of Houston's College of Architecture. Vol.1, No.9: October-
December 1988.
 SC-#LBS-88-266. Inflatable Habitation for the Lunar Base. April 1988. JSC-23613,
Lunar OutDOSt. August 1989.